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UNITED STATES O'F AMERICA 



Steiger's Latin Series. 



AHN'S 



SHORT LATIN COURSE. 



BY 

Dr. P. HENN. 



I. Essentials of Latin Grammar, 
II. Parallel Exercises for Translation. 
111. Reading Lessons with Vocabulary. 



COMPLETE 

IN ONE VOLUME. 




NEW YORK: 
E. STEIGER & CO. 

1883. 



REQUEST. 

The undersigned, in their efforts to secure the greatest 
possible correctness in their educational publications, will feel 
obliged for the suggestion of improvements in this volume. 

JE. Steiger & Co., Publishers. 



Copyright, 1883, by E. Steiger & Co. 



Press of 
JSL Steiger & Co., N. T. 



SHORT LATIN COURSE. 



NUMBER ONE. 



PREFACE. 



AHN'S Short Latin Course which has been published for 
the benefit of those who do not contemplate a collegiate course of 
study, may be successfully used in any school where for special 
reasons the requirement in Latin is limited to a preparation for 
easy reading, i. e. for reading Caesar. With this in view it has 
been the author's endeavor to make a really short course — accord- 
ing to its title — a course which represents in one book all that the 
pupil will require in his study of the language. In the plan here 
adopted Part First is designed to carry him through the essen- 
tials of Latin grammar while, parallel with this, the exercises in 
Part Second will enable him to read easy Latin (such as presented 
in Part Third) intelligently in a shorter time than is possible 
with any other text-book in use. 

It is hardly necessary to state that AHJ¥'S Short Latin Course 
embraces all the important features of the Series which are of 
practical assistance to the learner, particularly in the first year of 
his study. The sharp distinction of inflectional endings by bold- 
faced type, the clearness of Paradigms, the accuracy of Vocabu- 
laries and, withal, the judicious selection of Exercises and Reading 
Lessons are matters of no small importance in a Course that is 
meant to direct the pupil's attention first to that which most needs 
to be learned, and to lead, at the earliest possible moment, to the 
reading of Latin. 

For the sake of convenience and economy, the Short Course 
is issued in two divisions: Number One exhibiting the Declensions 
and regular forms of Conjugation, and Number Two, the irregular 
forms of Conjugation and Syntax. In using the book, it is suggested 
that the pupil be required to learn by heart the Vocabulary be- 
longing to each grammar lesson. As soon as he has gone through 
the Declensions and regular Conjugations, he should be put into 
ill 



— IV — 

reading while the grammar is taken up again and reviewed as the 
judgment of the teacher may direct. There are classes that can do 
the whole task well in one year; but the great majority of teachers 
may prefer to go more slowly over the ground giving to each 
Number a full year's course, in the manner indicated before. The 
Short Latin Course being so used the pupil will be able, at the 
beginning of the third year, to enter with a competent supply of 
words and with experience in translation, upon the profitable study 
of Caesar or Virgil. 



CONTENTS of NUMBER ONE. 



PART I. — ESSENTIALS OP LATIN GRAMMAR. 

Sections Page 

1 — 8. Pronunciation ....!...' 1 

9. Parts of Speech , 2 

10. 11. Gender 3 

12—14. Declension of Substantives 3 

15 — 20. First Declension . , .., 4 

21 — 27. Second Declension 5 

28—32. Adjectives of the First and, Second Declensions ...... 7 

33—61. Third Declension 9 

34 — 39. Beg alar Forms of the Third Declension ..-.....-..< 9 

40—43. Irregular Forms of the Third Declension 13 

44 — 56. Gender of the Third Declension 15 

57—62. Adjectives of the Third Declension 18 

63 — 67. Fourth Declension 20 

68—72. Fifth Declension 21 

73 — 79. Regular Comparison 22 

80—84. Irregular and Defective Comparison 23 

85 — 87. Derivation and Compa?*ison of Adverbs 24 

88—90. Cardinal Numerals 25 

90 — 94. Ordinal Numerals 27 

95. Distributive Numerals 28 

96. Numeral Adverbs 29 

97. Multipticative Numerals .... . 29 

98-100. Personal and Possessive Pronouns 29 

101-106. Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 30 

107-112. Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns 32 

113. The Auxiliary Verb esse , 34 

114-116. Compounds of esse ; 36 

117-123. The Four Conjugations 38 

124. 125. First Conjugation. Active Voice 40 

126. 127. First Conjugation. Passive Voice .-. 42 

128. 129 Deponent of the First Conjugation 43 



— VI — 
Sections Page 

130. 131. Second Conjugation. Active Voice 45 

132. 133. Second Conjugation. Passive Voice 47 

134. 135. Deponent of the Second Conjugation 49 

136. 137. Third Conjugation. Active Voice 51 

138. 139. Third Conjugation. Passive Voice 53 

140. 141. Deponent of the Third Conjugation 55 

142. 143. Verbs of the Third Conjugation ending in 10, lor . . 57 

144. 145. Fourth Conjugation. Active Voice 58 

146. 147. Fourth Conjugation. Passive Voice 60 

148. 149. Deponent of the Fourth Conjugation 62 

PART II. — PARALLEL EXERCISES. 

1. Pronunciation (Gr. 1 — 8) 65 

2. 3. First Declension (Gr. 15—20) 65 

4. 5. Second Declension (Gr. 21 — 27) 66 

6—8. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions (Gr, 

28- -32) 66 

9—14. Third Declension. Peg alar Forms (Gr. 33— 39) 67 

15. 16. Third Declension. Irregular Forms (Gr. 40—43) 69 

17—22. Gender of the Third Declension (Gr. 44—56) 69 

23. 24. Adjectives of the Third Declension (Gr. 57—62) 71 

25. 26. Fourth Declension (Gr. 63—67) 71 

27. 28. Fifth Declension (Gr. 68—72) 72 

29. 30. Regular Comparison (Gr. 73—79) 72 

31. 32. Irregular and Defective Comparison (Gr. 80—84) .... 73 

33. 34. Derivation and Comparison of Adverbs (Gr. 85 — 87). . 73 

35. 36. Numerals (Gr. 88—97) 74 

37. 38. Personal and Possessive Pronouns (Gr. 98—100) 74 

39. 40. Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns (Gr. 101—106) 75 

41. 42. Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns (Gr. 107 — 112) 75 

43. 44. The Auxiliary Verb esse (Gr. 113) 76 

45. 46. Compounds of esse (Gr. 114—116) 77 

47. 48. First Conjugation. Active Voice (Gr. 124.125) 77 

49. 50. First Conjugation. Passive Voice (Gr. 126. 127) 78 

51. 52. Deponent of the First Conjugation (Gr. 128. 129) 78 

53. 54. Second Conjugation. Active Voice (Gr. 130. 131) 79 

55. 56. Second Conjugation. Passive Voice (Gr. 132. 133) ... 79 

57. 58. Deponent of the Second Conjugation (Gr. 134. 135) 80 

59. 60. Third Conjugation. Active Voice (Gr. 136. 137) 80 

61. 62. Third Conjugation. Passive Voice (Gr. 138. 139) 81 

63. 64. Deponent of the Third Conjugation (Gr. 140. 141) 82 



— VII — 

Sections Page 

65. 66. Verbs of the Third Conjugation ending in 10, lor (Gr. 

142. 143) 82 

67. 68. Fourth Conjugation. Active Voice (Gr. 144. 145) .... 83 

69. 70. Fourth Conjugation. Passive Voice (Gr. 146. 147) ... 83 

71. 72. Deponent of the Fourth Conjugation (Gr. 148. 149) 84 

Vocabulary: 1. Latin and English. 85 

2. English and Latin. 101 

PART III. — READING LESSONS. 
Fabulae et Narratiunculae. 

1. Membra et venter. 115 

2. Leo, asinus et vulpes 115 

3. Lupus et pastores 116 

4. Agricola et filii 116 

5. Leo senex et vulpes 116 

6. Asinus . 116 

7. Asinus et vulpes 117 

8. Corvus 117 

9. Pavo 117 

10. Boves 117 

11. Yulpes et uva 118 

12. Anseres et grues 118 

13. Agricola et angiiis 118 

14. Ranae et Jupiter 118 

15. Mus et rusticus 119 

16. Luscinia et acanthis 119 

17. Mures 119 

18. Capra et lupus 119 

19. Equus et asinus 119 

20. Cervus ad fontem 120 

21. Mulier et aneillae 120 

22. Accipiter et columbae 120 

23. Mulier et gallina 121 

24. Puer niendax 121 

25. Pica et columba 121 

26. Tantalus. 122 

27. Prometheus 122 

28. Daedalus et Icarus 122 

29. Mausoleum 123 . 

30. Yulpes orator pacis 123 



— viii — 

Page 

31. Bias , . 123 

32. Athenienses et Lacedaemonii 123 

33. Cynaegirus 124 

34. Sophocles 124 

35. Demosthenes 124 

36. Socrates et Xanthippe 125 

37. Crates Thebanus 125 

38. Pindarus 125 

39. Canis index homicidii 125 

40. Sabinorum virgines raptae 126 

41. Horatius Codes 126 

42. Fabii 127 

43. L. Siccius Dentatus. 127 

44. Sulpicius Gallus 127 

45. Hannibalis callidltas 127 

46. Marius 128 

47. Servus nimis oboediens 128 

48. Facetiae acerbae 129 

49. Augustus et Maecenas 129 

50. De Yedii Pollionis crudelitate 129 

Vocabulary: (Latin and English). 130 



Paet Fiest. 

ESSENTIALS of LATIN GRAMMAR. 

Pronunciation. 

i. The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English 
except that it has no w. 

2. The pronunciation of Latin is different in dif- 
ferent countries. Among us, general usage is now 
strongly in favor of either the Roman or the Conti- 
nental Method. Many persons, however, prefer the 
English Method so-called. 

3. By the Roman Method every letter has always 
the same sound, thus: 

Vowels: a = a in father 3> = a mfast 

e = e in prey e = e in met 

i = i in machine l = i in pin 

5 — o in bone 6 = o in romance 

ii = oo in &oo£ u = ti in fwZZ 

y === i m machine f = * in £>m 

Diphthongs: ae = «?/ in a?/e au = cm in house 

oe = 02/ in boy eu = e and ii combined 

Vowels marked thus: a, e, 1, 6, 11, y are long; marked thus: 
a, e, 1, o, u, y are short. 

The Consonants are sounded as in English with the following 
exceptions: 

c and g are hard throughout, as in come, get. 

cli in Latin words = k; in Greek words like the German <i>. 

j = y in you. — qu = kw (nearly). — r slightly trilled. — v = 
English w. No silent letters, the language being truly 'phonetic. 



4. The Continental Method is almost identical with 
the Roman, except in the pronunciation of the fol- 
lowing diphthongs and consonants: 

ae == e; oe = o in world. 

c before e, i y y, ae, oe, eu, like ts in nets; in every other posi- 
tion like U. 

t before i with another vowel like th in thin; but when preceded 
by another t, s, or x, or when the I is long, and in Greek words, t 
retains its original sound. 

ch always hard like the German d). 

5. By the English Method the letters are pro- 
nounced as in English; but there are no silent letters. 

The Diphthongs ae, oe are pronounced like ee; au like aw, 
and eu like ew\ es and os, at the end of a word, as the last sylla- 
bles in disease, morose. The Consonants c and g are soft (like s 
and j) before e, i, y, ae, and oe, otherwise they are hard, ch has 
the sound of k. 

6. Words of two syllables have the Accent on the first syllable, 
as: la'na, wool. Words of more than two syllables are accented 
on the penult (last but one) if that is long, as: manda' ta, orders; if 
it is short, on the antepenult (last hut two), as: a' damas, diamond. 

7. In the Division of words into syllables, a single consonant 
between two vowels belongs to the latter, as: si'-tis, thirst. Of sev- 
eral consonants coming together between two vowels those which 
can be used to begin a Latin word, belong to the next syllable, as: 
men-sa, table; tem-plum, temple. Compounds must be divided into 
the parts which compose them, as: dis-par, unlike. 

8. The first word of every sentence, also proper names and their 
derivatives should begin with Capitals. 

(See Exercises 1, page 71.) 

Parts of Speech. 

9. The Parts of Speech, with their Latin names, 
are the following: 

the Substantive, nomen substantivum the Adverb, adverblum 
the Adjective, nomen adjectivum the Preposition, praepbsitio 
the Pronoun, pronOmen the Conjunction, conjunctio 

the Verb, verbum the Interjection, interjectio 



Gender. 

10. There are, as in English, Three Genders: Mas- 
culine, Feminine, and Neuter. 

11. The gender, in many instances, is to be deter- 
mined by signification, according to the following 

General Rules. 

1. Males, mountains, months, winds, and rivers are Masculine. 

2. Females, countries, islands, towns, and trees are Feminine. 

3. Indeclinable Substantives, as: nihil, nothing, and phrases 
used as indeclinable Substantives are Neuter. 

4. Substantives denoting both the male and female, as: conjunx, 
husband or wife are Common. 

The gender of Substantives not determined by their signification 
is to be ascertained by the termination, according to the Special 
Rules of gender under the several Declensions. 

Declension of Substantives. 

12. Nouns are declined in two Numbers: Singular 
and Plural, and in six Cases: 

1. Nominative, answers who? ivhat? 

2. (renitive, answers whose? whereof? 

3. Dative, answers for or to whom? 

4. Accusative, answers whom? what? 

5. Vocative, is the case of direct address. 

6. Ablative, answers where? whence? wherewith? 

13. There are Five Declensions in Latin which are 
distinguished by the ending of the Genitive Singular. 

14. The following are General Rules applying to 

all Declensions: 

1. In both numbers the Vocative is the same as the Nominative, 
except in the Singular of nouns in us of the Second Declension. 

2. Neuters have the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative 
alike in both numbers, and these cases in the Plural end in a. 

3. The Dative and Ablative Plural are always alike. 



First Declension. 

15. Pure Latin words of the First Declension end 
in the Genitive in ae, in the Nominative in a, and 
are declined as follows: 

Singular. Plural. 

Nom. men' sa, a table men' sae, tables 

Gen. men' sae, of a table men sa' rum, of tables 

Dat men' sae, to a table men' sis, to tables 

Ace. men' sam, a table men' sas, tables 

Voc. men' sa, table men' sae, tables 

Abl. men' sa, with a table men' sis, with tables 

16. The Latin has no Article; therefore, mensa may be 
rendered, a table, or the table, or table according to connection. 

17. A few words that have a corresponding masculine form in 
the Second Declension, take abus instead of Is in the Dative and 
Ablative Plural, as: dea, a goddess, deabiis; filia, a daughter, fili- 
abus. 

IS. To the First Declension belong also some Greek Nouns 
ending in e, as, es, and are declined in the Singular as follows: 

Singular. 
Nom. e pi' to me, epitome bo' re as, northwind py ri' tes, flint 
Gen. e pi' to mes bo' re ae py ri' tae 

Dat. e pi' to mae b5' re ae py n' tae 

Ace. e pi' to men bo' re am (an) py ri' ten 

Voc. e pi' to me bo' re a py ri' te 

Abl. e pi' to me bo' re a py ri' te 

In the Plural they are inflected regularly. 

19. Nouns of this Declension in a and e are Feminine, and 
those in as and es are Masculine. Nearly all the exceptions are 
such as are masculine from their signification, as: nauta, a sailor 
(see 11. 1). 

Examples for Practice. 

J2^5** To be learned by heart, -*S^ 

20. agricola,-ae, a husband- aurora, -ae, the morning 
man, farmer Britannia, -ae, Britain 

alauda, -ae, a lark corona, -ae, a crown 

amicitia, -ae, friendship Creta, -ae, (the island of) Crete 

aqua, -ae, water Europa, -ae, Europe 

Asia, -ae, Asia gemma, -ae, a gem 



- 5 



gloria, -ae, glory 
historia, -ae, history 
incola, -ae, an inhabitant 
India, -ae, India 
insula, -ae, an island 
Italia, -ae, Italy 
luna, -ae, the moon 
magistra, -ae, a (female) teacher* 
nauta, -ae, a sailor 
nuntia,-ae, a (female) messenger 
parsimonia, -ae, frugality 
patri&, -ae, one's country, na- 
tive land 
Pennsilvania, -ae, Pennsylvania 
(See Exercises 



Phoenice, -es, Phenice 
planetes, -ae, a planet 
planta, -ae, a plant 
ran a, -ae, a frog 
rSgina, -ae, a queen 
Roma, -ae, Borne 
rosa, -ae, a ?*ose 
sapientia, -ae, wisdom 
sehola, -ae, a school 
Sicilia, -ae, Sicily 
sphaera, -ae, a globe 
terra, -ae, the earth, land 
viola, -ae, a violet 
vita, -ae, life 
2, 3, p. 65.) 



Second Declension. 
21. Latin Nouns whose Genitive is. 1, are of the 
Second Declension. The Nominative ends in us, er 
(Masculine), una (.Neuter). 

Masculine. 
Singular. 



Norn, flu' vl us, a river 
Gen. flu' vi l, of a river 
Dat. flu' vi 6, to a river 
Ace. flu' vi um, a river 
Voc. flu' vi e, river 
Abl. flu' vi o, with a river 

Nom. a' ger, afield 
Gen. a/ gri, of afield 
Dat. a'gro, to afield 
Ace. a' grum, afield 
Voc. a' ger, field 
Abl. a' gro, with afield 

Nom. pu' er, a boy 
Gen. pu' e ri, of a boy 
Dat. pu' e ro, to a boy 
Ace. pu' e rum, a boy 
Voc. pu' gr, boy 
Abl. pu' e ro, with a boy 



Plural, 
flu' vi T, rivers 
flu vi o' rum, of rivers 
flu' vi Is, to rivers 
flu' vi os, rivers 
flu' vi I, rivers 
flu' vi is, with rivers 

a' gri, fields 
a gro' rum, of fields 
a' gris, to fields 
a' gros, fields 
, a' gri, fields 
a' gris, with fields 

pu' e ri, boys 
pu e ro' rum, of boys 
pu' e ris, to boys 
pu' e ros, boys 
pu' e ri, boys 
pu' £ lis, with boys 









Neuter. 






Singular. 


Plural. 


Nom. 


tec' 


turn, a roof 


tec' t&, roofs 


Gen. 


tec' 


ti, of a roof 


tec to' rum, of roofs 


Dat. 


tec' 


to, to a roof 


tec' tis, to roofs 


Ace. 


tec' 


turn, a roof 


tec' ta, roo/s 


Voc. 


tec' 


turn, roof 


tec' ta, roq/ls 


Abl. 


tec' 


to, with a roof 


tec' tis, with roofs 



22. Nouns of this Declension ending in us, er are Masculine, 
those in urn are Neuter. 

Exceptions. 
Feminine: humus, ground; also cities and islands and most trees. 
Neuter: pelagds, sea; virus, poison; vulgiis, common people. 

23. Most nouns in er drop the e before the r, like ager; but 
the following in er are declined like puer: 

1. gener, -T, son-in-law vesper, -l, evening 
socSr, -ij father-in law llberi, -orum, children 
Liber, -l, Bacchus 

2. The compounds in fer and ger, as: 

lQcifer, -I, the morning -star armlger, -i, an armor-bearer 

3. The single noun vir, -i, man. 

24. Notice that nouns in iis of this Declension are the only 
Latin nouns which have the Vocative different from the Nominative. 

25. Proper names in ms, as Antonius, Anthony, also films, 
son; genius, guardian-spirit, lose e in the Vocative, thus: Antoni, 
fill, genl. meus, my, has ml in the Vocative, as: ml fill, my' son. 

26. The Vocative of Deiis, God, is Defis; the Plural Nom. and 
Voc. are del or dl; Dat. and Abl. dels or dls. 

Examples for Practice. 

^@^ To be learned by heart. "H^. 

27. Aegyptus, -l, Egypt discipuliis, -I, a scholar 
amicus, -l, a friend clpminus, -l, a master, lord 
animus, -I, the mind, soul dontim, -T, a gift 
argentum, -l, silver eqims, -I, a horse 
aurum, -I, gold ferrum, -l, iron 
caelum, -I, heaven, sky Huvius, ~T, a river 
carrus, -T, a wagon fr amentum, -I, corn 
culter, -ri, a knife globus, -I, a globe 

Defis, -I, God hortiis, -I, a garden 



— T 



lnititim, -I, a beginning 
insectum, -I, an insect 
instrumentiim,-i,an implement 
liber, -ri, a book 
metallum, -I, a metal 
morbus, -i, a disease 
mundus, -I, the world 
Nilus, -I, the Nile 

(See Exercises 



plumbum, -I, lead 
pratum, -i, a meadow 
signum, -1, a sign 
stilus, -l, a pencil 
templum, -i, a temple 
vlnum, -l, wine 
vir, -I, a man 
vitium, -l, vice 
4, 5, p. 66.) 



Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 

28. Adjectives in us, a, urn and er, a, um are declined in 
the masculine and neuter, like Substantives of the Second Declen- 
sion, and in the feminine like Substantives of the First. 

bonus, bona, bonum, good 









Singular. 








m. 


/• 




w. 


Nom. 


b5' 


nus 


bo' 


nil 


bo 


'nuin 


Gen. 


bo' 


ni 


bo' 


nae 


bo 


'ni 


Dat 


bo' 


no 


b5' 


nae 


b6' 


' no 


Ace. 


bo' 


ntim 


bo' 


nam 


bS 


' mini 


Voc. 


b5' 


ng 


bo' 


n& 


bo' 


' ntim 


Abl. 


bo' 


no 


bo' 


na 


bo' 


no 








Plural. 






Nom. 


bo' 


ni 


bo' 


nae 


b5' 


n& 


Gen. 


bo no' rfhn 


bo 


na' rum 


bo 


no' rum 


Dat. 


bo' 


nis 


b5' 


nis 


bo' 


nis 


Ace. 


b5' 


nos 


bo' 


nas 


bo' 


nil 


Voc. 


bo' 


ni 


b5' 


nae 


b5' 


na 


Abl. 


bo' 


nis 


bo 1 


nis 


bo' 


nis 






niger, 


nigra, nigrum, black 
Singular. 








m. 




/. 




n. 


Nom. 


ni' 


ger 


ni' 


gra 


ni' 


grtim 


Gen. 


ni' 


gn 


ni' 


grae 


ni' 


gri 


Dat. 


ni' 


gro 


ni' 


grae 


ni' 


grO 


Ace. 


ni' 


grum 


ni' 


gram 


ni' 


grum 


Voc. 


ni 1 


ger 


ni' 


gra 


ni' 


grtlm 


Abl. 


ni' 


gro 


ni' 


gra, 


ni' 


gro 



liber, libera, liberum, free 
Singular. 





m. 


fi 


71. 


Nom. 


IV ber 


IV be ra 


IP be rfim 


Gen. 


IP be ri 


IP be rae 


IP be ri 


Dat. 


IP be ro 


IP be rae 


IP be ro 


Ace. 


IP be rain 


IP be ram 


IP be rum 


Voc. 


IP ber 


IP be ra 


IP b£ ruin 



Abl. IP be ro IP be ra IP b£ ro 

29. The Plural of Adjectives in er, a, um is declined like that 
of bonus. 

30. Most Adjectives in er, a, um are declined like niger; only 
the following are declined like liber: 

asper, -a, -um, rough mis&r, -a, -um, wretched 

dexter, -a, -um, right prosper, -a, -iim, prosperous 

lacer, -a, -um, torn tener, -a, -um, tender 

also the Compounds in fer and ger, as: 

frugifer, -a, -um, fertile lamger, -a, -um, fleecy 

Examples for Practice. 

70S" To be learned by heart. **H2^ 

31. aeger, -ra, -rum, sick multus, -a, -um, much, many 
albus, -a, -iim, white odorus, -a, -um, fragrant 
attentus, -a, -um, attentive piger, -ra, -rum, lazy 
beatus, -a, -um, happy, blessed probus, -a, -um, upright 
durus, -a, -um, hard pulcher, -ra, -rum, beautiful 
fidus, -a, -um, faithful ruber, -ra, -rum, red 
frigidus, -a, -um, cold sacer, -ra, -rum, sacred 
humanus, -a, -um, human sedulus, -a, -iim, busy 
jucundtis, -a, -iim, pleasant sempiternus, -a, -iim, ever- 
laetus, -a, -iim, merry lasting 

longiis, -a, -um, long ' veriis, -a, -iim, time 

magnus, -a, -um, great, large vetusttis, -a, -iim, old 

Irregular Declension of Adjectives. 

32. Nine Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form 
their Genitive Singular in liis, and their Dative in I in all the genders. 
These are: 



*~ 9 — 



Nominative. 
alius, -a, -iid, another 
nullus, -a, -um, no, no£ a?i?/, no one 
solus, -a, -urn, aZone 
totus, -a, -um, ivhole 
ullus, -a, -um, any 
unus, -a, -um, one 
alter, -a, -um, 2/ie other (of two) 
titer, -ra, -rum, which (of two) 
neuter, -ra, -rum, neither 

Singular. 
m. f 

Nom. so' lus so' la 

Gen. so 11' us so IT' us 

Dat. so' IT so' IT 

Ace. so' lum so' lam 

Voc. so' le so' la 

Abl. so' 15 so' la 

The Plural is regular like that of bonus. 
(See Exercises 6, 7, 8, 



Genitive. 




Dative. 


alius 




alii 


nullius 




nulli 


soiius 




soli 


totius 




toti 


ullius 




Ulll 


unitis 




unT 


alterms 




alter! 


utrTus 




utrT 


neutrius 


n. 


neutrl 


so' 


lum, 


alone 


so 


IT' us 




so' 


IT 




so' 


lum 




so' 


lum 




so' 


15 





p. 66.) 



Third Declension. 

33. The Nominative Singular of Substantives of 
the Third Declension ends in various letters (ft, e. 1, 5, 
y, c, 1, n, r, s, t, x). The Genitive always ends in is. 

I. Regular Forms. 

34. Masculine and Feminine Substantives. 





Singular. 


Plural. 


Nom. 


an' ser, a goose 


an' se res, geese 


Gen. 


an' se ris, of a goose 


an' se ram, of geese 


Dat. 


an' se rT, to a goose 


an sS' rT "bus, to geese 


Ace. 


an' se rem, a goose 


an' se res, geese 


Voc. 


an' ser, goose 


an' se res, geese 


Abl. 


an' se re, with a goose 


an se' ri bus, with geese 


Nom. 


co' lor, a color 


co lo' res, colors 


Gen. 


co lo' ris, of a color 


co lo' rum, of colors 


Dat. 


co lo' rT, to a color 


co lo' ri "bus, to colors 


Ace. 


co lo' rem, a color 


co lo' res, colors 


Voc. 


co' lor, color 


co lo' res, colors 


AH. 


co lo' re, with a color 


co lo' r! "bus, ivith colors 



10 — 



Singular. 

Nom. pa' ter, a father 

Gen. pa' tris, of a father 

Dat. pa/ tri, to a father 

Ace. pa' trem, a father 

Voc. pa' ter, father 

Abl. pa/ tre, with a father 

Nom. le' 6, a lion 

Gen. le o' nis, of a lion 

Dat. le o' ni, to a lion 

Ace. le o' nem, a lion 

Voc. le' 6, lion 

Abl. le 0' ne, with a lion 

Nom. ho' m6, man 

Gen. ho' mi nis, of man 

Dat. ho' mi ni, to man 

Ace. ho' mi nem, man 

Voc. ho' m5, man 

Abl. ho' ml ne, with man 

Nom. flos, a flower 

Gen. flo' ris, of a flower 

flo' ri, to a flower 

flo' rem, a flower 

flos, flower 

flo' re, with a flower 



Dat. 
Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 



PluraL 
pa' tres, fathers 
pa/ trfim, of fathers 
pa' tri bus, to fathers 
pa' tres, fathers 
pa' tres, fathers 
pa' tri "btis, with fathers 
le 0' nes, lions 
le 6' ntim, of lions 
16 6' ni bus, to lions 
le o' nes, lions 
le o' nes, lions 
le o' ni bus, with lions 
ho' mi nes, men, people 
ho' mi num, of men 
ho mi' ni bus, to men 
ho' ml nes, men 
ho' mi nes, men 
ho mi' ni bus, with men 

flo' res, flowers 

flo' rum, of flowers 

flo' ri bus, to flowers 

flo' res, flowers 

flo' res, flowers 

flo' ri btis, untfft flowers 



Examples for Practice. 

To be learned by heart. 



35. mulier, -is, a woman 
odor, -oris, smell 
sapor, -oris, taste 
soror, -oris, a sister 
timor, -oris, fear 
venator, -oris, a hunter 



mater, -ris, a mother 
frater, -ris, a brother 
pav6, -onis, a peacock 
pulm5, -onis, a lung 
Tmag5, -inis, an image 
nem6, -inis, nobody 



(See Exercises 9, 10, p. 67.) 



36. Singular. 

Nom. ae r tas, an age 
Gen. ae ta' tis, of an age 
Dat. ae ta/ ti, to an age 
Ace. ae ta' tern, an age 
Voc. ae' tas, age 
Abl. ae ta f te, with an age 



Plural, 
ae ta/ tes, ages 
ae ta' turn, of ages 
ae ta' ti bGs, to ages 
ae ta' tes, ages 
ae ta' tes, ages 
ae ta/ ti bus, with ages 



— 11 



Singular. 
Nom. ju' dex, a judge 
Gen. ju' di cis, of a judge 
Dat. ju' di cT, to a judge 
Ace. ju' di cem, a judge 
Voc. ju' dex, judge 
Abl. ju' di ce, with a judge 

Nom. mi' les, a soldier 
Gen. ml' II tis, of a soldier 
Dat. ml' li ti, to a soldier 
Ace. mi' II tern, a soldier 
Voc. ml' les, soldier 
Abl. ml' II te, with a soldier 

Nom. dux, a leader 

Gen. du' cis, of a leader 

Dat. du' ci, to a leader 

Ace. du' cem, a leader 

Voc. dux, leader 

Abl. du' 



ce, with a leader 



Nom. rex,- a king 
Gen. rS' gis, of a king 

re' gi, to a king 

re' gem, a king 

rex, &£n<7 

r§' ge, wi£/i a fcingf 



Dat. 
Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 



Plural. 
ju' di ces, judges 
ju' di cum, of judges 
ja di' ci bus, to judges 
ju' di ces, judges 
ju' dices, judges 
ju di' ci bus, with judges 

mi' II tes, soldiers 

mi' II turn, of soldiers 

mill' ti bus, to soldiers 

mi' II tes, soldiers 

mi' II tes, soldiers 

mi li' ti bus, wutfi soldiers 



du' ces, leaders 

du' cum, o/ leaders 

du' ci bus, to leaders 

du' ces, leaders 

du' ces, leaders 

du' ci bus, wft/i leaders 

re' ges, fcrn^s 
rS'gum, of kings 
re' gibus, to fcin<7$ 
re' ges, fcin^.s 
re' ges, kings 
re' gi bus, witfi fcin^s 



Examples for Practice. 

7b &? learned by heart. 



37. aestas, -atis, summer 
cupidltas, -atis, passion 
difflcultas, -atis, trouble 
felicltas, -atis, happiness 
frugalltas, -atis, frugality 
paupertas, -atis, poverty 
sanltas, -atis, health 
voluptas, -atis, pleasure 



lux, lucis, light 
lex, legls, a law 



radix, -icis, a root 
Phoenix, -Icis, a Phenician 

comes, -itis, a companion 
eques, -itis, a horseman 
pedes, -itis, a foot-soldier 
hgres, -edis, an heir 
interpres, -etis, an interpreter 
quadrupes, -edis, a quadruped 



(See Exercises 11, 12, p. 68.) 



12 



Neuter Nouns. 



38. Singular. 

Nom. gut' tur, the throat 
Gen. gut' tu ris, of the throat 
Dat. gut' tu ri, to the throat 
Ace. gut' tiir, the throat 
Voc. gut' tur, throat 
Abl. gut' tu re, with the throat 

Nom. ca da' ver, a corpse 
Gen. ca da' ve ris, of a corpse 
ca da' ve ri, to a corpse 
ca da' ver, a corpse 
ca da' ver, corpse 
ca da' ve re, with a corpse 

6' pus, a work 

6' pe ris, of a work 

6' pe ri, to a ivork 

6' pus, a work 

6' pus, work 

6' pe re, with a work 

Nom. cor' pus, a body 
Gen. cor' po ris, of a body 

cor' po ri, to a body 

cor' pus, a body 

cor' pus, body 

cor' po re, with a body 

car' men, a poem 
car' mi nis, of a poem 
car' mi hi, to a poem 
car' men, a poem 
car' men, Opoem 
car' mi ne, with a poem 



Dat. 
Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 



Dat. 
Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 

Nom 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 



Plural. 

gut' til ra, the throats 

gut' tu ram, of the throats 

gut tu' ri bus, to the throats 

gut' tu ra, the throats 

gut' tu ra, throats 

gut tu' ri bus, with the throats 

ca da' ve ra, corpses 

ca da' ve rGm, of corpses 

ca da ve' ri bus, to corpses 

ca da' ve ra, corpses 

ca da' ve ra, corpses 

ca da ve' ri bus, with corpses 

6' pe ra, works 

6' pe rum, of works 

6 pe' rf bus, to works 

6' pe ra, works 

6' pe ra, works 

6 pe' ri bus, with works 

cor' p5 ra, bodies 

cor' po rum, of bodies 

cor po' ri bus, to bodies 

cor' po ra, bodies 

cor' po ra, bodies 

cor po' ri bus, with bodies 

car' mi na, poems 

car' ml num, of poems 

car mi' ni bus, to poems 

car' mi na, poems 

car' mi na, poems 

car mi' ni bus, with poems 



Examples for Practice. 

7j^*°- To be learned by heart. "1^. 



39. fulgiir, -is, lightning 
murmur, -is, murmur 
robur, -oris, strength 
v6r, veris, spring (no plur.) 
Iter, ltineris, a journey 
sidus, -eris, a star 
onus, -eris, a burden 



genus, -eris, kind 
vulnus, -eris, a wound 
tempus, -oris, time 
gramen, -mis, grass 
lumen, -Inis, light 
nomen, -mis, a name 
omen, -inis, an omen 



(See Exercises 13, 14, p. 68.) 



13 



II. Irregular Forms. 



40. Singular. 

Nom. 'tur' ris, a tower 

Gen. tur' ris, of a tower 

Dat. tur' ri, to a tower 

Ace. tur' rim, a tower 

Voc. tur' ris, tower 

Abl. tur' ri, with a tower 

Nom. a' vis, a bird 

Gen. a' vis, of a bird 

Dat. a' vi, to a bird 

Ace. a' vein, a bird 

Voc. a' vis, bird 

Abl. a' ve, with a bird 

Nom. mV bes, a cloud 

Gen. nil' bis, of a cloud 

Dat. nu' bi, to a cloud 

Ace. nu' bena, a cloud 

Voc. nu' bes, cloud 

Abl. nu' be, ttfiJTi a cloud 

Nom. re' te, a net 

Gen. re' tis, o/a ??e£ 

Dat. re' ti, to a net 

Ace. re' te, a net 

Voc. re' te, net 

Abl. re' ti, lotflfe a net 

Nom. a' ni mal, f/?i animal 

Gen. a ni ma' lis, of an animal 

Dat. a ni ma' II, to an animal 

Ace. a' ni mal, an animal 

Voc. a' ni mal , animal 

Abl. a ni ma' \%wiih an animal 

Nom. cal' car, a spur 

Gen. cal ca' ris, of a spur 

Dat. cal ca' ri, to a spur 

Ace. cal' car, a spur 

Voc. cal' car, spur 

Abl. cal ca' ri, with a spur 



Plural, 
tur' res, towe?*s 
tur' ri urn, of towers 
tur' ri bus, to towers 
tur' res, towers 
tur' res, towers 
tur' ri bus, with towers 

a' ves, birds 

a' vlurn, of birds 

a' vi bus, to 6i?'^6- 

a' ves, birds 

a' ves, birds 

a' vi bus, t(;i//i birds 

nu' bes, clouds 

nti' bi urn, o/ clouds 

nu' bi btis, to clouds 

nu' bes, clouds 

nti' bes, clouds 

nu' bi bus, wi^ clouds 

re ' ti a, ??ete 

re ' ti urn, of nets 

re' ti bus, to ?*ete 

re' ti a, nets 

re' ti a, nets 

re' ti bus, t^^/i nets 

a ni ma' li a, animals 

a ni ma' li una, of animals 

a ni ma' li bus, to animals 

a ni ma' li a, animals 

a ni ma' li a, animals 

a ni ma' li bus, io^/i animals 

cal ca' ri a, sjmrs 

cal ca' ri una, of spurs 

cal ca' ri bus, to spurs 

cal ca' ri a, spurs 

cal ca' ri a, spurs 

cal ca' ri bus, with spurs 



14 — 





Singular. 


Plural. 


Nom 


. urbs, a city 


ur' bes, cities 


Gen. 


ur' bis, of a city 


ur' bium, of cities 


Dat. 


ur' bi, to a city 


ur' bi bus, to cities 


Ace. 


ur' bem, a city 


ur' bes, cities 


Voc. 


urbs, city 


ur' bes, cities 


Abl. 


ur' be, with a city 


ur' bi bus, with cities 


Nom. 


pars, apart, side 


par' tes, parts 


Gen. 


par' tis, of apart 


par' ti urn, of parts 


Dat. 


par' ti, to apart 


par' ti bus, to parts 


Ace. 


par' tern, apart 


par' tes, parts 


Voc. 


pars, Opart 


par' tes, parts 


Abl. 


par' te, with apart 


par' ti bus, with parts 


Nom. 


arx, a citadel 


ar' ces, citadels 


Gen. 


ar' cis, of a citadel 


ar' ci urn, of citadels 


Dat. 


ar' ci, to a citadel 


ar' ci bus, to citadels 


Ace. 


ar' cem, a citadel 


ar' ces, citadels 


Voc. 


arx, citadel 


ar' ces, citadels 


Abl. 


ar' ce, with a citadel 


ar' ci bus, w^ft citadels 



41. Nouns ending in the Nominative Singular in Is, es, e, 21 
and ar, and monosyllables ending in s or x with preceding conso- 
nant are distinguished by the following irregularities: 

All have the Genitive Plural in liim. 

Neuters have the Nominative and Accusative Plural in la. 

A few end in the Accusative Singular in im. 

The Ablative Singular of all the Neuters and of many Masculines 
and Feminines ends in l. 



4:2. Mark the following nouns of peculiar inflection: 



bos, bovis, ox, cow 

Gen. pi. bourn 

Dat. & Abl. bobus, btibus 
caput, capitis, the head 
caro, c&mis, flesh 

Gen. pi. carniiim 
Jupiter, Jovis, Juppiter 
nix, nivis, snow 

Gen. pi. niviiim 



senex, senis, old man 

Gen. pi. senum 
vis (no Gen. sing.), force 

Ace. sing, vim 

Abl. " vl 

Nom. pi. vires, strength 

Gen. " vlriiim 

Dat. & Abi. virlbus 



■-- 15 — 

Examples for Practice. 

To be learned by heart. 
apis, - a bee fames, -is, hunger 

civis, -, a citizen vulpes, -is, a fox 

classis, -, a fleet mare, -is, the sea 

mensis, -, a month fons, -tis, a source, spring 

navis, -, a ship mors, -tis, death 

piscis, -, a fish 

(See Exercises 15, 16, p. 69.) 

III. Gender of the Third Declension. 

44. Masculine Endings of this Declension are: 
6, or, 6s, er, es, and es increasing in the Genitive. 

45. Exceptions in 6. 
Feminine. 

1. Nouns in do and go, as: hirundo, a swallow; orlgo, origin; 
kc. Only the following in d5 and g8 are Masculine: 

ord8, -mis, order llg5, -onis, a mattock 

cardO, -Inis, the hinge harpagO, -onis, a grapple-hook 

(of a door) margO, -inis, a margin 

2. Abstract nouns in i5, as: opinio, -onis, an ojyinion; actio. 
-onis, a deed; OratiO, -onis, speech; venatiO, -onis, hunting; &c. 
The following (concrete) nouns in 16 are Masculine: 

septentriS, -onis, the north papilIO, -onis, a butterfly 

scorpIO, -onis, a scorpion piigiO, -onis, a dagger 

vespertiliS, -onis, a bat scipid, -onis, a staff 

tltiO, -onis, a firebrand uni8, -onis, a pearl 

3. earo, carnis, flesh echo, -us, an echo 

46. Exceptions in or. 
Neuter. 

marmor, marmoris, marble ador, adoris, spelt 

aequor, aequoris, the sea cor, cordis, the heart 

Feminine, arbor, arboris, a tree 

47. Exceptions in os, os. 
Feminine. 

cos, cotis, a whetstone dos, dotis, a dowry 

Neuter. 

os, oris, the mouth 6s, ossis, a bone 



— 16 — 

48. Exceptions in er, er. 
Neuter. 

cadaver, -is, a corpse spintkgr, -is, a bracelet 

piper, -is, pepper tuber, -is, a hump 

cicer, -is, a chick-pea fiber, -is, a teat 

iter, Itmeris, a journey vgr, -is, spring 

papaver, -is, the poppy (verber, -is), a blow 

Common, 
linter, -ris, a boat 

49. Exceptions in es, es imparisyllabic. 
Neuter. 

aes, aeris, copper 

Feminine, 

merges, -itis, a sheaf quies, -etis 

seges, -etis, a crop requies, -etis 

teges, -etis, a covering inquies, -etis, restlessness 

merces, -edis, a reward compes, -edis, a fetter 

Common. 
ales, -itis, a bird quadrupes, -edis, a quadruped 



> re 



Exercises 17, 18, p. 69.) 

50. Feminine endings of this Declension are: as, is, 
aus, x, es not increasing in the Genitive, and s pre- 
ceded by a consonant. 

51. Exceptions in as, as. 
Masculine. 

as, assis, an as (coin) elephas, -antis, an elephant 

vas, vadis, a surety adamas, -antis, a diaynond 

Neuter. 
vas, vasis, a vessel; plur. vasa, -orum (2d Decl.) 

Indeclinable, fas, right nefas, ivrong 

52. Exceptions in is, is. 

Masculine. 

1. All nouns in nis, as: ignis, fire; amnis, a river; &c. 

2. Also the following: 

axis, -, an axis pulvis, -eris, dust 

collis, -,.a hill lapis, -ldis, a stone 

orbis, -, a circle vermis, -, a worm 



— 17 — 

angiiis, -, a serpent mensis, -, a month 

fascis, -, a bundle piscis, - a fish 

postis, -, a post unguis, -, a claw 

torquis, -, a collar fustis, -, a club 

sanguis, -Inis, blood ensis, -, a sivord 

53. Exceptions in x. 
Masculine. 

1. Greek nouns in ax, as: thorax, a breast-plate; 

2. Most nouns in ex, -icis, as: cortex, -icis, bark; culex, 
-icis, a gnat; &c. Only the following in ex are Feminine: 

lex, legis, a law faex, faecis, lees 

nex, necis, a murder supellex, -ectilis, furniture 

(prex), preces, prayers 

3. Two in ix: 

calix, -icis, a cup fornix, -icis, an arch 

54. Exceptions in s preceded by a consonant. 
Masculine. 

1 fons, -tis, a spring pons, -tis, a bridge 

mons, -tis, a mountain adeps, -Ipis, fat 

dens, -tis, a tooth 

2. Some nouns in ns, originally Adjectives with a masculine 
noun understood, as: 

orlens, -tis (sol), east rudens, -tis (funis), a cable 

occidens, -tis (sol), west torrens, -tis (fluvlus), a torrent 

(See Exercises 19, 20, p. 70.) 

55. Neuter Endings of this Declension are: 

a, e } i ; c, 1, n, t, y, ar, ur, us, us. 

56. Exceptions. 
Masculine. 

sal, sails, salt lepGs, -oris, a hare 

sol, soils, the sun mus, muris, a mouse 

turtur, -is, a turtle-dove ren, rgnis, kidney 

furfur, -is, bran Hen, lignis, ) leen 

vultur, -is, a vulture splen, splenis ) 

salar, -is, trout pecten ; -inls, a comb 



— 18 — 



metis, -udis, an evil 
palus, -udis, a marsh 
peciis, -udis, a head of cattle 
tellus, -uris, the earth 



Feminine, 
juvenilis, -utis, youth 
senectus, -litis, old age 
virtus, -litis, virtue 
servitus, -litis, slavery 
saliis, -utis, safety 

sus, suis, a swine grus, gnus, a crane 

(See Exercises 21, 22, p. 70.) 

Adjectives of the Third Declension. 

57. Certain Adjectives of the Third Declension have in the 
Nominative Singular three different forms, one for each gender; 
others have two — the masculine, and feminine being the same — 
others but one, the same for all genders. 

58. Those of three terminations end in er, is, e r and are de- 
clined like pater, avis, mare, respectively. All drop the e before r 
in declension, except celer, celeris, celere which retains it. 

acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen 

Plural. 
m. f n. 

a' cres a' cres a/ cri a 
a' cri urn a' cri urn a' cri urn 
a' cri bus a' cri bus a' cri bus 
a' cres a' cres a ' cri a 
a' cres a' cres a' cri a 
a' cri bus a' cri bus a' cri bus 

59. Those of two terminations end in is, e, and are declined 
like acris, acre. 

tristls, trist£, sad 









Singular. 










m. 


/ 




n. 


Norn. 


a' 


cer 


a' cris 


a' 


ere 


Gen. 


a' 


cris 


a' cris 


a' 


cris 


Dat. 


a' 


cri 


a' cri 


a' 


cri 


Ace. 


a' 


crem 


a' crem 


a' 


ere 


Voc. 


a' 


cer 


a' cris 


a' 


ere 


Abl. 


a' 


cri 


a' cri 


a' 


cri 



Plural. 



Singular. 
m. & f. 
tri' stis 
tri' stis 
tri' sti 
tri' stem 
tri' stis 
tri' sti 

Adjectives of one termination have the same form in all gen- 
ders, excepting that in the Accusative Singular, and in the Nomi- 
native, Accusative and Vocative Plural the Neuter is distinguished 



Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 

60. 



n. 
tri' stS 
tri 'stis 
tri' sti 
tri' stS 
tri' ste 
tri' sti 



m. & /. 
tri' stes 
tri' sti fim 
tri' sti bus 
tri' stes 
tri' stes 
tri' sti bus 



n. 
tri' sti & 
tri' sti fini 
tri' sti bus 
tri' sti a 
tri' eti & 
tri' sti bus 



- 19 



from the Masculine and Feminine. The commonest of them are 
those in x and in s with a preceding consonant. 

felix, happy, fortunate prudens, prudent, sensible 

Singular. 

m. &f n. 

pru' dens .pru' dens 

pru den' tis 
pru den' tl 
pru den' tem 
pru' dens 
pru den' tl 

Plural. 

pru den' tes 
pru den' ti iim 
pru den' ti bus 
prii den' tes 
pru den' tes 
pru den' ti bus 

61. As a rule, Adjectives of the Third Declension form their 
Ablative in 1, the Nominative, Accusative and Vocative Plural Neuter in ia, 
and the Genitive Plural in lum. Mark the following exceptions: 

1. with e in the Ablative Singular: 

pauper, poor paupexe compos, possessed of compote 

dives, rich divite princeps,./jrs£ principe 

vetus, old vgtere puber, adult pubere 

2. with a in the Nominative Plural: 
vetus, old Vetera 

3. with urn in the Genitive Plural: 

vigil, watchful vigilum cicur, tame cicurum 

memor, mindful memorum fiber, fertile uberum 

immemor, unmindful immemorum 

Examples for Practice. 

^gt* To be learned by heart. ~^^ 

62. paluster,-ris,-re, swampy loquax, -acis, loquacious 





m. Sf. 


n. 


Nom 


. fe' lix 


fie' lix 


Gen. 


fe 11' cis 




Dat. 


fe 11' cl 




Ace. 


fell'cem 


fe' lix 


VOC. 


fe' lix 




Abl. 


fe li' ci 




Nom. 


fe 11' ces 


fe H' ci a 


Gen. 


fe" H' ci iim 




Dat. 


fe 11 ' ci bus 




Ace. 


fe 11' ces 


fe li' ci a 


Voc. 


fe 11' ces 


fe li' ci a 


Abi. 


fe li' ci bus 





pru' dens 



pru den' tl & 



pru den' tl & 
pru den'tlft 



celeber, -ris, -re, famous 
brevis, -e, short 
omnis, -e, all 
facilis, -e, easy 
mortalis, -e, mortal 
Utilis, -e, useful 



mendax, -acis, lying 
simplex, -icis, simple 

ingens, -tis, immense 
potens, -tis, mighty 
clemens, -tis, mild 



(See Exercises 23, 24, p. 71.) 



— 20 — 

Fourth Declension. 
63. Nouns whose Genitive ends in us are of the 
Fourth Declension. 

The Nominative of masculine and feminine nouns ends in us, and 



of neuters in u. They are declined as follows: 




Singular. 


Plural. 


Norn. 


fruc' tus, fruit 


fruc' tus, fruits 


Gen. 


fruc' tus, of fruit 


fruc' tu um, of fruits 


Dat. 


fruc' tii 1, to fruit 


fruc' ti "bus, to fruits 


Ace. 


fruc' turn, fruit 


fruc' tus, fruits 


Voc. 


fruc' tus, fruit 


fruc' tus, fruits 


Ab). 


fruc' tu, with fruit 


fruc' ti bus, with fruits 


Norn. 


cor' nu, a horn 


cor' nu a, horns 


Gen. 


cor' nus, of a horn 


cor' nut um, of horns 


Dat. 


cor' nii (iii), to a horn 


cor' ni bus, to horns 


Ace. 


cor' nu, a horn 


cor' nu H, horns 


Voc. 


cor' nu, horn 


cor' nu a, horns 


Abl. 


cor' nu, ivith a horn 


cor' ni bus, with horns 



64. Some words form their Dative and Ablative Plural in 
iibus instead of lbus; these are: 

acus, acubus, a needle artus, artiibus, a joint 

arcus, arciibus, a bow partus, partiibus, birth 

lacus, laciibus, a lake portus, portiibus, a harbor 

pecii, peciibiis, cattle tribus, tribiibus, a tribe 

quercus, quercubus, an oak veru, veriibus, a spit 
spec us, specubus, a den 

65. domus, a house, is declined thus: 

Singular. Plural. 

Norn, do' mils, a house do' mus, houses 

Gen. \ d6 ' mns ' 0fa h0USe l !e' m ° . m ' \ of houses 

I do' mi, at home do mo' rum, ) 

Dat. do' mu I, to a house do' mi bus, to houses 

Ace. do' mum, a house, home do' mus & do 7 mos, houses 

Voc. do' mus, house do' mus, houses 

Abl. do' mo, with a house, from home d5' mi bus, with houses 



— 21 — 

66. Most Nouns of the Fourth Declension in us are masculine; 
the following are feminine: 

aciis, -tis, a needle mantis, -us, the hand 

domus, -us, a house porticus, -us, a gallery 

Idus, -uum (pi.), the Ides tribus, -us, a tribe 

The few words in u are all neuter. 

Examples for Practice. 

jjg^t* To be learned by heart. f£3^ 

67. auditus, -us, hearing reditus, -us, return 
cantus, -us, singing sensiis, -us, sense 
gustus, -us, taste tactvis, -us, touch 
roamis, -us, the hand visus, -us, sight 
olfactus, -us, smell genu, -us, knee 

(See Exercises 25, 26, p. 71.) 





Fifth 


Declension. 


68, 


, Words which h 


ave el or el in the Genitive 


from 


es in the Nominative are of the Fifth Declension. 


They 


are declined as follows: 






Singular. 


Norn, 


. di' es, a day 


res, a thing 


Gen. 


dl e' T, of a day 


re' T, of a thing 


Dat. 


di e' I, to a day 


re' I, to a thing 


Ace. 


dl' em, a day 


rem, a thing 


Voc. 


&V es, day 


res, thing 


Abl. 


dr e, with a day 


re, with a thing 
Plural. 


Norn. 


di' es, days 


res, things 


Gen. 


di e f rum, of days 


re' rum, of things 


Dat. 


di e f bus, to days 


re' bus, to things 


Ace. 


di' es, days 


res, things 


Voc. 


di' es, days 


res, things 


Abl. 


di e' bus, with days 


re' bus, with things 



69. Nouns of the Fifth Declension are Feminine, with the 
exception of dies, a day, which is Masculine or Feminine in the 
Singular, but Masculine only in the Plural. The compound meridies, 
midday, is Masculine only, and does not occur in the Plural. 

70. Of all the nouns of the Fifth Declension only two are com- 
plete in the Plural, viz.: dies and res. 



— 22 — 

71. The e of the Genitive and Dative ending ei is long when 
preceded by a vowel, as: diei, and short when preceded by a con- 
sonant, as: fidei. 

Examples for Practice. 

7^* To be learned by heart. *ffc^ 

72. facies, -el, the face effigies, -ei, an image 
fides, -ei, faith spes, -ei, hope 

(See Exercises 27, 28, p. 72.) 

Regular Comparison. 

73. The Comparative Degree ends in or for the Masculine and 
Feminine, and in lis for the Neuter, and is formed by changing the 
Genitive ending I or is of the Positive into lor, ius, thus: 

Positive. Genitive. Comparative, 

tardus, slow tardi tardior, tardiiis 

dlligens, diligent diligentis diligentior, diligentiiis 

u tills, useful utilis iitilior, utiliiis 

74. Comparatives are of the Third Declension; they are de- 
clined as follows: 

durior, duriiis, harder 







Singular. 








Plural. 






m 


.*/ 


n. 




m. &f. 


??. 




Nom, 


, du 1 


' ri or 


du' 


ri us 


du 


ri o' 


res 


du ri 6' 


ra 


Gen. 


du 


ri o' ris 


du 


ri o' ris 


du 


ri o' 


rum 


du ri o' 


rum 


Dat. 


du 


ri C ri 


du 


ri o' ri 


du 


ri (3' 


ri bus 


du ri o' 


ri bus 


Ace. 


du 


ri 0' rem 


du' 


ri us 


du 


ri o' 


res 


du ri o' 


ra 


Voc. 


du' 


ri or 


du' 


ri us 


du 


ri 6' 


res 


du ri o' 


ra 


Abl. 


du 


ri o' re 


du 


ri 0' re 


du 


ri o' 


ri bus 


du ri o' 


ri biis 



Examples for Practice. 

^^^ To be learned by heart, -fg^ 

excelsior, -us, higher acrior, -us, sharper melior, -iis, better 
pulchriSr, -iis, finer levidr, -us, lighter carior, -iis, dearer 

75. The Superlative is formed by changing the Genitive ending 
I or is of the Positive into issiinus, thus: pretiosus, valuable; Gen. 
pretiosi; Superl. pretiosissimus. It is declined like bonus, -a, -urn 
of the First and Second Declensions. 

76. Adjectives in er add rimiis to the Positive to form the Su- 
perlative; as: acer,s7iar^,acerrimiis; vetiis, old, makes veterrimus. 

77. Compound Adjectives in diciis,ficus,volus form their Com- 
parative and Superlative by changing iis into entior, entissimus, as : 



— 23 — 

bSnevolus, benevolent ben§v51entior benSvolentissimiis 
benefices, beneficent bgneficentior beneficentissimus 
magniflcus, grand niagnificentidr magnificentissimus 

78. Six Adjectives in IlTs form their Superlative by changing 
the ending is into limus. These are: 

facilis, easy, facillimus similis, like, simillimiis 

difficilis, difficult, difflcillimus dissimilis, unlike, dissimillimus 
* gracilis, slender, gracillimus humilis, low, humillimfls 

79. Adjectives in us preceded by a vowel are compared by 
means of magis, more, and maxime, most, as: dubius, doubtful; 
magis dubius, maxima dubius. But those in quus are regular, as: 
antiques, ancient, antiquior, antiquissimus. 

(See Exercises 29, 30, p. 72.) 

Irregular and Defective Comparison. 

80. The following Adjectives have different words for expres- 
sing the different degrees of comparison: 

bonus, good melior, better optimus, best 

malus, bad pSjor, worse pessimus, worst 

magnus, great major, greater maximus, greatest 

parvus, little minor, less, lesser minimus, least 

multus, much plus, more plurimus, most 
plus, more, is thus declined: 

Singular. Plural. 

Nom. &. Ace. plus plu' res plu' r£ (plu' ri &) 

Gen. plu' ris plu' ri urn plu' ri urn 

Dat. &. Abl. — plu' ri bus plu' ri bus 

complures, several, very many, is declined like plures. 

81. Mark the degrees of the two Indeclinable Adjectives: 
nequam, worthless nequior nequissimus 
frugl, frugal frugalior frugalissimus 

82. The following Adjectives have two Irregular Superlatives : 

exterus, outward extgrlor, outer extremus, (extlmus), outmost 
Inferus, below inferior, lower infimus, imus, lowest 

posterus, next posterior,]^ 7 " P ostr6m ^, [last 

1 (later postumus, j latest 
superus, above superior, upper supremus, summus, highest 



24 — 



83. The following Adjectives are Defective in their comparison: 
L Positive wanting. 



Comparative. 

citerior, more on this side 
interior, inner 
prior, prior, former 
propior, nearer 
ulterior, ulterior, further 
odor, swifter 
potior, preferable 
deterior, worse 



Superlative, 
citimus, most on this side 
intimus, innermost, intimate 
primus, foremost, first 
proximus, nearest 
ultimus, furthest, last 
ocisslmus, swiftest 
potissimus, most important 
deterrimus, worst 



II. Comparative wanting. 



Positive, 
diversiis, different 
falstis, false 
inclutus, renowned 
invltus, unwilling 
noviis, new 
sacer, sacred 
vetus, old 

III. 
Positive, 
j uven is, young 
senex, old 
alacer, gay 
longinquus, far 
propinquus, near 
p5pularls, popular 
saltitaris, salutary 



Superlative, 
dlversissimus, most different 
falsisslmiis, falsest 
inclutissimus, most renowned 
invitissimiis, most unwilling 
novissimiis, latest, last 
sacerrimus, most sacred 
veterrimus, oldest 



Superlative wanting. 

Comparative, 
junior, younger 
senior, older 
alacrior, gayer 
longinqulor, farther 
propinquior, nearer 
popularlor, more popular 
salutarior, more salutary 

84. Some Adjectives are by their meaning excluded from compar- 
ison, as : ferreus, iron; others by their form ; among the latter are those 
ending in iciis, limis, inus, orus, xilus. 

(See Exercises 31, 32, p. 73) 

Derivation and Comparison of Adverbs. 

85. The majority of Derivative Adverbs are formed from 
Adjectives in the following manner: 

1. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions (ending in lis 
and er) form their Adverbs by changing the Genitive ending! into e, 
as: lentus, slow; Gen. lenti; Adverb, lente, slowly; pulchgr, fine; Gen. 
pulchrl; Adverb, pulchre, finely, bonus, good, makes bene, well; 
mahis, bad, makes male, badly. 



— 25 — 

2. Adjectives of the Tliird Declension form their Adverbs in 

ter, changing the Genitive ending is into iter; only those in ns 
change the ending is into er: 

celer, fast celeris celeriter, fast 

pattens, patient patientis patienter, patiently 

dlligens, diligent diligentis dlligenter, diligently 

elegans, elegant elegantis eleganter, elegantly 

86. Adverbs derived from Adjectives are generally compared 
like their primitives. Their Comparative is like the. Neuter Com- 
parative of the Adjective; the Superlative is formed from the Super- 
lative of the Adjective by changing us into e. Examples are: 



clare, brightly 




clarius clarissime 


bene, well 




melius optimS 


facile, easily 




facilius facillime 


dlligenter, careful 


diligentius dlligentissime" 


sapienter, wis* 


ely 


saplentius sapientissime 


87. Notice also the following: 


dm, for a long time 


diutius diutissime 


saepe, often 




saepius saepissime 


prope, near 




propius proxime 




(See Exercises 33, 34, p. 73.) 


88. 


Cardinal Numerals. 


1 


I 


unus, una, unum 


2 


II 


duo, duae, duo 


3 


III 


tres, tria 


4 


IV 


quattuor 


5 


Y 


quinque 


6 


YI 


sex 


7 


YII 


septem 


8 


YIII 


octo 


9 


IX 


novem 


10 


X 


decern 


11 


XI 


undecim 


12 


XII 


duodeclm 


13 


XIII 


trgd^cim (decgm et tr5s) 


14 


XIY 


quattuordecim (decern et quattfior) 


15 


XV 


quindecim (decern et quinque) 


16 


XVI 


sgdecim (decern et sex) 


17 


XYII 


septendecim (decern et septem) 


18 


XVIII 


duodevigintl (decern et octo) 



26 — 



19 


XIX 


undeviginti (decern et novSru) 


20 


XX 


vigintl 


21 


XXI 


tinus et vigintl or vigintl tails 


22 


XXII 


duo et vigintl or vigintl duo 


23 


XXIII 


tres et vigintl or vigintl tres 


30 


XXX 


triginta 


40 


XXXX or XL 


quadraginta 


50 


L 


quinquaginta 


60 


LX 


sexaginta 


70 


LXX 


septuaginta . 


80 


LXXX 


octoginta 


90 LXXXX or XC 


nonaginta 


100 


C 


centum 


101 


CI 


centum St uniis or centum uniis 


200 


CO 


ducenti, -ae, -a 


300 


ccc 


trecenti, -ae, -a 


400 


cccc 


quadringenti, -ae, -5. 


500 


D or 10 


quingenti, -ae, -a 


600 


DC or IOC 


sexcenti, -ae, -a 


700 


DCC or 10 CO 


septingenti, -ae, -& 


800 


DCCC 


octingenti, -ae, -a 


900 


DCCCC 


nongenti, -ae, -a 


1000 


M or CIO 


mills 


2000 


MM or IIM 


duo milia 


5000 


100 


quinque milia 


6000 


IOOM 


sex milia 


10 000 


CCIOO 


decern nulla 


50 000 


1000 


quinquaginta milia 


100 000 


CCCIOOO 


centum milia [ 


000 000 


CCCCIOOOO 


decles centena milia or decTSs ce 



[milia 



89. The three first are declined; the rest, as far as one hun- 
dred, are indeclinable. Hundreds, as: ducenti, ae, &, trgcenti, 
ae, &, etc., are declined like the Plural of bonus. 



N. 
G. 

D. 
A. 
V. 



Singular, 
m. /. n. 

u' nils u' na u' num 
u ni' Us u ni' us u ni' us 
u' ni u' ni u' ni 
u' num ti' nam Q' ntim 



$'no ti' na u f n5 



tinum, one 

m. 
ti'ni 
u no' rum 

u' nis 
ti' nos 



Plural. 

/■ 
u' nae 



n. 
fi'nft 



u na' rum u no' rum 

u' nis ti' nis 

u f nas u' na 



ti' nis 



ft' nis 



u' nis 



— 27 



The Plural of Qnus occurs only with such nouns as have no Sin- 
gular, as: una castra, one camp; tinae nuptiae, one marriage. 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 



duo, diiae, duo, two 




tres, tria 


,, three 


m. /. 


n. 


m. &f. 


n. 


da' o du' ae 


du' o 


tres 


tri' a 


du. o' rum du a' rum 


du o' rum 


tri' urn 


tri' urn 


du o' bus du a' bus 


du o' bus 


tri' bus 


tri' bus 


du'os, du'd du' as 


du'd 


tres 


tri'& 



tri 'bus tri' bus 



du o' bus du a' bus du o' bus 

ambo, ambae, anibo, both, is declined like duo. 

90. In the Singular mille is an Indeclinable Adjective; in the 
Plural it is a Substantive and takes the Genitive, as: mille milites, 
a thousand soldiers; duo milia militum, two thousand soldiers 

91. Ordinal Numerals. 

1st, prlmus,-a,-um (prior, -us) 23d, tertius St vicesimus 

2d, secundus (alter) 



3d, tertius 

4th, quartus 

5th, quintus 

6th, sextus 

7th, septimus 

8th, octavus 

9th, nonus 
10th, decimus 
11th, undecimus 
12th, duodecimos 
13th, tertius decimus 
14th, quartus decimus 
15th, quintus decimus 
16th, sextus decimus 
17th, septimus decimus 
18th, octavus decimus or duo- 

de vicesimus 
19th, nonus decimus or unde- 

vicSsimus 
20th, vicesimus or vigesimus 
21st, unus et vicesimus or 

vicgsimus primus 
22d, altSr et vicesimus or 
vicesimus sScundus 



30th, trlcesimus or trlgesi- 

mus 
40th, quadragesimus 
50th, quinquageslmus 
60th, sexagSsimus 
70th, septuagesimus 
80th, octogesimus 
90th, nonagesimiis 
100th, centesiniiis 
101st, centesimus (6t) primus 
200th, ducentesimus 
300th, treeentesimus 
400th, quadringentesimus 
500th, quingentesimus 
600th, sexcentesimus 
700th, septingentesinius 
800th, octingentesimus 
900th, nongentesimus 
1000th, millesimus 
2000th, bis millesimus 
3000th, ter millesimus 
10 000th, decles millesimus 
100 000th, centies millesimus 
1 000 000th, decles centies mille- 
simus 



28 



92. All Ordinals are Adjectives in us, a, Hm, except prior, 
prius, which is used instead of primus in speaking of two. 

93. Ordinals with pars, part, expressed or understood may be 
used to denote a fraction, as: tertia pars, a third. 

94. In place of our Cardinals the Latin employs the Ordinals to 
denote the dates of years and hours of the day, as: anno milleslmo 
octingentesimo octogesimo secundo, in the year 1882; octava hora, 
at the eighth hour (at eight o'clock). 



95. 



Distributive Numerals. 



1. singuli, -ae, -a, one by one 

2. blni, -ae, -a, two by two, etc. 

3. term (trim) 
4 quaterni 

5. quini 

6. sen! 

7. septeni 

8. octonl 
novenl 
deni 
undeni 
duodenl 
term deni 

14. quaterni deni 

15. quini deni 

16. sen! deni 
septeni deni 

octonl deni or duodgvicSnl 
novenl deni or undevlceni 
viceni 
vlceni singuli 

Distributives are declined like the Plural of bonus, and used as 

follows: 

In the meaning of so many apiece or on each side, as: Scipio 
et Hannibal cum singulis interpretibus congressi sunt, Scipio and 
Hannibal met, with an interpreter on each side; 

In multiplication, as: bis bina, twice two; 

Instead of Cardinals, when a noun is Plural in form, but Singular 
in meaning, as: bina castra, two camps. But with these, tini, -ae, ~a 
is used instead of singuli, and trim instead of term; as: unae litterae, 
one letter; trinae litterae, three letters. 



9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 



17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 



22. 


viceni bin! 


23. 


viceni term 


30. 


triceni 


40. 


quadrageni 


50. 


quinquageni 


60. 


sexageni 


70. 


septuageni 


80. 


octogeni 


90. 


nonageni 


100. 


centeni 


200. 


duceni 


300. 


treceni 


400. 


quadringenl 


500. 


quingeni 


600. 


sexceni 


700. 


septingeni 


800. 


octingeni 


900. 


nongeni 


1000. 


singula milia 


2000. 


bina milia 


3000. 


terna milia etc. 



96. 



— 29 — 



Numeral Adverbs. 



1. semel, once 


30. 


tricies 


2. bis, twice 


40. 


quadragies 


3. ter, thrice 


50. 


quinquagies 


4. quater, four times, etc. 


60. 


sexagies 


5. quinquigs 


70. 


septiiagies 


6. sexigs 


80. 


octogies 


7. septies 


90. 


nonagies 


8. octiSs 


100. 


centies 


9. novies 


200. 


ducenties 


10. dScigs 


300. 


trecenties 


11. undecigs 


400. 


quadringentles 


12. diiodScies 


500. 


quingenties 


13. terdecies (tredeci5s) 


600. 


sexcenties 


14. quaterdeeiSs (quattuordeciSs) 


700. 


sep tingen ties 


15. quinquiesdecies (quindecies) 


800. 


octingenties 


16. sexlesdSeies 


900. 


nongenties 


17. septigsdecigs 


1000. 


milies 


18. duodgvlcies (octies deciSs) 


2000. 


bis milies 


19. undgvlcies (novies decies) 


3000. 


ter milies 


20. vIciSs 


10 000. 


decies milies 


21. semel et viciSs 


100 000. 


centies milies 


22. bis et vlci6s 


1 000 000. 


milies milies 


23. ter et vicies 


2 000 000. 


bis milies milies 



97. The following are Multiplicative Numerals. 

simplex, -icis, single quincuplex, fivefold 

duplex, twofold, double septemplex, sevenfold 

triplex, threefold, triple decemplex, tenfold 

quadruplex, fourfold centtiplex, a hundredfold 

(See Exercises 35, 36, p. 74.) 

Personal and Possessive Pronouns. 



98. 




Singular. 


Nom. 


8' g», / 


tu, thou 


Gen. 


me' I, of me 


tu' I, of thee 


Dat. 


mi' hi, to me 


tV bi, to thee 


Ace. 


mS, me 


te, thee 


Voc. 




tu, O thou 


Abl. 


me, from me 


t§, from thee 



30 



Plural. 



Norn, nos, we 



Gen. 

Dat. 
Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 



no' strum) ^ ntt% 
, + - i of us 
no' stri ) 

no' bis, to us 

nos, us 

no' bis, from us 
Singular. 



vos, ye or you 
ve' strum } - „ ■ - 

vo' bis, to you 
vos, 2/oit 

vos, ye or you 
vo' bis, /rom you 

Plural 



su'i, of himself herself, itself 
si' bi, to himself] herself] itself 
se, himself, herself, itself 



su' I, of themselves 
si' bi, to themselves 
se, themselves 

se, u>i£7i themselves 



sS, wiZft himself, herself, itself 

The preposition cum, im'Z/&, is appended to the Ablatives of 
these Pronouns, as: mecum, with me; tecum, with thee, nobiscum, 
with us; vobiscum, with you; seciim, with himself, with themselves. 

99. The Personal Pronouns of the Third Person are wanting; 
they are represented by the Demonstrative is, ea, id (see 103). 

100. The Possessives are: 

metis, mea, meum, my noster, nostra, nostrum, our 

tutis, tua, tutiin, thy, your vester, vestra, vestriini, your 

suiis, sua, suum, his, her, its suus, sua, suuni, their 

They are declined as Adjectives of the First and Second Declen- 
sions, meus has in the Vocative masculine mi (see 25). 
(See Exercises 37, 38, p. 74.) 

Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns. 

101. The proper Demonstratives are: 

hie, this; iste, that; ille, that (yonder) 
Singular. Plural, 

hie, haec, hoc, this (of mine) 





m. 


/ 


n. 


m. 


/• 


71. 


N. 


hie 


haec 


hoc 


hi 


hae 


haec 


G, 


hu' jus 


hu' jus 


hu' jus 


ho' rum 


ha' rum 


ho' rum 


D. 


hu' ic 


hu' ic 


hu' ic 


his 


his 


his 


A. 


hunc 


hanc 


hoc 


hos 


has 


haec 


A, 


hoc 


hac 


hoc 


his 


his 


his 



— 31 — 

102. ill€, ilia, illfid, that (yonder) 







Singular. 




Plural. 






m. 


/• 


n. 


m. /. 


n. 


N. 


il'le 


il'la 


il' liid 


il' li il' lae 


il'la 


G. 


il li' us 


il li' us 


il li' us 


il 15' rum il la' rum 


il lo' rum 


D. 


il'li 


il'li 


il'li 


il' lis il' lis 


il' lis 


A. 


il' luin 


il' lam 


il' lud 


il' los il' las 


il'la 


A. 


il'lo 


il'la 


il'lo 


il' lis il' lis 


il' lis 




Like ille decline iste,-a,-ud, that (yonder), and ipse, - 


a,,-um,self 




103. 




Is, ea, id, 


he, she, it; that. 




N. 


is 


e' a 


id 


i' I, e' I e' ae 


S'a 


G. 


6' jus 


e'jus 


e'jus 


e o' rum e a' rum 


£ 0' rum 


D. 


e'l 


e'l 


e'l 


I' is, e' is I' is, e' is 


V Is, e' is 


A. 


e' urn 


e' am 


id 


e' os e' as 


e'a 


A. 


e'o 


e' a 


e' o 


i' Is, e' is I' is, S' is 


I' is, e' is 



idem, eadem, idSm, the same. 
Singular. 
m. /. n. 

Nom. i' dem e' a d£m V d6m 

Gen. g jus' dem e" jus' dem £ jus' d$m 

Dat. e I' dem e i' dem e i' dem 

Ace. e un' dem e an' dem i' dgin 

Abl. £ o' dem e a' dem e 6' dgm 

Plural. 

Nom. I i' dem, e I' dem e ae' dem e' a dem 

Gen. e o run' em ea run' dem S o run' dem 

Dat. e is' dem, I is' dSm e is' dem, i is' dem e Is' dem, I Is' dem 

Ace. g os' dem e as' dem e' a dem 

AbL e Is' dem, i Is' dem e is' dem, I Is' dem e Is' dem, I is' dem 

104. is, ea, id is often used as a Personal Pronoun (he, she, 
it, they) of the same gender as the noun for which it stands. 

105. The Possessives, his, her, its, their, correspond to suiis, 
-a, -um, when they refer to the subject; if they refer to any other 
word, they are commonly expressed by the Genitive of is, ea, id, 
thus: pater laudat filium suum, the father praises his (own) son 

laudo filium ejus, I praise Jiis (the father's) son 
parentes amant liberos suos, parents love their children 
amo libgros eorum, / love their (the parents 1 ) children. 



32 



Relative Pronoun 
106. The Relative Pronoun is 

qui, quae, quod, who, which, that. 







Singular. 




Plural. 






m. 


/■ 


71. 


m. 


/• 


n. 


H. 


qui 


quae 


quod 


qui 


quae 


quae 


G. 


cu'jus 


cu' jus 


cu' jus 


quo' rum 


qua' rum 


quo' rum 


D. 


cul 


cul 


cul 


qui' bus 


qui' bus 


qui' bus 


A. 


quern 


quam 


quod 


quos 


quas 


quae 


A. 


quo 


qua 


quo 


qui' bus 


qui' bus 


qui' bus 








(See Exercises 39, 40, p. 


75.) 





Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns. 

107. The Interrogatives qui, quae, quSd? which? and quis , 
quid ? who, what? are declined like the Eelative. 

Singular. 
Nom. quis? who? which? quid? what? 

Gen. cu'jus? whose? cu'jus? of what? 

Dat. cul? to or for whom? cul? to or for what? 

Ace. quern? whom? quid? what? 

Abl. quo? from or with whom? quo? from or with what? 

108. The following are Indefinite Pronouns: 
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 

quis (subst. & adj.) quae or qua quid (subst), any one 
qui (adj.) quae or qua quod (adj.), any one, any 



aliquis (subst. & adj.) 
aliqui (adj.) 

quidam (subst. & adj.) 



aliqua 
quaedam 



quispiam (subst. & adj. ) quaepiam 
quisquam (subst.) — 

quisque (subst. & adj. ) quaeque 

qulvis (subst. & adj.) quae vis 

quilibet (subst. & adj.) quaelibet 



aliquid (subst.), some, some one 
aliquod (adj.), some, some one 

(quiddam (subst.) \a certain 

\ quoddam (adj.) ) one 

j quidpiam (subst.) ) some one, 

\ quodpiam (adj.) i some 
quidquam (subst), any one (no pi.) 

j quidque (subst,) 

(quodque (adj.) 

j quidvis (subst.) 

1 quodvis (adj.) 

i quidlibet (subst.) 

1 quodlibet (adj.) 



each one 

I any one 
^ you please, 

any one 
' you like 



109. They are all declined like the Interrogatives, except ali- 
quis, which has in the Feminine Singular .and in the Neuter Plural 



33 



allqua. The prefix all- in allquis and its derivatives is generally 
rejected when si, if, ne, lest, nisi, if not, iium, whether, or Re- 
latives precede. 

Singular. 



m. 

Norn, a' II quis 
Gen. a li cu' jus 
a' II cul 
a' II quem 



Dat. 
Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 



a/ II qua 
a II cu' jus 
a' II cm 
a' II quam 



a' II quo 



a' II qua 



Plural. 



Norn, a' II qui a' II quae 

Gen. a II quo' rum a II qua' rum 

Dat. a li' qui bus a II' qui bus 

Ace. a' II quos a' II quas 
Voc. — — 

Abl. a ft' qui bus a II' qui bus 



a' II quid 
a II cu' jus 
a' II cul 
a' II quid 

a' II quo 

a' II qua 
a II quo' rum 
a li' qui bus 
a' II qua 



a' II quod 



a' II quod 



110. 

thus: 



a li' qui bus 
In the declension of quidam, m passes into n before d, 

Singular. 



m. 

Nom. qui' dam 
Gen. cu jus' dam 
Dat. cm' dam 
Ace. quen' dam' 
Voc. — 

Abl. quo' dam 



Norn, qui' dam 
Gen. quo run' dam 
Dat. qui bus' dam 
Ace. quos' dam 
Voc. — 

Abl. qui bus' dam 



/. 

quae' dam 
cu jus' dam 
cul' dam 
quan' dam 

qua' dam 

Plural, 
quae' dam 
qua run' dam 
qui bus' dam 
quas' dam 



n. 



quid' dam 
cu jus' dam 
cul' dam 
quid' dam 

quo' dam 



quae' dam 
quo run' dam 
qui bus' dam 
quae' dam 



quod' dam 



quod' dam 



qui bus' dam qui bus' dam 



111. The following are Indefinite Adjectives: 

ullus, -a, -urn, any alms, -a, -tid, another 

nullus, -a, -um, no alter, -a, -urn, the other (of two) 

nonnullus, -a, -urn, some neuter, -ra ? -rum, neither 



— 34 — 

112. Mark the following Pronominal Adjectives: 
Demonstrative. Relative. 

talis, -e, such quails, -e, as, such as 

tantiis, -a, -iim, so great quantiis, -a, -urn, as great 

tot, so many quot, as many 

Interrogative. Indefinite, 

quails, -e ? what? of what sort? aliquantus, -&, -urn, some, con- 

quantiis, -a, -um ? how great? siderable 

quot? how many? aliquot, some 

Of these tot, quot, and aliquot are indeclinable: the rest are de- 
clined like Adjectives. 

(See Exercises 41, 42, p. 75.) 



113. Th 


e Au 


Lxilia 


iyj esse, to be. 


Fres. Ind. 


Pres. 


Inf. 


Perfect. Supii 


sura 


esse, 


to be 


fui — 






Indicative. 


Present. 






Perfect. 


sum, / am 






fu' I, / have been (was) 


es, thou art 






fu i' stl, thou hast been 


est, he, she, it is 






fu' it, he has been 


su' miis, iv e are 






fu' I miis, we have been 


e' stis, you are 






fu i' stis, you have been 


sunt, they are 






fu e' runt, they have been 



Imperfect. 
S' ram, / was 
e' ras, thou wast 
e' rat, he was 
e ra' miis, we were 
e ra' tis, you were 
e' rant, they were 

Future, 
e' ro, I shall be 
e' ris, thou wilt be 
e' rit, he will be 
e' rl mils, we shall be 
e' ri tis, you will be 
e' runt, they will be 



Pluperfect, 
fu' e ram, / had been 
fu' e ras, thou hadst been 
fu' e rat, he had been 
fa e ra' miis, we had been 
fu e ra' tis, you had been 
fu' e rant, they had been 

Future Perfect, 
fu' e ro, / shall have been 
fu' e ris, thou wilt have been 
fu' e rit, he will have been 
fu e ri mus, we shall have been 
fu e ri tis, you will have been 
fu' e rint, they will have been 



— 35 — 



Subjunctive. 



Present, 
sim, may I be* 
sis, be thou, or may you be 
sit, let him be (may he be) 
si' mus, let us be 
si ' tls, be ye, or may ye be 



Perfect, 
fu' e rim, I may have been 
fu' e ris, thou mayest have been 
fu' S rit, he may have been 
f u e ri mus, we may have been 
f u e r! tls, you may have been 



sint, let them be (may they be) fu' e rint, they may have been 



Imperfect. 
es' sem, / should be (were) 
es' sSs, thou wouldst be 
es' set, he would be 
es se' mus, we should be 
es s£' tls, you would be 
es' sent, they would be 



Pluperfect, 
fu is' sem, / should have been 
fu is' ses, thou wouldst have been 
fu is' set, he would have been 
fu is s6' mus, we should have been 
fu is sS' t!s, you would have been 
fu is' sent, they would have been 



fu tu' rtis, -a, -iim 



fu tti' ri, -ae, -a 



! 



Singular. 
Present, es, be thou 
Future, e' sto, thou shalt be 



e' sto, he sliall be 



Future, 
sim, / may be about to be 
sis, thou mayest be about to be 
sit, he may be about to be 

!si' mus, we may be about to be 
si' tis, you may be about to be 
sint, they may be about to be 

Impeeatite, 

Plural, 
e' ste, be ye 
e sto' te, ye shall be 



sun' to, they shall be 



Present. 
Perfect. 



Infinitive. 
es' se, to be 
fu is' se, to have been 



Future, fu tu' rum, -am, -una es'se, or fo're, to be about to be 
Future Participle, fu tu' riis, -S, -iim, about to be 

The Future Perfect is wanting in the Subjunctive which is repre- 
sented, when necessary, by the Subjunctive of the Perfect or Plu- 
perfect, according to the connection of the sentence. 
(See Exercises 43, 44, p. 76.) 



* The rendering of the Subjunctive here given shows the most fre- 
quent meanings of its forms when used independently. 



— 36 — 



114. Compounds of esse. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perfect. Supine, 

abstim abesse, to be absent, be away afiu — 

adsum , adesse, to be present adfiii — 

desum deesse, to be wanting def ui — 

insum inesse, to be in infill — 

intersum interesse, to take part in interf ui — 

obsiim obesse, to be hurtful obfui — 

praesum praeesse, to be at the head praefui — 

prosum prodesse, to be useful, to benefit proful — 

subsum subesse, to be under wanting — 

supersum superesse, to remain over superfui — 

115. All these Compounds are conjugated like sum; but pro- 
sum inserts a d when pro would be followed by e, thus: 



Present, 
prosum 
prodes 
prodest 
prosumus 
prodestis 
prosunt 



Imperf. Indie, 
proderam 
proderas 
proderat 
proderamus 
proderatis 
proderant 



Imperative. 



Imperf. Snbj. 
prodessem 
prodesses 
prodesset 
prodessgmus 
prodessetis 
prodessent 

Infinitive, 
prodesse 



Future, 
prodero 
prodens 
proderit 
proderimus 
proderitis 
proderunt 



prodes prodeste 
prodesto prodestote 
116. The Verb sum is joined with the Adjective potis, able, 
making the compound (pot-sum) possum, / can, am able. This is 
conjugated like sum, but observe: 
that the t of pot is assimilated before s; thus: possum for potsum, 
that the' f is dropped in fui, fueram, &c; thus: potui for potfui, 
that potesse, potessem, &c. are contracted into posse, &c. 
posse, to be able 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perfect. Supine. 
possum posse, to be able potui 



Indicative. 

pos f sum, lean 
po' tes, thou canst 
po' test, he can 
pos' su mus, we can 
po te r; stis, you can 
pos' sunt, they can 



„ Subjunctive. 

Present. 

pos ; sim, J may be able 

pos' sis, thou may est be able 

pos' sit, he may be able 

pos si' mus, tve may be able 

pos si/ tis, you may be able 

pos' sint, they may be able 



37 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Imperfect, 
po' te ram, I could, icas able pos' sem, I might be able 



po' te ras, thou couldst 
po' te rat, he could 
po te ra' mus, we could 
po te ra' tis, you could 
po' te rant, they could 



pos' ses, thou mightest be able 
pos' set, he might be able 
pos se' mus, we might be able 
pos se' tis, you might be able 
pos' sent, they might be able 



Future. 



po' te ro, I shall be able 
po' te ris, thou wilt be able 
po' te rit, he will be able 
p5 te' rl miis, we shall be able 
po te' ri tis, you will be able 
po' te runt, they will be able 

Perfect. 
/ have been able 
po' tii I 
po tii i' stl 
po' tii it 
po tii' I mus 
po tii i' stis 
po tu e' runt 



(wanting) 



I may have been able 
po' tu' e rim 
po tii' e ris 
po tii' e rit 
po tu e ri miis 
po tii e ri tis 
po tu' e rint 



/ had been able 
po tu' e ram 
po tu' e ras 
po tu' e rat 
po tii e ra' miis 
po tu e ra' tis 
po tu' e rant 



Pluperfect. 



I might have been able 
po tii is' sem 
po tu is' ses 
p6 tu is' set 
po tii is se' miis 
po tii is se' tis 
po tii is' sent 



Future Perfect. 
I shall have been able 

po tii' e ro (wanting) 

po tii' g ris 

po tii' e rit 

po tii e ri miis 

po tu e ri tis 

po tii' e rint 

Infinitive. 
Present, pos' se, to be able Perfect, potuis'se, to have been able 

(See Exercises 45, 46, p. 77.) 



38 



The Four Conjugations. 
117. Verbs are inflected in four regular Conjuga- 
tions, distinguished by the ending of the Present In- 
finitive Active, viz.: 

I. First Conjugation -are; stem ending in a; 
II. Second Conjugation -ere; u " in e; 

III. Third Conjugation -ere; " u in a consonant or u; 

IV. Fourth Conjugation -ire; " " in 1. 

Besides the Present Infinitive we need to know 
the Present Indicative Active, First Person, 
the Perfect Indicative Active, First Person, 
the Former Supine, 
in order to understand the whole inflection of any 
Verb. Hence these four are called the Principal Parts 
or Stem-forms, and, in describing any Verb, these are 
given. Their regular forms are seen in the following: 



Pres. Ind. 


Pres 


.Inf. 


Perf. Ind. 


Supine. 


I. amo 


amare, 


to love 


amavi 


amatum 


II. moneo monere 


, to advise 


monui 


monitum 


III. lego 


legere, 


to read 


legi 


lectiim 


IV. audic 


> audire, 


to hear 


audivf 


auditum 


118. From the Present Indicative Active are 


formed: 




I. amo 


II. moneo 
Active. 


III. lego 


IY. audio 


Pres. Subj. 


am em 


moneam 


legam 


audiam 


Imp. Ind. 


amabam 


monebam 


legebam 


audiebam 


Fut. I. Ind. 


amabo 


monebo 


legam 


audiam 


Pres. Part. 


amans 


monens 
Passive. 


legens 


audiens 


Pres. Indie. 


am5r 


moneor 


legor 


audior 


Pres. Subj. 


amer 


monear 


legar 


audiar 


Imp. Ind. 


amabar 


monebar 


legebar 


audi^bar 


Fut. I. Ind. 


amabor 


mongbor 


legar 


audiar 


Part. Fut. 


amandus 


mdnendus 


legendus 


audiendils 


Gerundium. 


am andl 


monendl 


legend! 


audiendi 



39 — 



119. From the Present Infinitive Active are formed: 




L amare 


II. monere 
Active. 


III. legere 


IV. audire 


Imperf. Subj. 


amarem 


mongrem 


lggerem 


audirem 


Pres. Imperat. 


ama 


mon6 
Passive. 


lege 


audi 


Imperf. Subj. 


amarer 


mongrer 


legerer 


audirer 


Pres. Imperat. 


amare 


monere 


legere 


audire 


Pres. Infiii. 


amarl 


moneri 


legl 


audlrl 


120. From the Perfect Indicative Active are formed: 




I. amavl 


II. monui 
Active. 


III. legl 


IY. audivi 


Perf. Subj. 


amaveriin 


monuerim 


legerim 


audiverim 


Pluperf. Ind. 


amaveram 


monueram 


legeram 


audlveram 


Pluperf. Subj. 


amavissem 


monuissem 


legissem 


audlvissem 


Fut. Perf. 


ainavero 


monuero 


legero 


audlvero 


Perf. Infin. 


amavisse 


monuisse 


legisse 


audlvisse 


121. From the First Supine are formed: 






I. amatura 


II. monitum III. tectum 


IY. auditum 


Second Sup. 


amatii 


monitu 


lectu 


auditu 


Fut. Part. Act. 


amaturus 


moniturus 


lecturus 


audltiirus 


Perf. Part. Pass, amatus 


monitiis 


lectus 


auditus 



122. The Perfect Passive Participle with the proper parts of 
the Auxiliary sum forms the tenses of completed action in the Pas- 
sive, viz.: Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect (see Paradigm). 

123. The Active and Passive Yoices in Latin are equivalent 
to the corresponding English forms. Many Verbs are only used in 
the passive form but with an active or reflexive signification; they 
are called Deponents, They have the Participles of both voices, 
and the Future Infinitive is always to be given in the active form. 



To Teachers. As the theory of conjugation is beset, to the beginner, 
by some special difficulties, it seems best that the Paradigms themselves 
should be made very familiar, before the systematic study of the rules is 
taken up. At this stage, AHN-HENN'S Paradigm Charts exhibiting the 
Essentials of Latin Conjugation, will greatly help in mastering one of the 
numerous difficulties of the language. 



— 40 



124:. First Conjugation. — Active Voice. 



Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. 
amo, -are, to love 

Indicative. 

a' mo, / love 
a' mas, thou lovest 
a' mat, he loves 
a ma' mus, we love 
a ma' tis, you love 
a' mant, they love 



Perfect, 
amavi 



Supine. 
amatuin 



Subjunctive. 
Present. 

a/ mem, may I love 
a' mes, love thou 
a' met, let him love 
a me' mus, let us love 
a me' tis, love ye 
a/ ment, let them love 



Imperfect. 



a ma' bam, I was loving 
a ma' bas, thou wast loving 
a ma' bat, he was loving 
a ma ba' mus, we were loving 
a ma ba' tis, you were loving 
a ma' bant, they were loving 



a ma' rem, I should love 
a ma' res, thou wouldst love 
a ma' ret, he would love 
a ma re' mtis, we should love 
a ma re' tis, you would love 
a ma' rent, they would love 



a ma' bo, I shall love 
a ma' bis, thou wilt love 
a ma' bit, he will love 
a ma' bi mus, we shall love 
a ma' bi tis, you will love 
a ma' bunt, they will love 

a ma' vi, / have loved 

a ma vi' sti, thou hast loved 

a ma' vit, he has loved 

a ma' vi mus, we have loved 

a ma vi' stis, you have loved 

a ma ve' runt, they have loved 



Future. 

a ma tu' rus, 
-a, -urn 

a ma tu' ri, 
-ae, -a 




be about 
to love 



Perfect. 

a ma' ve rim, I may have loved 
a ma' ve ris, thou mayest have I. 
a ma' ve rit, he may have loved 
a ma ve ri mus, we may have I. 
a ma ve ri tis, you may have I. 
a ma' ve rint, they may have I. 



Pluperfect, 
a ma' ve ram, / had loved a ma vis' sem, I should have I. 
a ma' ve ras, thou hadst loved a ma vis' ses, thou wouldst h. I. 
a ma' ve rat, he had loved a ma vis' set, he would have I. 

a ma ve ra' mtis, we had loved a ma vis se' mus, we should h. I 
a ma ve ra' tis, you had loved a ma vis se' tis, you would h. I 
a ma' ve rant, they had loved a ma vis' sent, they would h. L 






41 



Indicative. 

Future Perfect. 

a ma' ve ro, I shall have loved 
a ma' ve ris, thou wilt have loved 
a ma' ve rit, he ivill have loved 
a ma ve ri mils, we shall have loved 
a ma ve ri tis, you will have loved 
a ma' ve rint, they will have loved 

Impebattve. 
Singular, 
a' ma, love thou 
a ma' to, thou shalt love 
a ma' to, he shall love 

Infinitive. 
a ma' re, to love 
a ma vis' se, to have loved 



Subjunctive. 



(wanting) 



Present. 
Future. 



Present. 
Perfect. 



Plural, 
a ma' te, love ye 
a ma to' te, ye shall love 
a man' to, they shall love 



to be about to love 



Fut. Sing. Nom. a ma tu' riis, -a, -urn es' se 

" Ace. a ma tu' rum, -am, -um es' se 

Plur. Nom. a ma tu' ri, -ae, -a es' se 

u Ace. a ma tii' ros, -as, -a es' se 

Paeticipees. 

Present. a' mans, a man' tis, loving 

Future. a ma tu' riis, a ma tu' ra, a ma tu' rum, about to love 



Geeund. 
Gen. a man' di, of loving 
Dat. a man' do, for loving 
Ace. a man' dum, loving 
Abl. a man' do, by loving 



Supine. 



a ma' turn 
a ma' tti 



to love 



Examples for Practice. 

J0t~ To be learned by heart. -*f^ 

125. aedifico, -are, to build Inhabito, -are, to inhabit 



canto -are, to sing 
cogito, -are, to think 
eSrusco, -are, to glitter 
creo\ -are, to create^ elect 
gusto, -are, to taste 
habito, -are, to dwell 
illustro, -are, to illuminate 



lauclo, -are, to praise 
nato, -are, to swim 
nomino, -are, to call 
numero, -are, to count 
orno, -are, to adorn 
sano, -are, to heal 
volo, -are, to fly 



(See Exercises 47, 48, p. 



42 



126. First Conjugation. - — Passive Voice. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. 



amo amare, to love 

Indicative. 



a' mor, I am loved 
ama' ris, thou art loved 
a ma' tur, lie is loved 
a ma' mur, we are loved 
a ma' mi ni, you are loved 
a man' tur, they are Loved 



a ma' bar, / was loved 
a ma ba' ris, thou wast loved 
a ma ba' tur, he was loved 
a ma ba' mur, we were loved 
a ma ba' mi ni, you were loved 
a ma ban' tur, they were loved 



amavi amatum 

Subjunctive. 
Present. 

a/ mer, may I be loved 
a me' ris, be thou loved 
a me' tur, let him be loved 
a me' mur, let us be loved 
a me' ml ni, be ye loved 
a men' tur, let them be loved 

Imperfect. 

a ma' rer, I should be loved 
a ma re' ris, thou wouldst be I. 
a ma re' tur, he would be loved 
a ma re' mur, we should be loved 
a ma re' mi ni, you would be I 
a ma ren' tur, they would be l 



Future, 
a ma' bor, I shall be loved 
a ma' be ris, thou wilt be loved 
a ma' bi tur, he will be loved 
a ma' bi mur, we shall be loved 
a ma bi' mi ni, you will be loved 
a ma bun' tur, they will be loved 

Perfect. 
/ have been, or was, loved 
(sum 
a ma' ttis, -a, -um -| es 
(est 



(wanting) 



I may have been loved 
t sim 
a ma' ttis, -a, -um - 



a ma' ti, -ae, -& 



C su' mfis 
< e' stis 
(sunt 



a ma' ti, -ae, -a 




/ had been loved 



a ma' ttis, -a, -um 



a ma' ti, =-ae, -a 



e' ram 
e' ras 
e' rat 
e ra' mus 
e ra' tis 
e' rant 



Pluperfect. 

/ might have been loved 
( es' sem 
a ma' tiis, -a, -um 



a ma' ti, ~ae, -a 



es' ses 
es' set 
es sg' mus 
es se' tis 
es' sent 



— 43 — 

Indicative. Future Perfect Subjunctive. 

/ shall have been loved 
( e' ro 
a ma' tus, -a, -urn 1 e' ris (wanting) 

( e' rit 
( e' ri mus 
a ma' ti, -ae, -a < e' ri tis 
( e' runt 
Singular. Impebative. piural 

Pres. a ma' re, be thou loved a ma' ml nT, be ye loved 

Fut. a ma' tor, thou shalt be loved 

a ma' tor, he shall be loved a man' tor, they shall be loved 
Infinitive. 
Present. a ma' ri, to be loved 

Perfect Sing. Nom. a ma' tus, -a, -una es' se ") 

" Ace. a ma' tiim, -am, -urn es'se [ M _ . , , 
™ KI ».,,-' J , „ > to have been loved 

Flur. Nom. a ma' ti, -ae, -a es' se [ 

" Ace. a ma' tos, -as, -a es' se ) 

Future. a ma' turn T ri, to &e about to be loved 

Paeticiples. 

Perfect. a ma' tiis, -a, -urn, loved, or having been loved 

Gerundive, a man dus, -a, -urn, to be loved 

Examples for Practice. 

J^* To be learned by heart. **Hg5v 

127. admmistro,-are, to govern porto, -are, to carry 
comparo, -are, to compare pugno, -are, to fight 
expugno, -are, to capture vulnero, -are, to wound 
muto, -are, to change 

(See Exercises 49, 50, p. 78.) 

128. Deponent of the First Conjugation. 
Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. Perfect. 

hortor, -ari, to exhort hortat&s sum 

Indicative. Present Subjunctive. 

/ exhort I may exhort 

hor' tor hor' ter 

hor ta' ris hor te' ris 

hor ta' tur hor te' tur 

hor ta' mur hor te' mm* 

hor ta' mi m hor te' mi ni 

hor tan' ttir hor ten' tur 



44 



Indicative. 

/ was exhorting 
hor ta' bar 
hor ta ba' ris 
hor ta ba' tur 
hor ta ba' miir 
hor ta ba' mi 111 
hor ta ban' tur 

I shall exhort 
hor ta' bdr 
hor ta' be ris 
hor ta' bi tiir 
hor ta' bi nirir 
hor tabi' im ni 
hor ta bun' tur 



Imperfect. 



Subjunctive. 

/ should exhort 
hor ta' rer 
hor ta re' ris 
hor ta re' tur 
hor ta re' mur 
hor ta re' mini 
hor ta ren' tur 

Future. 

I may be about to exhort 

isim 
sis 
sit 

!si' mus 
si' tis 
sint 

Perfect. 

I may have exhorted 



hor ta' tus, -a, -urn 



/ (have) exhorted 

)sum 
es 
est 

!su.' mus 
e' stls hor ta' tT, -ae, ~a 
sunt 

Pluperfect. 

I should have exhorted 




I had exhorted 
hor ta' tus, -a, -um 

hor ta' ti, -ae, -a 

/ shall have exhorted 
hor ta' tus, -a, -um 

hor ta' ti, -ae, -a 



hor ta' tiis, -a, -iim 



e' ram 

e' ras 

e' rat 

era' mus 

e ra' tis hor ta' ti, -ae, -a 

e' rant 



es' sem 

es' ses 

es' set 
( es se'mus 
| es se' tis 
/ es' sent 



Future Perfect. 




(wanting) 






— 45 



Fres. 
Fut. 



Pres. 



Impeeative. 
Singular. Plural, 

nor ta' re, exhort thou hor ta' mi nl, exhort ye 

hor ta' tor, thou shalt exhort 

hor ta' tor, he shall exhort hor tan' tor, they shall exhort 
Infinitive. 
hor ta' ri, to exhort 
Perf. Sing. Norn, hor ta' tus, -a, -una es' se 

" Ace. hor ta' turn, -am, -una es' se 
Plur. Nom. hor ta' ti, -ae, -a es' se 
" Ace. hor ta' tos, -as, -a es' se 
Fut. Sing. Nom. hor ta tu' rus, -a, -una es' se 
" Ace. hor ta tu' rum, -am, -una es' se 
Nom. hor ta tu' ri, -ae, -a es' se 
Ace. hor ta tu' ros, -as, -a es' se 

Participles. 
hor' tans, -tis, exhorting 



Plur. 



. to have exhorted 



to 



be about 
exhort 



to 



Present. 
Perfect. 
Fut. Act. 
Gerundive. 



hor ta' tus, -a, -urn, having exhorted 



hor ta tu' rus, -a, -fim, about to exhort 
hor tan' dus, -a, -una, to be exhorted 

Examples for Practice. 
j0t* To be learned by heart. *&\ 
129. admiror, -ari, to admire operor, -ari, to be busy 



comitor, -ari, to accompany 
consolor, -ari, to comfort 
contemplor,-ari,fo contemplate 
frustror, -ari, to deceive 
lmitor, -ari, to imitate 

(See Exercises 51, 52, p 



piscor, -art, to fish 
proelior, -ari, to fight 
vagSr, -ari, to roam 
veneror, -ari, to worship 



78.) 



130. Second Conjugation. — Active Voice. 



Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. 


Perfect. Supine. 


moneo, -ere, to advise 


monui monitum 


Indicative. 


Subjunctive. 



Present. 



mo' ne o, I advise 
mo' nes, thou advisest 
mo' net, he advises 
mo ne' naus, we advise 
m5 ne' tis, you advise 
mo' nent, they advise 



mo' ne am, may I advise 
mo' ne as, advise thou 
mo' ne at, let him advise 
• mo ne a' naus, let us advise 
mo ne a' tis, advise ye 
mo' ne ant, let them advise 



„ 46 — 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Imperfect, 
mo ne' bam, I was advising mo ne' rem, I should advise 
mo ne' bas, thou wast advising mo ne' res, thou wouldst advise 
mo ne' bat, he was advising mo n£' ret, he would advise 
m6 ne ba' mus, we were advis'g mo ne re' mils, we should advise 
mo ne ba' tis, you were advis'g mo ne re' tis, you would, advise 
mo ne' bant, they were advis'g mo ne' rent, they would advise 

Future. 

m5 ne' bo, I shall advise j # w ( sim \ 

mo ne' bis, thou wilt advise mo 5 1 ~ mS > -] sis ] 

m6 ne' bit, he will advise ~ a > ~ um ( sit ( be about 

mo ne' bi mus, we shall advise m6 nJ iflf r - r si' mus r to advise 

m5 ne' bi tis, you will advise _ w ' -) si' tis 1 

mo ne' bunt, they will advise ' " ( sint / 

Perfect, 
mo' nu 1, I (have) advised mo nu' e rim, / may have adv J d 

mo nu i' sti, thou hast advised mo nu' e ris, thou mayest have a, 
mS' nu it, lie has advised mo nu' e rit, he may have adv'd 

mo nti' 1 miis, ive have advised m5 nu e r! mus, we may have a. 
mo nu i' stls, you have advised mo nii e ri tis, you may have a. 
md nu e' runt, they have advised mo nu' e rint, they may have a. 

Pluperfect. 

mo nil' e r&m, i" had advised mo nii is' sem, / should have a. 
mo nu' e ras, thou hadst advised mo nii is' ses, thou wouldst h. a. 
mo nii' e rat, he had advised mo nii is' set, he would have a. 
m5 nu e ra' mus, weJiad adv'd mo nii is se' mus, we should h. a. 
m5 nii e ra' tis, you had adv'd mo nu is se' tis, you would h. a 
mo nu' e rant, they had advised mo nu is' sent, they would h. a 

Future Perfect. 

mo nu' e ro, I shall have advised (wanting) 

m5 nii' e ris, thou wilt have adv'd 

mo nii' e rit, he will have advised 

mo nu e ri mus, we shall have a. 

mo nii e ri tis, you will have a. 

mo nii' e rint, they will have a. 



— 47 — 

Impeeattve. 
Singular. Plural. 

Pres. mo'ne, advise thou mo ne' te, advise ye 

Put. mo ne' to, thou shalt advise mo ne to' te, ye shall advise 
mo ne' to, he shall advise mo nen' to, they shall advise 

Infinitive. 
PreB. mo ne' re, to advise 

Perf. mo nu is' se, to have advised 

Fut. Sing. Nom. mo ni tu' rus, -a, -um es' se ^ 

" Ace. mo ni tu' rfim, -am, -um es' se f to be about to 

Plur. Nom. mo ni tu' ri, -ae, -a es' se f~ advise 

" Ace. mo ni W ros, -as, -& es' se J 

Participles. 
Pres. mo' nens, mo nen' tls, advising 
Put. mo ni tu' rus, mo ni tu'ra, mo ni tQ' rum, about to advise 

Gerund. Supine. 

Gen. mo nen' dl, of advising 
Dat. mo nen' do, for advising 

Ace. mo nen' dttm, advising mo' ni txim ) ^ a ^ v i se 

Abl. mo nen' do, by advising mo' ni tti ) 

Examples for Practice. 

J£§t* To be learned by heart. **Hg^ 

131. adhibeo,-ere, to apply, use habeo, -ere, to have 
debeo, -ere, to owe, ought placeo, -ere, to please 
noceo, -ere, to do harm taceo, -ere, to be silent 

The following have no Supine: 

arceo,-ere, to keep off, restrain tlmeo, -ere, to fear 

floreo, -ere, to bloom, flourish valeo, -ere, to avail 

pareo, -ere, to obey vireo, -ere 5 to be green 

(See Exercises 53, 54, p. 79.) 

132. Second Conjugation. — Passive Voice. 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Present, 

mo' ne or, / am advised mo' ne &r, may I be advised 

mo ne' ris, thou art advised mo ne a' ris, be thou advised 

mo ne' tur, he is advised mo ne a' tur, let him be advised 

mo ne' mur, we are advised mo ne a' mur, let us be advised 

mo ne' mi ni, you are advised mo ne a' mi ni, be ye advised 

mo nen' tur, they are advised mo ne an' tur, let them be advised 



48 — 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Imperfect. 

mo ne' bar, I was advised mo ne' rer, I should be advised 

m5 ne ba' ris, thou wast advised mo ne re' ris, thou wouldst 6. a. 
mo ne ba/ tur, he was advised mo ne re' tur, he would b. a. 
mo ne ba' mur, we were advised mo ne re' mur, we should b. a. 
mo ne ba' mi m, you were adv'd mo ne re' mi ni, you would & a. 
mo ne ban' tur, they were adv'd mo ne ren' tiir, they would b. a. 

Future, 
mo ne' bor, I shall be advised (wanting) 

mo ne' be ris, thou wilt be adv'd 
mo ne' bi tur, he will be advised 
mo ne' bi miir, we shall be adv'd 
md ne bi' mi ni, you will be adv'd 
mo ne bun' tur, they will be a. 

Perfect. 

I have been or was advised I may have been advised 

!sum C slm 

es mo' ni tus, -a, -urn J sis 

est ( sit 

( su' mus ( si' mus 

mo' ni ti, -ae, -a < e' stis mo' ni ti, -ae, -& J si' tis 

( sunt ( sint * 



I had been advised 
mo' ni tus, -a, -um 



mo' ni ti, -ae, ~& 



Pluperfect. 

I should have been advised 
ram ( es' sem 

ras mo' ni tQs, -a, -um -J es' sSs 

rat (es'set 

e ra' mus ( es sS' mus 

e ra' tis m5' ni ti, -ae, -a" -| es s6' tis 
e' rant / es' sent 



ie' rai 
e' rag 
e' rat 



Future Perfect. 
/ shall have been advised 
f e'ro 
mo' ni tus, -a, -um -| e' ris 

( e' rit 



(wanting) 






mo' ni ti, -ae, -a 



J p' 



n mus 
e' ri tis 
e' runt 



_ 49 — 



Imperative. 
Singular. 
Pres. mo ne' re, be thou advised 
Fiit. mo ne' tor, thou shalt be a. 

mo ne' tor, he shall be adv. mo nen' tor, they shall be adv. 



Plural 
m5 ne' mi ni, be ye advised 



Infinitive. 
Pres. m5 ne' ri, to be advised 

Perf. Sing. Norn, mo' ni tiis, -a, -um es' se 
" Ace. mo' ni turn, -am, -um es' se 
PIup. Nom. mo' ni ti, -ae, -a es' se 



to have been advised 



Ace. mo' ni tos, -as, -a es' se 



Fut. 



mo' ni turn I' ri, to be about to be advised 



Participles. 
Perfect. mo' ni tus, mo' ni ta, mo' ni turn, advised 

Gerundive. mo nen' dus, mo nen' da, mo nen' dum, to 

advised, deserving to be advised 



be 



Examples for Practice. 

pft' To be learned by heart. **ffg^ 

133. admoneo,-ere,fo admonish mereo, -ere, to deserve 
exereeo, -ere, to exercise terreo, -ere, to frighten 

praebeo, -ere, to afford, give coerceo, -ere, to restrain 

(See Exercises 55, 56, p. 79.) 



134. Deponent of the Second Conjugation. 

Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. Perfect, 

vereor, -eri, to fear veritus sum 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Present. 



I fear 
ve' re or 
ve re' ris 
ve re' tur 
ve re' mur 
ve re' mi ni 
vS ren' tur 



I may fear 
ve' re ar 
ve re a-' ris 
ve re a' tur 
ve re a' mur 
ve re a' mi ni 
ve re an' tur 



- 50 



Indicative. 

I was fearing 
ve re' bar 
ve re ba' ris 
ve re ba' tur 
ve re ba' miir 
ve re ba' mi 111 
ve re ban' tur 

I shall fear 
ve re' bor 
ve re' be ris 
ve re' bi tur 
ve re' bi miir 
ve re bi' niiiii 
ve re bun' tur 



Imperfect. 



I (have) feared 
ve'rl tus, -a, -urn 

ve'riti, -ae, -a 

I had feared 
ve' ri tus, -a, -urn 

ve'riti, -ae, -a 

I shall have feared 
ve' ri tiis, -a, -urn 

ve' ri ti, -ae, -a 



Future. 



Subjunctive. 

I should fear 
ve re' rer 
ve re re' ris 
ve re re' ttir 
ve re re' miir 
ve re re' mi ni 
ve re ren' tur 

/ may be about to fear 

ve ri tu'rus, l 
-a, -urn 

ve ri tu' ri, 
~ae, a 





Perfect. 

I may have feared 
' sum 

es ve' ri tus, ~&, -um 

'est 

| sti' mus 

e' stis ve' ri ti, -ae, -a 
[sunt 

Pluperfect. 

/ should have feared 

[ e' ram ( es' sem 

e' ras ve' ri tiis, -a, -urn 4 es' ses 

( e' rat ( es' set 

' era' mus ( es sg'miis 

1 S ra' tis ve' ri ti, -ae, -& } es sg' tis 

e' rant' ( es' sent 



Future Perfeot 




(wanting) 






51 



3'se {_ 



to have feared 



to be about to 

fear 



Singular. Impebative. phral 

Pres. ve re' re, fear thou ve re' mi ni, fear ye 

Fut. ve re' tor, thou shaltfear 

ve re' tor, he shall fear ve ren' tor, they shall fear 

Infinitive. 
Pres. ve re' ri, to fear 

Perf. Sing. Nom. ve' ri tus, -a, -urn es' se 
" Ace. ve' ri turn, -am, -urn es 
Plur. Nom. ve' riti, -ae, -a es' se 
" Ace. ve' ri tos, -as, -& es' se 
Put. Sing. Nom. ve ri tu' rus, -a, -urn es f se 
" Ace. ve ri tu' rum, -am, -tim es' s 
Plur. Nom. ve ri tu' ri, -ae, -a es' se 
" Ace. ve ri tu' ros, -as, -a es' se 
Paeticiples. 
Present. ve' rens, ve ren' tis, fearing 
Perfect. ve' ri tus, ve' ri ta, ve' ri turn, having feared 
Fut. Act. ve ri tti' rus, ve ri tu' ra, ve ri tu' rum, about to fear 
Gerundive, ve ren' dus, veren' da, ve ren' dum, to be feared. 
Gerund. Supine. 

Gen. ve ren' di, of fearing 
Dat. ve ren' do, for fearing 

Ace. ve ren' dum, fearing ve' ri turn ) tQ ~ T 

Abl. ve ren' do, by fearing ve' ri tu ) 

Examples for Practice. 

£5^* To be learned by heart. **fi^ 

135. intueor, -eri, to behold polliceor, -eri, to promise 
mereor, -eri, to deserve revSreor, -eri, to reverence 
misereor, -eri, to have pity tueor, -eri, to protect 

(See Exercises 57, 58, p. 80.) 

136. Third Conjugation. — Active Voice. 
Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. Perfect. Supine. 

lego, -ere, to read ' legi lectum 



Indicative.. 

le ; go, I read 
le' gis, thou readest 
le' git, he reads 
le' gi mus, we read 
le' gi tis, you read 
le' gunt, they read 



Present. Subjunctive. 

le' gam, may I read 
le' gas, read thou 
le'gat, let him read 
le ga' mus, let us read 
le ga' tis, read ye 
le' gant, let them read 



— 52 — 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Imperfect, 
le ge' bam, I was reading le' ge rem, I should read 

le ge' bas, thou wast reading le' ge res, thou wouldst read 
le ge' bat, 7*e was reading le' ge ret, 7ie would read 

le ge ba' mus, we were reading le ge re' mus, we should read 
le ge ba' tis, 2/ok, were reading le ge re' tis, you would read 
le ge' bant, Mey were reading le' ge rent, £7^2/ would read 



le' gam, T shall read 
le' ges, 27ioi6 wift rmtt 
le' get, he will read 
le ge' mus, we shall read 
le ge' tis, 2/^^ w?£# read 
16' gent, #ie?/ wiZZ read 

le' gi, 7 (have) rm^ 

le gi' sti, thou hast read 

ie' git, he has read 

le' gi mus, we have read 

le gi' stis, you have read 

le ge' runt, they have read 



Future. 

lectu'riis, ^ 
-a, -um "j " 



sim 

sis 

sit 



be about to 
read 



-ae,-a j sl tis 
' ( suit / 

Perfect. 
le' ge rim, /ma*/ 7iave read 
le' ge ris, ^ou may est have read 
16' ge rit, he may have read 
le ge ri mus, we may have read 
16 ge ri tis, you may have read 
le' ge rint, ^/ie^/ ma?/ 7*ave read 



le' ge ram, 7 had read 
le' ge ras, thou hadst read 
le' ge rat, he had read 
le ge ra' mus, we had read 
le ge ra' tis, 2/0 u had read 
le' ge rant, they had read 



Pluperfect. 



le gis' sem I should have read 
le gis' ses,thou wouldst have read 
le gis' set, he would have read 
le gis se' mus, we should have r. 
le gis se' tis, you would have r. 
le gis' sent, they would have read 



Future Perfect. 
le'gero, I shall have read 
le' ge ris, thou wilt have read 
IS' ge rit, he will have read 
le ge ri mus, we shall have read 
le ge ri tis, you will have read 
16'gSrint, they will have read 



(wanting) 



Imperative. 
Pres. Sing. le' ge, read thou Plur. 

Ful " le' gi to, thou shalt read " 
" le' gi to, he shall read " 



le' gi te, read ye 

le gi to' te, ye shall read 

le gun' to, they shall read 






— 53 — 

Infinitive. 
Pres. le' ge re, to read 

Perf. le gis' se, to have read, 

Fut. Sing. Nom. lee tu' rus, -a, -um es' se 

" Ace. lee tu' rum, -am, -tim esse 
Plnr. Nom. lectu'rl, -ae, -a es'se ^ to be about to read 

" Ace. lectti'ros, -as, -a es'se 

Pabtictples. 
Pres. lg' gens, le gen' tis, reading 
Fut. lee tu' rus, lee tu' ra, lee tu' rum, about to read 

Gerund. Supine. 

Gen. le gen' di, of reading 
Dat. le gen' do, for reading 

Ace. lggen'dum, reading lee' turn ) . 

Abl. le gen' do, by reading lee' tu J rea( * 

Examples for Practice. 

IJS^IF* To be learned by heart. *fg^ 

137. Yerbs of the Third Conjugation form their Perfect and 
Supine regularly in I, turn, when the Infinitive-ending ere is pre- 
ceded by u or v (Present uo, vo), as: acuo, -ere, to sharpen, acfii, 
acutum; volvo, -ere, to roll, volvi, volutum. — diruo and obruo 
have short u in the Supine, thus: dirutum, obrutum. 

absolvo, -ere, to acquit metuo, -ere, to fear (no Sup.) 

arguo, -ere, to argue minuo, -ere, to lessen, weaken 

contribuo, -ere, to contribute obruo, -ere, to cover, bury 

diruo, -ere, to destroy restituo, -ere, to restore 

distribfio, -ere, to distribute statuo, -ere, to set, place 

indtio, -ere, to put on tribuo, -ere, to give 

(See Exercises 59, 60, p. 80.) 

138. Third Conjugation. — Passive Voice. 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Present. 

le' gor, lam read le' gar, may I be read 

W ge ris, thou art read le ga' ris, be thou read 

le' gi tur, he is read le ga' tur, let him be read 

16' gi mur, we are read le ga' miir, let us be read 

le gi' ml m, you are read le ga' mi ni, be ye read 

le gun' tur, they are read le gan' tur, let them be read 



— 54 



Indicative. 

lSge'bar, I was read 

IS ge ba' ris, thou wast read 

le ge ba' tur, he was read 



T ., Subjunctive. 

Imperfect. 

le' ge rer, I should be read 

le ge re' ris, tf*ow wouldst be read, 

le ge re' tur, he would be read 



le ge ba 



mur, we were read 



le ge re' mur, we should be read 



le ge ba' mi in, you were read 
IS ge ban' tur, they were read 

Future, 
IS' gar, I shall be read 
le ge' ris, thou wilt be read 
le ge' tur, he will be read 
le ge' mur, we shall be read 
le ge' mi ni, you will be read 
le gen' tur, Me?/ will be read 

Perfect 
/ teas, or tore, freen rmd 
'sum 
lee' tiis, -a, iim 



le ge re' minI,?/ow would be read 
le ge ren' tur, they would be read. 



(wanting) 



lee' ti, -ae, -a 



es 
est 

su' mus 
es' tis 
sunt 



/ may have been read 
sim 
lee' tils, -a, -urn 



lee' ti, -ae, -a 




I had bee a read 



lee' tus, -a, -urn 



lee' ti, -ae, -a 



Pluperfect. 

I should have been read 
( es' sem 
lee' tiis, -a, -urn 



e' ram 
1 e' ras 
[ e' rat 

e ra' mus 
1 e ra' tis 
! e' rant 

Future Perfect 



lee' ti, -ae, -a 



es' sea 
es' set 
es sS' mus 
es se' tis 
es' sent 



/ shall have been read 
^ e' ro 
lee' tus, -a, -urn 



lee' ti, -ae, -a 




(wanting) 



e' ri tis 
e' runt 



Imperative . 



Singular. 
Pres. le' ge re, be thou read, 
Fut. le' gi tor, thou shalt be read 
le' gi tor, he shall be read 



Plural, 
le gi' mi di, be ye read 

le gun' tor, they shall be read 



00 



■ to have been read 



Infinitive. 
Ppc3. le'gi, to be read 

Perf. Sing. Norn, lee' tGs, -&, -um es' se 

lee' turn, -am, -um es'se 
lee' ti, -ae, -a es' sS 
lee' tos 3 -as, -5, es' se 
lee' tiim 1' ri, to be about to'be read 
Participles. 
' tus, lee' ta, iee' tiim, read 
le gen' dus, le gen' da, le gen' diim, to be read 

Examples for Practice. 

^It* To he learned by heart, "^^ 

139. abluo, -ere, to wash off instituo, -ere, to establish 
dissolvo, -ere, to dissolve solvo, -ere, to (dis) solve, free 

(See Exercises 61, 62, p. 81.) 

140. Deponent of the Third Conjugation. 



u 


Ace. 


Plur. 


Nom 


a 


Ace. 


Put 




Perfect. 


lee' 


Gerundive. 


16 ff 



Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. 




Perfect. 


sequor, -l, to follow 




sectitiis sum 


Indicative. 


Present. 


Subjunctive. 


se' qu'or, I follow 




se' quar, / may follow 


se' que ris 




se qua' ris 


se' qui tur 




se qua' tiir 


se' qui miir 




se qua' mur 


se qui' mi ni 




se qua' mi ni 


se quun' tiir 


Imperfect. 


se quan' tur 


se que' "bar, / was following 


se' querer, I should follow 


se que ba' ris 




sS que re' ris 


se que ba' tur 




se que re' tiir 


se que ba' mur 




se que re' miir 


se que ba' mi ni 




se que re' mi ni 


se que ban' tiir 


Future. 


se que ren' tiir 


I shall follow 




/ may be about to follow 


se' quar 
se que' ris 




secutu'rus, ( sIm 

-< sis 


se que' tiir 




-a, -um ) ° 

(sit 


se que' miir 
se que' mi ni 




secutu'ri, ( slr mus 
«^ - •< si' tis 


sequen'tur 




-ae, -a 7 . v 

\ 1 sint 



_ 56 _ 



Indicative. Subjunctive. 
Perfect. 

I (have) followed I may have folloiced 

isum ( sim 

es se eft' tus, -&, -urn j sis 

est ( sit 

( su' miis ( si' mils 

se cu' ti, -ae, -a 1 e' stis se cu' ti, -ae, -2, -J si' tis 

( sunt / sint 



Pluperfect. 

/ had followed I should have followed 

{S' ram . ( es' sem 

e' ras se cu' tus, -a, -urn ) es' ses 
e' rat ( es' set 

(e ra' mus ( es se'mus 

se cu' ti, -ae, -a J e ra'tis se cu' ti, -ae, -a -j es se'tis 
(e' rant ( es' sent 

Future Perfect. 
I shall have followed 

{e' ro (wanting) 

e' ris 
e' rit 
ie' ri mus 
e' ri tis 
e' runt 

Imperative. 
Singular. Plural. 

Prcs. s8' que re, follow thou se qui' mi ni, follow ye 

Put. se' qui tor, thou shalt follow 

se' qui tor, he shall follow se quun' tor, they shall follow 



Infinitive. 
Pres. se' qui, to follow 

Perf. Sing. Norn se cu' tus, -a, -um es' s§ 

" Ace. se cu' turn, -am, -urn es' se 

Plur. Nom. se cu' ti, -ae, -a es' se 

" Ace. se cu' tos, -as, -a es' se 

Fut. Sing. Nom. se cu tti'rus -a, -um es' se 

" Ace. se cu tu' rum, -am, -um es'se 

Plur. Nom. se cu tu'ri, -ae, -a es'se 

" Ace. secutu'ros, -as, -a es'se 



- to have followed 



to be about to follow 



— 51 — 



Paeticiples. 
Present. sS' quens, sg quen' tis, following 
Perfect. se cu' tiis, se cu' ta, se cu' turn, having followed 
Fut. Act. se cu tu' riis, se cu. tu' ra, se cu tu' rum, about to follow 
Gerundive, se quen' dus, se quen' da, se quen' diim, to be followed 
Gerund. Supine. 

Gen. se quen' di, of following 

Dat. se quen' do, for following 

Ace. se quen' dum, following se cu' turn 

Abl. se quen' do, by following se cu' tti 

Examples for Practice. 

$B** To be learned by heart. **f*g^ 
Pres. Ind. k Pres. Inf. Perfect. 



to follow 



141. adipiscor, 
alloquor, 
fruor, -i> 
Irascor, - 



-I, to address 

to enjoy 

i, to be angry 



to obtain, attain adeptus sum 
allociitus sum 
fruitus sum 



loquor, -l, to speak 
proficiscor, -I, to set out, start 
ulciscor, -I, to avenge 
utor, -I, to use 



Iratus sum 
lScutus sum 
profectus sum 
ultus sum 
usus sum 



(See Exercises 63, 64, p. 82.) 

Verbs ending in id, lor. 
142. Verbs of the Third Conjugation ending in 10, lor, retain 
i before a, o, u and e, but lose it elsewhere. 





capio, -ere, 


cepT, captum 


, to take, catch 




Active. 




Passive. 


Pres. 


capio, I take 


! capiam 


capior 


capiar 




capis 


capias 


caperis 


capiarls 




capit 


capiat 


capitur 


capiatur 




capimus 


capiamus 


capimur 


capiamur 




capitis 


capiatis 


capimmi 


capiamini 




capiunt 


capiant 


capiuntur 


capiantur 


Imp. 


capiebam 


caperem 


capiebar 


caperer 


Fut. 


capiam, -les 


, -let, &c. 


capiar, -leris, -letur, &c. 


Perf. 


cgpi 


ceperim 


captus sum 


captus sim 


Pluperf. 


ceperam 


cepissgm 


captus eram 


captus essem 


Fut. Perf. 


cepero 





captus ero 





Imperii, 


cape 


capite 


capere 


capimmi 




capito 


capitote 


capitor 


, 




capito 


capiuntO 


capltor 


capiuntor 



58 — 



Active. 


Passive. 


(Pres. capere 


cap! 




Infinit. < Perf. cepisse 


captiis esse 




( Fut. capturus esse 


captum Irl 




Participles, capiens capturus 


captus 


capiendus 


Gerund. capiendi, -0, -iim 


Sup. captum 


captu 


Examples for Practice. 




0§^ To be learned 


by heart. "H^. 




113. aceipio, -ere, to receive 


accepi 


acceptum 


conficio, -ere, to make 


confeei 


confectum 


ciipio, -ere, to desire 


cupivi 


cupitum 


effleio, -ere, to produce 


effeci 


effectum 


facio, -ere, to make 


feci 


factum 


interficio, -ere, to kill 


interfeci 


interfectum 


rapio, -ere, to snatch away 


rapui 


raptum 


respicio, -ere, to bear regard 


\ respexi 


respectuui 


ruorior, -i, to die 


mortims sum 


Part, moriturus 


(See Exercises 65 


, 66, p. 82.) 





144. Fourth Conjugation. — ■ Active Voice. 
Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. Perfect. Supine, 

audio, -ire, to hear audivi audltum 



Indicative. 



Subjunctive. 



au' di o, / hear 
au' dis, thou hear est 
au' dit, he hears 
au di' mus, we hear 
au di' tis, you hear 
au' di unt, they hear 



Present. 

au' di &m, may I hear 
au' di as, hear thou 
au' di at, let him hear 
au di a' mus, let us hear 
au di a' tis, hear ye 
au' di ant, let them hear 
Imperfect. 

au di e' "bam, I was hearing au di' rem, I should hear 
au di e' bas, thou wast hearing au di' res, thou wouldst hear 
au di e' "bat, he was hearing au di' ret, he would hear 
audi eba' mus, we were hearing au di re' mus, we should hear 
au die ba' tis, you were hearing au di re' tis, you would hear 
au di e' t>ant, they were hearing au di' rent, they would hear 

.future. 
au'di&m, I shall hear 



au' di es, thou wilt hear 
au' di et, he will hear 
au di e' mus, we shall hear 
au di e' tis, you will hear 
au' di ent, they will hear 



audita' rus, 
-a,-um 

au di tti' ri, 
-ae, -3. 



Ssirn 
sis 
sit 

!si' mus 
si' tis 
siut 



be about 
to hear 



— 59 — 
Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Perfect, 

an di' vi, / (have) heard au di' ve rim, I may have heard 

au di vi' sti, thou hast heard au di' ve ris, thou may est haveh. 

au di' vit, he has heard au di' ve rit, he may have heard 

au di' vi mils, we have heard au di ve ri mus, we may have h. 

au di vi' stis, you have heard au di ve ri tis, you may have h. 

au di ve' runt, they have heard au di' ve riat, they may have h. 

Pluperfect, 

au di' ve ram, / had heard au di vis' sem, I should have h. 

au di' ve ras, thou hadst heard au di vis' ses, thouwouldst h. 7i. 

au di' ve rat, he had heard au di vis' set, he would have h. 

au di ve ra' mus, we had heard au di vis se' mus, we should h. h. 

au di ve ra' tis, you had heard au di vis se' tis, you would h. h. 

au di' ve rant, they had heard au di vis' sent, they would lu h. 

Future Perfect, 
au di' ve ro, I shall have heard (wanting) 

au di' ve ris, thou wilt have heard 
au di' ve rit, he will have heard 
au di ve ri mus, we shall have h. 
au di ve ri tis, you will have h. 
au di' ve rint, they will have h. 

Impekative. 
Singular. Elural. . 

Pres. au' di, hear thou au di' te, hear ye 

Put. au di' to, thou shalt hear au di to' te, ye shall hear 
au di' to, he shall hear au di un' to, they shall hear 

Infinitive. 
Pres. au di' re, to hear 

Perf. au di vis' sS, to have heard 

Fut. Sing. Norn, au di tu' rus, -&, -um es' se \ 
11 Ace. au di tu' rum, -am,-um es'se f 
Plur. Nom. au di tu' ri, -ae, -& es' se C to le ahoui io hear 
4< Ace. au di tu'ros, -as, -ft es'se J 

Pabtictples. 
Present, au' di ens, au di en' tis, hearing 
Future, au di tu' rus, au di tu' rft, au di tu' rum, about to hear 



— 60 — 

Gerund. Supine. 

Gen. au di en' di, of hearing 
Dat. au di en' do, for hearing 
Ace. au di en' dum, hearing au di' turn ) 

Able au di en' do, by hearing au di' tu \ t0 ^ ear 

Examples for Practice. 

£t&* To be learned by heart, 1^ 

145. dormio, -ire, to sleep oboedio, -ire, to obey 

finio, -ire, to finish punlo, -ire, to punish 

lenio, -ire, to soothe scio, -ire, to know 

nescio, -ire, not to know servio, -ire, to serve 

nutrio, -ire, to feed, nourish vestio, -ire, to clothe 

(See Exercises 67, 68, p. 83.) 

14:6. Fourth Conjugation. — Passive Voice. 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Present, 

au' di or, lam heard au f di sir, may I be heard 

au di' ris, thou art heard au di a' ris, be thou heard 

au di' tur, lie is heard au di a' tur, let him be heard 

au di' miir, we are heard au di a' mtir, let us be heard 

au di' ini ni, you are heard au di a' mi ni, be ye heard 

au di un' tur, they are heard ' au di an' tur, let them be heard 

Imperfect, 
au di e' bar, I was heard au di' rer, I should be heard 

au di e ba' ris, thou wast heard au di re' ris, thou wouldst be h. 
au di e ba' tur, he was heard au di re' tur, he would be heard 
au di e ba' mur, we were heard au di re' mur, we should be h. 
au di e ba' mi ni, you were h. au di re' mi ni, you would be h. 
au di e ban' tur, they were h. au di ren' tur, they would be h. 

Future, 
au' di ar, I shall be heard (wanting) 

au di e' ris, thou wilt be heard 
au di e' tur f he will be heard 
au di e' mur, we shall be heard 
au di e' mi ni, you will be heard 
au di en' tur, they will be heard 



— 61 — 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Perfect. 

/ was, or have, been heard I may have been heard 

)sum C sim 

es au di' tus, -a, -urn -J sis 

est ( sit 

!su' mus ( si' mus 

e' stis au di' ti, -ae, -a -j si' tis 

sunt ( sint 
Pluperfect. 

/ had been heard I should have been heard 

( e' ram ( es' sem 

au di' tus, -a, -urn -j e' ras au di' tus, -a, -urn ■< es' ses 

( e' rat ( es' set 

ie ra' mus ( esse' mus 

e ra' tis au di' ti, -ae, -a 3 es se' tis 

e' rant (es'sent 

Future Perfect. 
I shall have been heard 

C e' ro (wanting) 

au di' tus, -a, -um -J e' ris 
( 6' rit 
( e' ri mus 
au di' ti, -ae, -a < e' r! tis 
( e' runt 

Imperative. 
Singular. Plural. 

Pres. au di' re, be thou heard au di' mi ni, be ye heard 
Fut. au di' tor, thou shalt be h. 

au di' tor, he shall be heard au di un' tor, they shall be heard 
Infinitive. 
Pres. an di' ri, to be heard 

Perf. Sing. Nom. au di' tus, -a, -urn es f se 
" Ace. au di' turn, -am, -um es'se 
Plur. Nom. au di' ti, -ae, -a es'se 
" Ace. au di' tos, -as, -a es'se 
Fut. au di' turn i' ri, to be about to be heard 

Participles. 
Perfect, au di' tus, au di' ta, au di' turn, heard 
Gerundive, au di en' dus, au di en' da, au di en' dum, to be heard 9 
deserving to be heard 



►■ to have been heard 



62 



Examples for Practice. 

70^ To be learned by heart. 

14:7. condio, -ire, to season, munio, -ire, to fortify, protect 
embalm erudio, -ire, to instruct 

(See Exercises 69, 70, p. 83.) 

148. Deponent of the Fourth Conjugation, 



Fres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. 
blandior, -Iri 
Indicative. 

blan' di 5r, I flatter 
blan di' ris 
blan di' tiir 
blan di' mur 
blan di' mi ni 
blan di un' tup 



Perfect, 
blandltus sum 

_ . SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present, 
blan' di ar, / may flatter 
blan di a' ris 
blan di a' tiir 
blan di a' mur 
blan di a' mini 
blan di an' tiir 



Imperfect, 
blan di e'bar, I was flattering blan di' rer, I should flatter 
blan di e ba' ris blan di re' ris 

blan di e ba' tiir blan di re' tur 

blan di e ba' miir blan di re' miir 

blan di e ba' mi ni blan di re' mi ni 

blan di e ban' tiir blan di ren' tiir 



blan' di &r, I shall flatter 

blan di e' ris 

blan di e' tur 

blan di e' miir 

blan di e' mi ni 

blan di en' tiir 



Future, 
blan di tti'rus, 
-a, -urn 

blan di tu' ri, 
— ae« — a 




be about 
to flatter 



I (have) flattered 



Perfect. 

/ may have flattered 
( sum C sim 

blan di' tus, -a, -urn -J es blan di' tiis, -a, -iim -j sis 

(est ( sit 

C su' mus C si' mus 

blan di' ti, -ae, -a •] e' stis blan di' ti, ~ae, -a -] si' tis 
(sunt (sint 



— 63 — 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Pluperfect. 
/ had flattered I should have flattered 

( e' ram t es' sem 

blan di' tus, -a, -urn \ e' ras blan di' tus, -a, -urn J es' sgs 
(e'rat ( es' set 

rera'mus ( es se'mus 

blan di' ti, -ae, -a \ e ra f tis blan di' ti, -ae, -a -j es se' tis 
( e' rant ( es' sent 

Future Perfect. 
/ shall have flattered 

ie' ro (wanting) 

e' ris 
e'rit 
ie' rimus 
e' ri tis 
e' runt 

Imperative. 
Singular. Plural. 

Pres. blan di f re, flatter thou blan di' mi ni, flatter ye 

Fut. blan di' tor, thou shalt flatter 

blan di' tor, he shall flatter blan di un' tor, they shall flatter 

Infinitive. 
?res. blan di' ri, to flatter 

Ferf. Sing. Nom. blan di' tils, -a, -urn es' se \ 
" Ace. blan di' turn, -am,-um es' se 
Plur. Nom. blan di' ti, -ae, -a es' se \ to h ™ e fleered 

" Ace. blan di' tos, -as, -a es' se ) 

J?ui Sing. Nom. blan di tu'riis, -a, -urn es' se "} 

" Ace. blan di tu' rum, -am, -urn es' se ( to be about to 
Plur. Nom. blan di tu' ri, -ae, -a es' se f flatter 

" Ace. blan di tu' ros, -as, -a es' se J 

Participles. 
Present, blan' di ens, blan di en' tis, flattering 
Perfect, blan di' tus, blan di' ta, blan di' turn, having flattered 
Fut. Act. blan di tu' rus, blan di tu' ra, blan di tu' rum, about 

to flatter 
Gerundive, blan di en' dus, blan di en' d|&, blafi di en" dum, to be 
flattered 



— 64 — 

Gebttnd. Supine. 

Gen. bland! en' di, of flattering 
Dat. blan di en' do, for flattering 

Ace. blan di en' diim, flattering blan di'tum) . flatter 

AW, blan di en' do, by flattering blan di'tu ) 

Examples for Practice. 

J^glf* To be learned by heart. **Hg^. 

£49. largior, -iri, to give partior, -lri, to share 

bountifully potior, -lri, to take posses- 

taentior, -lri, to (tell a) lie sion of 

molior, -lri, to set in motion, sortior, -iri, to draw lots for 
to set about 

(See Exercises 71, 72, p. 84.) 



— 65 — 



Part Second. 

parallel exercises 

on the foregoing lessons. 
Pronunciation. 

(Gr. 1—8*) 
1, a a pra'ta fas fa 'ma mala ara/tra a'damas 
e e pe'des se'nex fa'ber fra'ter hare'na se'men 
l I fe'mina ll'berl ti'lia insa'nia pa/tina I'ris 
y y Cy'riis ly'ra Ly'dia a'dytum 
6 6 dolor sol ro'ta ti'mor opI'niS ne'pos 
u u u'nus mu'riis sta'biilum su'tor nu'biliis su/us 
ae oe tae'di iim foe'num foe'dus hae'dus prae si'di urn 
au en laus Eu ro'pa e'heu a lau'cla au lae'uin fau'stus 
c fidu'cia ca/piit cae'des cy'aniis Ci'cero ceu 

ch 1. ma/china scho'la 2. A chil'les a cha/tes e'cho 
g j ge'na ju'giilum jeju'mum ag'ger pu'gil bl'gae 
q r e'quiis quae'stio lo'quor Ro'ma far qua're 
v 



First Declension. 

(Gr. 15—20.) 

est, (he, she, it) is sunt, (they) are et, and 

2. India est patria gemmarum. Roma est regina Italiae. 

Sicilia est insula Europae. Sicilia et Creta sunt insulae. In- 

colae Pennsilvaniae sunt agricolae. Amicitia est gloria vitae. 

Ranae sunt incolae aquae et terrae. Terra est sphaera. 

Historia est magistra vitae. Alauda nuntia aurorae est. 

Phoenlce est terra Asiae. 



* These references are to Sections of Pabt Ftest. 



-- 66 — 

3. Britain is an island of Europe. The inhabitants of 
Britain are seamen. Life is sometimes 1 a school of wisdom. 
Roses and violets are plants. An island is the native land of 
sailors. Friendship is the crown of life. The life of farmers is 
the school of frugality. The moon and the earth are planets. 

Hnterdtim 

Second Declension. 

(Gr. 21—27.) 
habet, (he, she, it) has habent, (they) have 

4. Ferrum est metallum. Aurum et ferrum sunt metalla. 
Vitium est morbus animi. Modestia 1 est initium sapientiae. 
Mundus est quasi 2 templum Dei. Cultri sunt instrumenta 
virorum. Discipiili tabulam 3 et stilum habent. Terra habet 
figuram 4 globi. AgricSlae habent hortos et prata. Formicae 5 
et muscae 6 sunt insecta. 

l modesty 2 so to speak z slate 4 shape 5 ant 6 fly 

5. The moon and the stars are signs of heaven. The Nile 
is a river of Egypt. The farmer has corn and wine. The 
Lord of heaven and earth is everywhere 1 . My son, modesty is 
a sign of wisdom. The books are the gift of a friend. Silver 
is a metal; lead is a metal; gold, silver, and lead are metals. 
The farmers have gardens and meadows, horses and wagons. 

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 

. (Gr. 28—82.) 

Kule. Adjectives agree with their Nouns in Gender, Number, and Case. 

6. Decline together the following, making the Adjective agree 
with the No an in Gender, Number, and Case. 

fluviiis latxis, a broad river amicitia vera, true friendship 

ala lata, a broad wing belliiiri. eruenfru.ni, a bloody war 

foliiim latiiirL, a broad leaf magna iEsiila, a large island 

equxis puleher, a beautiful horse boreas frigidiis, the cold north-wind 

poeta clariis, a famous poet tottis mundiis, all the world 

amiciis verixs, a true friend vir borrus, a good man 

7. Alauda est laeta. Beati sunt agricolae. Vera amici- 
tia sempiterna est. Boni liberi seduli et attenti sunt. 
Puer est aeger; puella 1 est aegra. Yita humana interdum 



- 67 — 

misera est. Multi agri non sunt frugiferi. Multi discipuli 
habent libros vetustos et laceros. Genae 2 rubrae pulchrum 
sunt puerorum ornamentum 3 . Pyrltae sunt duri. Agricolae 
nullum aliud negotium 4 , nulla alia vita placet 5 quam 6 sua 7 . 

l girl 2 cheek ^ornament Occupation Hs pleasing 6 than "his own 

8. The earth has the shape of a large globe. Iron is 
hard. The life of a busy farmer is pleasant. An upright man 
is always 1 a faithful friend. The farmer's horses are black. 
Many boys are lazy. To good men the temple of the Lord is 
sacred. Roses and violets are fragrant. The swan 2 is white, 
the eagle 3 is black. The northwind is cold. All the world is 
a stage 4 . 

temper 2 C3'cniis -i 3 aquila, -ae 4 theatr-u.xn, -I 

Third Declension. Regular Forms. 

Masculine and Feminine Nouns. (Gr. 34. 35.) 
amat, (he, she, it) loves, likes amant, (they) love, like 

9. Anseres habent colla 1 longa. Pater et mater amant liberos 
suos 2 . Vir et mulier habent diversa 3 officia 4 . Aqua pura 5 
neque 6 saporem habet neque 6 odorem neque 6 colorem. Folia 
sunt quasi pulmones plantarum. Leones sunt domlni silvarum 7 . 
Prater amat fratrem et sororem. Multa insecta hominibus 
molesta 8 sunt. Animi hominum sunt divlni 9 . Pavo pulchras 
pennas 10 habet. 

l neck Hheir ^different 4 duty 5 pure 6 neither. .nor. .nor ^forest Hroublesome 
9 divine l0 feather 

Rules. The Possessive Pronoun is not expressed, unless em- 
photic. — Time when is put in the Ablative, as: vere, in spring. 

10. A brother loves (his) brother. The fear of the Lord 
is the beginning of wisdom. A good son is the joy 1 of (his) 
father and mother. The necks of geese are long. Laziness 2 
is the mother of many vices. Hunters like field and forest. 
The souls of men are images of God. In spring 3 the violet is 
the queen of flowers. Man is the Lord of the earth, 

Jgaudmm, -* 2 plgriti&, -ae 3 vere, in spring 



— 68 — 

Masculine and Feminine Nouns (continued). 

(Gr. 36. 37.) 

fuit, (he, she, it) was fuerunt, (they) were 

11. Lux est vitae imago. Luna est comes terrae nostrae 1 . 
Judices sunt interpretes legum. Milites sunt defensores 2 pa- 
triae. Multi ludi 3 sanitati periculosi 4 sunt. Phoenlces fuerunt 
periti 5 nautae. Leo est rex quadrupedum. Oboedientia 6 est 
mater sapientiae et felicitatis. Avaritia 7 est radix multorum 
vitiorum. Discipuli ignavi 8 saepe difficulties habent. Ro- 
mulus 9 dux pastorum 10 fuit. 

l our ^defender 3 play ^dangerous 5 skilful ^obedience ^avarice ^slothful 
9 Romulus, proper name 10 herdsman 

12. Poverty is sometimes a benefit 1 . Passions are dis- 
eases of the mind. The arms 2 of foot-soldiers and horsemen 
are different. Sons and daughters are the heirs of (their) 
fathers and mothers. Romulus and Numa 3 were kings of the 
Romans 4 . Frugality is the mother of health. Aeolus 5 was the 
king of the winds 6 . Man's 7 age is the summer of life. 

ibeneflcruLiii., -I 2 arma, -orum, Plur. 3 Numa, -ae, proper name 
4Romaniis, -I 5 Aeolu.s, -i, proper name 6 vent\is, -I 7 vir, -i 

Neuter Nouns. (Gr. 38. 39.) 

13. Jucundum est murmur rivorum 1 . Sidera nautis sunt 
grata 2 . Pedes et bracchia 3 sunt membra corporis human i. 
Robur leonum est magnum. Sunt 4 multa genera grammum. 
Fulgura hommibus saepe causa 5 terroris 6 sunt. Nocte 7 lumen 
siderum nautis jucundum est. Historia servat (preserves) no- 
mma clarorum 8 virorum. Ver amoenum 9 est; vere 10 itinera 
grata sunt. 

l brook ^pleasing 5 arm Hhere are 5 cause Herror ^at night Abl. to de- 
note time when ^famous ^delightful 10 in spring 

14. The names of the great rivers of America 1 are known 2 
to attentive scholars. A good beginning is always a good 
omen. Heaven, earth and the stars are works of God. 
Poverty is often 8 a benefit, not 4 a burden. The wounds of the 
soldiers are dangerous. Sailors like the light of the moon. 
Elephants 5 have a strong 6 body. Journeys are pleasant in 7 
spring and in 7 autumn 8 . 

America/, -ae 2 nottis, -a,, -ilm 3 saepe 4 non SelephantiLs, -I Ro- 
bust-US, -a-, -"urn 7 Abl. to denote time when 8 autumniis, -I 



Third Declension. Irregular Forms. 

(Gr. 40—43.) 

15. Classis Britannorum 1 habet magnum numerum 3 
navium. Formicae habent regmam, ut 3 apes. Fames est 
optima 4 coqua 5 . Milites sunt defensores urbium, civium et 
arcium. Nautae et piscatores 6 habent retia. Maria sunt do 
micilia 7 pisclum. Hora 8 mortis incerta 9 est. Equites habent 
calcaria. Aves silvarum et pisces fiuviorum sunt praeda 10 
hommum. Menses sunt partes anni 11 , annus est pars aeter- 
nitatis 12 . 

1 Briton ^number Hike 4 best 5 cook ^fisherman ^abode 8 hour ^uncer- 
tain 10 prey n year ^eternity 

16. Envy 1 and avarice are the sources of many evils 2 . 
Sleep 3 is the brother of death. The skill 4 of bees and ants is 
wonderful 5 . Horses, lions and foxes are quadrupeds. God 
is the creator 6 of men and beasts 7 , of birds and fishes. The 
clouds are the cause of rain 8 and snow. The eagle is the 
king 9 of birds, and the lion is the king of quadrupeds. Spurs 
are the ornament 10 of a rider. The eyes 11 of oxen are large. 

^nvidia, -ae 2 malizm, -i 3 sonm\is, -x 4 sollertTa, -ae 5 mirHs, -a, 
-\im 6 creator, -oris 7 bestia, -ae 8 pluvi£i, -ae translate: the queen 
10 dSctrs, -oris n oculHs, -i 

Gender of the Third Declension. 

Masculine Endings. (Gr. 44 — 49.) 

17. Leo est robustus. Solitiido 1 paucis 2 hominibus ju- 
cunda est. Marmor est pretiosum 3 . Creator mundi aeternus 4 
est. Odores et colores florum varii 5 sunt. Aer 6 humidus 7 
causa multorum morborum est. Anseres magni sunt, passeres 8 
parvi 9 . Canes 10 sunt fidi comites dominorum suorum 11 . Pa- 
piliones sunt pulchri, vespertiliones sunt foedi 12 . Multi flores 
habent odorem jucundum. 

l solitude 2 few ^valuable ^eternal Various e air 7 moist ^sparrow 9 small 
10 dog utheir 12 ugly 

18. Swallows 1 are friendly 2 to the abodes of men. Pea- 
cocks are proud 3 . The feathers of the peacock have various 
colors. Good boys have good manners*. Roses are beautiful 



— 10 — 

flowers and have a pleasant smell. Grindstones are hard. 
Fishermen have commonly 5 small boats. The noise 6 of the 
little sparrows is often great and troublesome. A good con- 
science 7 has a sure 8 reward. 

^lrundcS, -Inis 2 amiciis, -a, -um 3 superb"u.s, -a, -"u.m. 4 mos, 
moris 5 plerumque 6 clamox», -oris 7 conscientia, -ae 8 cerfru.s, -a, -iiixi 

Feminine Endings. (Gr. 50— 54.) 

19. Adamas est durus. Parva voluptas saepe causa e*st 
magnae calamitatis 1 . Vas aureum 2 pretiosum est. Veritas 3 
magnam vim habet. Apes sediilae sunt pueris bonum exem- 
plum 4 . Atrae 5 nubes nautis non sunt gratae. Cortex vetu- 
starum arborum est durus et asper. Leges civitatis 6 bonis 
civibus sanctae 7 sunt. Mors est certa, sed mortis hora incerta. 
Sanguis avium et piscium ruber est. 

^calamity 2 of gold, golden Hruth 4 example 5 blacfc 6 state n sacred 

20. Liberty 1 is dear 2 to the peoples 3 of the New 4 World. 
Fire is necessary 5 to the life of men. America has large and 
deep 6 rivers. A true friend is a rare 7 bird. An hour is a 
small part of a year. Rome and Naples 8 are great cities of 
Italy. Switzerland 9 has high 10 mountains and delightful val- 
leys 11 . Hunger and thirst 12 are troublesome. 

mbertas, -atis 2 car\is, -a, -"una. 3 populiis, -i 4 novtis, -a, --frm. 
5 necessarru.s, -a, -\im 6 profundiis, -a, -iim 7 rar\is, -a, -um 8 Neapo- 
lxs, - ^Helvetia, -ae ■ 10 altiis, -a, -iim "vallis, -Is 12 sitis, - 

Neuter Endings. (Gr. 55. 50.) 

21. Paupertas multis homimbus magnum onus est. 
Nemo sempiternam juventtitem habet. Virtutis via 1 angusta 2 
est. Aures 3 leporis timidi 4 sunt longae. Multa genera ar- 
bSrum frugifera 5 sunt. Multa genera ludorum non sunt apta 6 
juventuti. Sol est causa caloris 7 . Etiam 8 aurea calcaria ferreos 9 
dentes habent. Retia venatorum avibus periculosa sunt. 

l path ^narrow 3 ear 4 limid ^fruit-bearing ^fitted iJieat 8 even Hron 

22. Justice 1 is a virtue, the mistress 2 and queen of v: 
tues. Good salt is white and hard. The sun is the world's 
eye. The sun is large, the moon is small. The shores 3 of 
many seas are sandy 4 . The seas are full 5 of fish (plur.). 



„ 



— 71 — 

Many horsemen hare silver 6 spurs. Taxes 7 are necessary to a 
state. Hares are timid animals. The times of old age are 
often displeasing 8 . 

ijustitia, -ae 2 domiua, -ae 3 litiis, -oris 4 harenosu.s, -a, -iim 
5 pleiru.s, -a, -uni 6 argenteu.s, -a, -iim 7 vectigal, -alls 8 ingrafu.s, 
-a, -ULMl 

Adjectives of the Third Declension. 

(Gr. 57—62.) 

23. Vita brevis est, ars 1 longa. Justitia mater omnium 
virtutum est. Cervus 2 est celer et timidus. Aves palustres 3 
habent longa colla et breves caudas 4 . Homines mendaces 
sunt plerumque loquaces. Homines divites non sunt omnes 
felices: homines pauperes non sunt omnes miseri. Aestate 5 
noctes sunt breves. Non omnis via brevis est facilis. Ju- 
dices non semper clementes sunt. 

l art 2 stag 3 bird of a swamp, wader Hail 5 Abl. to denote time when 

24. Alexander 1 was a great and mighty king. America 
has immense mountains. The life of farmers is simple like 2 
nature 3 . Elephants and horses are prudent animals. No one 
is always happy. All men are mortal. Deer 4 (plur.) and 
hares are swift animals. Iron is a useful and necessary metal. 
Horses and cows 5 are domestic 6 animals; all domestic animals 
are useful. The inventors 7 of arts are famous. 

Alexander, -rl 2 ut 3 natura, -ae 4 cervuLS, -I 5 vacca, -ae 6 do- 
mesticiis, -a, --dm 7 inventor, -oris 

Fourth Declension. 

(Gr. 63—67.) 

Rule. The preposition in with the Accusative answers to the 
question whither? with the Ablative to the question ivhere? 

25. Omne animal sensus habet. America multos portus 
habet. Cervus alta cornua habet. Alaudae cantus gratus 
est agricolis. Manus manum lavat 1 . Rhinoceros 2 cornu 
habet in 3 naso 4 . Cervus acrem visum habet. Pauperum ho- 
mlnum domus exigiiae 5 sunt. In silvis sunt altae quercus. 
In arciibus caelestibus 6 mira est colorum varietas 7 . Caput 
omnium sensuum sedes 8 est. 

^washes ^rhinoceros 5 on *nose 5 small 6 the heavenly bow = the rainbow 
''variety *seat 



— 12 — 

26. Eagles have a keen sight. The hands of men are 
adapted 1 to many and various labors 2 . The roots of learn- 
ing 3 are bitter 4 , the fruits sweet 5 . The colors of the rainbow 
are beautiful. Man has five 6 senses: sight, hearing, taste, 
touch and smell. Wild 7 beasts have (their) abodes in 8 dens. 
The return of swallows is a sign of spring. The earth has 
seas, lakes, (and) rivers. 

'aptiis, -a>, -tiirr 2 labor, -oris 3 litterae, -arum (Plur.) 4 amar\is v 
-Si, -Tim 5 dulcis, -e 6 quinque 7 fei-us, -a>, -aim. 8 in w. the Abl. 

Fifth Declension. 

(Gr. 68—72.) 

27. Spes est ultimum 1 adversarum rerum 2 solatium 3 . Usus 4 
est optmms rerum magister 5 . Frons 6 , oculi, nasus, os 7 sunt 
primariae 8 partes faciei humanae. Solis effigiem in fontibus 
et lacubus videmus 9 . Dies sunt partes annorum et mensium, 
horae sunt partes dierum. Ortus 10 solis est initium diei. 
humerus dierum vitae humanae saepe exigiius est. 

Hast 2 res adversae (Plur.), adversity ^consolation 4 usage Headier 6 J 'ore- 
head imoiith ^primary 9 we see 10 rising 

28. The beginnings of all things are small. Time is a 
precious thing; time is money 1 . An hour is a part of a day, 
and a day is a part of a month. The face is a part of the head. 
Wisdom is the mother of all good things. Faith is the sister 
of justice. Boys like holidays 2 . In summer the days are long, 
and the nights are short. 

Jpecunisi, -ae 2 dies festus 

Regular Comparison. 

(Gr. 73—79.) 

Kule. Comparison is made by the particle quam, than. 

29. Adamas durior est quam ferrum, ferrum durius est 
quam cetera 1 metal! a. Sonus 2 tardior 3 est quam lux. Diligen- 
tissimi 4 discipuli magistris sunt carissimi. Omnium florum 
pulcherrimus est rosa. Deus est pater benevolentissimus et 
beneficentissimus. Aer ad 5 vitam maxime necessarius est. 
Utilissimi labores saepe sunt difficillimi. 

UJie rest, the other *$ound 3 slow ^diligent Ho 



— T3 — 

30. The hare is a very timid animal. Gold is a more 
precious metal than iron, but 1 iron is more useful than gold. 
Time is a very precious thing. The eagle's eyes are very keen. 
The most beautiful part of the human body is the face. The 
monkey 2 is an animal very like (to) man. The works of God 
are most magnificent. The time of youth is more precious 
than gold or silver. 

'sed 2 slmia/, -ae 

Irregular and Defective Comparison. 

(Gr. 80 — 84.) 

31. Bona valettido 1 melior est quam magnae divitiae 2 . 
Virtus summum bonum 3 est. Sol multo 4 major est quam terra. 
Cura 5 ocior est quam ocissimus ventus. Canis Major et Canis 
Minor sunt sidera caeli. Plurimae civitates Americae sunt 
liberae. Crocodilus 6 plures ordines 7 dentium habet; maxilla 8 
inferior est immobilis 9 . Aer interns est densior 10 et gravior 11 
quam superus. 

^health ^riches 3 a good 4 by far 5 care 6 crocodile ^row yaw Hmmov- 
able l0 dense, thick u heavy 

32. The better part of man is immortal. The 1 shorter 
the rules 2 , the 1 better. The glory of the Roman people was 
greatest in war. Nothing 3 is more necessary to men than 
air and water. Usage is the best teacher. The innermost 
nature of things is not known to men. The camel 4 is larger 
than the horse; the elephant is the largest of all land-animals 5 . 
Human life has more pleasant days than sad (ones). 

'Translate: The shorter the rules are, the. .; the. .the, quo. .eo 2 praeceptu.H!i, 
-I 3 niinl, indeclinable 4 cameltLs, -x 5 ammai terrestre 

Derivation and Comparison of Adverbs. 

(Gr. 85—87.) 

33. Boni pueri praecepta magistrorum diligenter obser- 
vant (observe). Domus hominum divitum 1 eleganter ornatae 2 
sunt. Deus mundum sapientissime regit (rules). Divites 
saepe vivunt 3 miserius quam pauperes. Pauci homines facile 
famem et sitim tolerant (endure). Saepissime filii patribus si- 
miles sunt: saepe etiam 4 meliores, multo tamen 5 saepius pejores. 

l rich people 2 adorned 3 live 4 even ^however 



_ u — 

34. Hawks 1 fly (volant) very swift and very high. Camels 
endure thirst more patiently than horses. Dogs run (eurrunt) 
fast, hares run faster, stags run the fastest. The lark sings 
(cantat) more sweetly than the goldfinch 2 , but of all birds the 
nightingale 3 sings most sweetly. The sick boy carefully ob- 
serves (observat) the physician's 4 precepts 5 . Avaricious 6 
men commonly 7 live worse than poor men. 

^alco, -onis 2 acanthls, - 3 luscinia>, -ae 4 medicais, ~I 5 praecep- 
tu.m., -i 6 avariis, -a, -iim 7 plenimque 

Numerals. 

(Gr. 88—97.) 

35. Annus habet duodecim menses, quinquaginta duas 
hebdomades 1 , trecentos sexaginta quinque dies. December 2 
est duodecimus anni mensis. Hora est vicesima quarta pars 
diei et octies mill6sima septingentesima sexageslma pars anni. 
Quota 3 hora 4 est? Hora octava vel nona. Homines habent sin- 
gula capita, binas aures, bina bracchla, binas pedes, binas 
manus. Semel et vicies vicena singula sunt quadringenta qua- 
draginta unum. 

1 week Wecember 3 what Wclock lit. hour 

36. A bee has four wings and six feet. Bees have each 
four wings and six feet. There are four seasons 1 : spring, 
summer, autumn, .winter 2 . A century 3 is the time of a hun- 
dred years, a year is the time of 365 days, a month is 
the time of 30 or 31 days; February 4 , the shortest month of the 
year, has commonly 28 days. The last day of the year is the 
365th. Gold is nineteen times heavier than water. How 
many 5 are twice two ? 

Hemp-us (, -oris) anni 2 hiems, hiemls 3 saecul"U.m, -1 4 Febraarru.s, -i 
5 quot 

Personal and Possessive Pronouns. 
(Gr. 98—ioa.) 

37. Conscientia est vox 1 Dei in nobis. Homo fortfmae 2 suae 
faber 3 est. Yerltas semper mihi grata est. Omnes homines 
sunt benigni 4 judices sui. Parentes 5 mei mihi tarn 6 cari sunt, 
quam 6 tui tibi. Deus amat nos, ut 7 pater liberos suos. Anni 



— 75 - 

nostrae vitae sunt incerti, gaudia 8 caeli sempiterna sunt. Res 
futtirae 9 nobis ignotae 10 sunt. In te, Domme, omnis spes nostra 
et salus est. 

l voice ^fortune *smith, architect ^favorable b parents 6 so..as ''as 8 joy 
^future l0 unlcnown 

38. Thy father is dear to thee, mine to me. The study 1 
of ancient 2 and modern 3 languages 4 is useful to us. Our coun- 
try is dearer to us than life. The better part of us is immortal 5 . 
Good scholars love their teacher; a good teacher loves his 
scholars. My grandfather's 6 country-house 7 is roomy 8 and the 
garden beautiful. Your teachers ' are your friends. Our 
towns 9 have good schools. 

^tfidriim., -I 2 antlqu"us, -SL, -iim 3 recent!ox», -\is 4 lingua> -ae 
5 immortaljLS, -<5 6 avu.s, -i 7 villa, -ae 8 ampl\is, -a, -lira. 9 oppidtiirL, -I 

Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns, 
(Gr. 101 — 106.) 

39. Haec domus altior est quam ilia arbor. Quam 1 varii 
sunt colores hujus floris. Incola istius domus elegantis 2 est 
vir divitisslmus. Finis 3 hujus vitae est initium illius vitae 
aeternae. Animal, quod sangumem habet, cor habet. Lepores 
habent binas aures, quae longiores sunt quam caput. Omni- 
um victor iarum 4 prima et maxima est se ipsum vincere 5 . 

l how ^elegant 3 end ^victory Ho vanquish, overcome 

40. This book is useful. These books are useful. In this 
book there are many leaves. Not all flowers have the same 
colors. Cows are domestic animals; their 1 usefulness 2 is very 
great. All animals which have blood, have also 3 hearts. 
Our life is a short journey 4 ; the beginning of this journey is 
our birthday 5 ; its 6 end is death. The same day which is the 
end of this life is the beginning of eternal life. 

^Translate: of them 2 iitilitas, -atls 3 quoque 4 iter, Ttineris 5 n atalxs, - 
translate: of it 

Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns. 
(Gr. 107—H2.) 

41. Quid est dulcius quam mel 1 ? Quod metallum est 
utilissimum? Quod malum gravius est quam bellum? Suae 



_ W — ■ 

quisque faber est fortunae. Suum cuique ! Quot arbores sunt 
in horto vestro? Quodvis animal sensus habet. Quod oppi- 
dum Graeciae 2 celebemmum fuit? Athenae 3 . Quis sapientior 4 
fuit in Graecia quam Socrates 5 ? Cujus films fuit Alexander 
Magnus? Philippi 6 , Macedonum 7 regis. 

l honey 2 Greece 3 Athens 4 wise 5 Socrates (proper name) Philip (proper 
name) ' Macedonian 

42. What animal has greater strength 1 than the elephant? 
What is more excellent 2 than virtue ? Youth is a certain part 
of life. What metals are more useful than gold? How many 
cherry-trees 3 are in your garden? To everyone his own coun- 
try is dear. Who of the Romans was more renowned 4 than 
Cicero 5 ? The source of all pleasures is in ourselves. 

Wires, -liim, 2 praestans, -tls 3 cerasiis, -x 4 clarlis, -21, -Hm 
sctcero, -onls 

The Auxiliary Verb esse, to be a 
(Gr. 113.) 

43. Simus semper diligentes et attenti. Si 1 homines 
essent meliores, etiam 2 tempora essent meliora. Dum 3 felix 
eris, numerus amicorum tuorum magnus erit; si tempSra 
fuerint nubila 4 , solus eris. Si semel aegrotus 5 fueris, valetudo 
tibi carior erit, quam adhuc 6 fuit. Nemo esset pauper, si 
omnes homines essent benevoli et liberates 7 . Si sorte 8 vestra 
content? estis, beati estis. 

Hf 2 also 3 as long as 4 cloudy 5 sick ^hitherto ^liberal s lot, the Abl. de- 
pending on eontenttis ^contented 

44. Times will be better, if men will be better. We are 
never 1 alone, God is always with us. The end will be more 
difficult than the beginning. Where 2 shall we be after 3 death? 
Your friend is not known to me, may he be a faithful friend to 
you! In this life no one of us will always be happy. To us 
many countries 4 are known which were unknown to our an- 
cestors 5 . Many are now 6 poor who were formerly 7 rich. 

2 nunquam 2 iibi 3 £ost w. the Ace. 4 terra, -ae 5 majores, -um 6 nunc 



Compounds of esse. 
(Gr. 114—116.) 

45. Fraus 1 nemini prodesse potest. Esto secundus, si non 
potes esse primus. Vir sapiens non potest miser esse. Pecu- 
nia mihi saepe defuit, sed nunquam mihi deerit animus laetus 2 . 
Alexander Magnus multis proeliis 3 interfuit. Beatus esse 
sine 4 virtute nemo potest. Scientia 5 juris civllis 6 lis prodest, 
qui civitati praesunt. Aestate' tota nostra familia 8 ab 9 urbe 
aberit. 

\fraud ^cheerful ^battle ^without ^knowledge 6 jus civile, civil law 7 Abl. 
to denote time when ^family $from 

46. No animal which has blood can be without 1 a heart. 
To good men friends are not wanting. Anger 2 has been hurt- 
ful to many. As long as you shall be happy, friends will not 
be wanting to you. We are never alone, God is present 
everywhere 3 . We all can be useful to our friends. The body 
of scholars is often present, the mind is often absent. Indo- 
lence 4 is hurtful to all men. 

Jsine with Abl. 2 Ira>, -ae 3 ublque 4 ignavia, -ae 

First Conjugation. Active Voice. 

(Gr. 124. 125.) 

47. Aves volant, pisces natant. Deus amat homines. 
Folia et fructus ornant arborem. Sol terram illustrat. Leonem 
regem quadrupedum nominamus. Donee 1 eris felix, multos 
numerabis amlcos. Multi homines aedificant domus, quas 
non inhabitabunt. Sunt etiam pisces volantes. Anser pedes 
habet aptos ad 2 natandum. Vina vetera non sunt semper 
suavia 3 gustatu. 

] as long as Ho 3 sweet 

Rule. To conjugate a Latin verb negatively or interrogatively , 
no Auxiliary is required as in English. 

48. God created heaven, earth and the seas. The night- 
ingales will soon 1 sing in the gardens. We think, beasts do 
not think. Where shall we dwell after 2 death ? The physician 
has healed my brother. We have always praised the good 
manners of our friends. The feet of geese are adapted to 3 



— T8 — 

Unripe 4 grapes 5 are very sour 6 to taste. The 
sky 7 is full of glittering stars. 

Jmox 2 post w. Ace. 3 ad w. Ace. 4 immaturu.s, -a, -iim 5 Tiva, -ae e per- 
acerbiis, -a, -ttm, very sour 7 caeru.m, -i 

First Conjugation. Passive Voice. ■ 

(Gr. 126. 127.) 

Rule. In the Passive Construction the person or living agent by 
whom anything is done is put in the Ablative with the Preposition 
a, ab, by. To denote the means or instrument by which anything 
is effected, the Ablative alone is used. 

49. Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis. Humanae 
manus opera comparari non possunt cum operibus divlnis. 
Onera a mulis 1 et asinis 2 port antur. A bonis honiinibus lau- 
dari prima commendatio 3 est. Nihil omnium rerum melius 
administrate quam mundus. Corinthus 4 a Mummio 5 expug- 
nata est. Milites vulnerati pugnare non possunt. 

l mule s donkey ^recommendation 4 Corinth 5 Mummius (proper name) 

50. An upright man is loved by all. Kings were in former 
times 1 elected by the people. The world has been created by 
God. Past things 2 cannot be changed. The lion is called the 
king of quadrupeds. Those are the worst friends by whom 
we are always praised. The stars have never been counted 
and will never be counted. The longest life is short, if it is 
compared with 3 eternity. 

^lim 2 praeterita, -orum, past things 3 cum w. Abl. 

Deponent of the First Conjugation. 

(Gr. 128. 129.) 

51. Nero 1 aureis retibus 2 piscatus est. -Nulla res sollertiam 
naturae imitari potest. Apud 3 veteres Germanos 4 pedites 
proeliabantur inter 5 equites. Romani et Graeci multos deos 
venerabantur. Spes homines saepe frustratur. Virtus claro- 
rum virorum non solum 6 admiranda sed etiam 6 imitanda est. 
Miseri se consolantur spe meliorum temporum. Hominem 
probum bona conscientia ublque comitabitur eumque 7 in rebus 
adversis consolabitur. 

l Nero (proper name) 2 Instrumental Abl., to be translated by with 3 with 
^German 5 among 6 not only . .but also 7 -que, and; appended to its word 



— 79 — 

52. Hope comforts the wretched. Let us imitate the ants 
which are busy also at night 1 . Who has fished with golden 
nets? The largest elephants roam in the forests and moun- 
tains of India. The name of Socrates will be in the mouth(s) 
of all who admire virtue. Glory and honor 2 will accompany 
those men who love virtue. The sons imitate the examples of 
(their) fathers. We often contemplate the stars of heaven 
and admire God's omnipotence 3 . 

^noctu, at night 2 honor, -oris Somnipotentia, -ae 

Second Conjugation. Active Voice. 
(Gr. 130. 131.) 

53. Modum 1 adhibete in omnibus rebus. Cur 2 non tacuisti ? 
Si tacuisses, te sapientem appellavissem 3 . Arbores florentes 
omnes homines delectant 4 . Nihil time, si bonam conscientiam 
habes. Ver adest, mox silvae et prata virebunt. Diogenes 5 
habebat nonnisi 6 duo vasa, poculum 7 et dolium 8 . Lex, non 
poena 9 debet homines arcere ab injuria 10 . Non semper is 
pauper est, qui aliis pecuniam debet. 

^moderation 2 why Ho call Ho delight 5 Diogenes (proper name) 6 but 
tbowl Hub ^punishment ^wrong {doing) 

54. Bad men fear death. Good men are pleasing to God. 
A good son obeys (to) his parents. Bees obey (to) their queen. 
In spring the trees are blossoming. The modesty of a young 
man 1 will always be pleasing. The roses will soon bloom. 
My son, fear the dangers 2 of pleasure. Without 3 prudence 
justice will avail nothing. A state can not flourish if the 
citizens do not obey (to) the laws. 

^dulescens, -tis 2 periculu.m, -i 3 S nie w, Abl. 

Second Conjugation. Passive Voice. 

(Gr. 132. 133.) 

55. Nero timebatur ab omnibus Romanis. Columba 1 ter- 
retur minimo strepitu 2 . Pueri, qui a parentibus admoniti non 
parent, poenam merent. Multa remedia 3 adhibit a sunt, at 4 
aegroto nihil profuerunt. Incolae urbis adventu 5 Indianorum 6 
terrlti sunt. Lepores etiam parvo strepitu terrentur. Pueri 



— 80 — 

tacere debent, si a magistris monentur. Agrieultura 7 olim a 
regibus et imperatorlbus exercebatur. 

l dove 2 noise ^remedy 4 but ^coming ^Indian ^agriculture 

56. Brave 1 men will not be frightened by sudden 2 danger. 
We are advised by our teachers to be 3 diligent and attentive. 
Elephants and lions are frightened by fire. Many men are 
more 4 feared than loved. The horses were frightened by the 
screaming 5 of the boys. You had been warned, my son, but 
you did not obey. In different 6 diseases different remedies 
are to be applied 7 . 

Jfortis, -e 2 subitu.s, -a>, -u.m 3 Translate: that we may be; ut, that, takes 
the Subjunctive; in English the translation is often to with the Infinitive 4 magi9 
^clamor, -oris 6 varru.s, -a, -iim 7 Use the Gerundive 

Deponent of the Second Conjugation. 

(Gr. 134. 135.) 

57. Jucundum est mare a 1 terra intueri. Deus tuetur et 
moderatur 2 res omnium hommurn. Reverere Deum et parentes ! 
Suos 3 quisque debet tueri. Miserere pauperum; nam miseri- 
cordia 4 omnes homines ornat. Romani legatis 5 Atheniensium 6 
auxilmm 7 contra 8 Philippum polliciti erant. Deus olim 9 niisere- 
bitur tui, si misericors 10 fuisti. Dareus 11 Alexandro magnam 
partem Asiae pollicitus est. 

\from 2 to regulate Wiose dear to him 4 mercy ^ambassador G Athenian 
1 assistance ^against ^hereafter 10 merciful n Dareus (proper name) 

58. An innocent 1 man will not fear the judge. Behold 
the nightly 2 heaven and admire the majesty 3 of God. My son, 
reverence (thy) parents and teachers. The general 4 has prom- 
ised rewards 5 to the soldiers. The law protects all the citizens, 
let the magistrates 6 protect the laws. Our friends have prom- 
ised assistance to x us, and they will surely 7 protect us. 

Unnocens, -txs 2 nocturnu.s, -a, -ti.m 3 majestas, -a-tis 4 imperator, 
-oris 6 praemru.iri., -1 6 magistratiis, -lis 7 certo 

Third Conjugation. Active Voice. 

(Gr. 136. 137.) 

59. Cautus 1 lupus 2 metuit foveam 3 . Milites arma indue- 
runt et gladios 4 acuerunt. Themistocles 5 muros 6 urbis restituit, 
quos Persae 7 diruerant. Flumma etiam lapides in 8 maria 



— 81 — 

volvunt. Lectio 9 bonorum librorum actiit ingenmm 10 . Radii 11 
solis frigus 12 hiemis minuunt. Cor sangulnem per 13 totum cor- 
pus distribiiit. Justus 14 est is, qui suum 15 culque tribuit. Nemo 
restituet tibi annos. Candidati 16 apud 17 Romanos candidam 18 
togam 19 induebant. 

^cautious 2 wolf 3 pit 4 sword 5 Themistocles (proper name) 6 wall ? Per- 
sian Hnto ^perusal ^intellect n ray 12 cold ^through 14 just ™his own 
^candidate n among l8 white l9 toga 

60. The whetstone 1 sharpens the knife. Laziness weakens 
the powers 2 of body and mind. We do not fear death. The 
Persians had destroyed the walls of Athens. Yesterday 3 the 
teacher distributed the prizes 4 to the scholars. The judges 
did not acquit Socrates whom the Athenians had falsely 5 ac- 
cused 6 . Time lessens even the greatest pains 7 . Our parents 
have contributed most to 8 your welfare 9 . 

Jcos, cot is 2 vlres, -liim. 3 keri 4 praemi"U.m, -i 5 falso 6 accuso, -are 
7 dolor, -oris 8 ad, w. Ace. 9 saTu.s, -Htls 

Third Conjugation. Passive Voice. 

(Gr. 138. 139.) 

61. A Themistocle restituti sunt Athenarum muri, qui a 
Persis diriiti erant. Hoc aenigma 1 , quod a nullo solutum est, 
solvetur a me. Cuilibet 2 homini a Deo quaedam beneficia tri- 
buuntur. Herculaneum 3 cineribus 4 montis VesuvTi 5 obrutum 
est. Ingenmm acuitur exercitatione 6 . Omnes leges dissol- 
vuntur seditionibus 7 . Bona spe minuentur molestiae 8 vitae. 
Leges civitatis Atheniensis a Solone 9 institutae sunt. 

Middle *every 3 Herculaneum hashes, Abl. of Means 5 Vesuvius 6 exercise 
^rebellion ^trouble 9 Solon (proper name) 

62. To-morrow 1 the prizes will be distributed to the 
scholars. By death we are freed from 2 all cares. The walls 
of the cities were destroyed by the enemies 3 . Knives are shar- 
pened with a whetstone 4 . Among 5 the ancients 6 the hands 
and feet were washed (off) before 7 dinner 8 . The swords were 
sharpened and distributed among 9 the soldiers. Your pains 
will not be lessened by impatience 10 , my son. 

Jcras 2 ab w. Abl. 3 hostis, - 4 Instrum. Abl. 6 apud w. Ace. 6 vetiis, 
~£rls 7 ante w. Ace. 6 cena/, -ae Winter w. Ace, ,0 impatxentia;, -ae, Abl. 



— 82 — 

Deponent of the Third Conjugation. 
(Gr. 140. i4i.) 

Rule, utor and fruor govern the Ablative Case. 

63. Audi multa 1 , loquere pauca 2 . Plerlque 3 in caelo ma- 
jore felicitate fruentur. quam in hac terra fruiti sunt. Ale- 
xander immortalitatis 4 gloriam adeptus est. Augustus 5 etiam 
inf imos cives benigne 6 allocutus est. Sapiens numquam irasci- 
tur. Veteres pictores 7 non usi sunt plus quam quatiior colori- 
bus. Hannibal puer 8 cum 9 patre in 10 Hispaniam 11 profectus 
est. Achilles 12 mortem Patrocli 13 , quern Hector 14 necaverat 15 , 
ultus est. 

l much Hittle 3 most men ^immortality b Augustus (proper name) 6 kindly 
''painter 8 when a boy 9 with l0 into 1! Spain ]2 Achilles l3 Fatroclus u Hector 
no kill 

64. The eyes speak sometimes 1 more eloquently 2 than the 
mouth. Those who enjoy good health, are rich. Pious 3 men will 
obtain eternal happiness in heaven. Spring follows winter. 
We shall always follow the path 4 of virtue. Beavers 5 use their 
fore-paws 6 as 7 hands. Few orators 8 have attained the renown 9 
of Demosthenes 10 and Cicero. A good man will protect his 
friends and be angry with his enemies 11 . 

^nterdum 2 dlsertius 3 piiis ? -a, -u.m 4 via,-ae 5 castoi», -oris 6 pes 
(pedis) anterior 7 ut 8 oratoi», -oris 9 gloria, -ae 10 Demosthenes, -Is 
n say: to his enemies (mimlciis, -x) 

Verbs in io, lor of the Third Conjugation. 

(Gr. 142. 143.) 

65. Apes ex 1 variis florlbus mel conficiunt. Abundantia 2 
efficit fastidium 3 . In rebus secundis 4 respice amlcos tuos. 
ImprovTsa 5 mors rapiiit rapietque multos homines. Homines 
quo 6 plura habeht, eo 6 plura cupiunt. Fuci 7 ab apibus inter- 
ficiuntur. Terra omnesque planetae lucem a sole accipiunt. 
Majores nostri mortui sunt, nos quoque moriemur. 

\from -abundance 3 nausea 4 res secundae, prosperity Unforeseen Hhe.. 
the "'drone 

66. One swallow does not make spring. The eagle does 
not catch flies. Many hands make the burden lighter. He 
who has received a benefit ought 1 to be thankful 2 . The moon 



— 83 — 

receives her light from 3 the sun. The gifts of a father are 
received with pleasure 4 . If we die, the body only 5 dies, not 
the soul. 

»deb5o, -erS 2 gratils, -a, -ulitl 3 a, ab, w.Abl. 4 libenter, with pleasure 
stantum 

Fourth Conjugation. Active Voice. 

(Gr. 144. 145.) 

67. Numquam pauper eris, si naturae vocem audies. 
Nullus homo scit omnia 1 . Nihil scire homini turpissimum 2 est. 
Non semper est occasio 3 audiendi. Ovis hominem nutrit carne 
sua 4 . Persae puniebant ingratos 5 . Pueri si valent 6 ultra 7 
septem horas ne 8 dormiunto. Natura oculos vestivit tenuis- 
simis 9 membranis 10 . Tempus leniet omnes dolores. Multas res, 
quas nunc nesclmus, aliquando 11 sciemus, si semper verba ma- 
gistrorum attente audiverimus. 

^everything ^shameful ^opportunity 4 Abl. of Means ^ungrateful Ho be well 
imorethan 8 not Hhin l0 rnerabrane i (Abl. of Means) u sometime 

68. The master punishes idle boys. We have finished 
our work. Hear the voice of conscience, boys. No one can 
serve (to) two masters. The sheep clothes man with its wool 1 . 
A she-wolf 2 nourished Romulus and Remus 3 . Our ancestors 
did not know many things which we know. In spring we hear 
the sweet voice of the nightingale. The teacher will not punish 
a diligent and attentive scholar. Seas and lands obey (to) God, 

^ana, -ae (Abl. of Means) 2 ltipa, -ae 3 RenruLS, -I 

Fourth Conjugation. Passive Voice. 

(Gr. 146. 147.) 

Rule. Cause, manner and instrument are put in the Ablative. 

69. Pueri Romani a Graecis 1 servis 2 eruditi sunt. Etiam 
maximi dolores tempore leniuntur. Nutrimmi et vestimmi a 
parentibus vestris. Labore, sudore 3 , cursu 4 , fame cena 5 Spar- 
tanorum 6 condiebatur. A magistris puniti sumus, quia 7 legi- 
bus scholae non oboediveramus. Urbs Troja 8 ab incolis muris 
firmis 9 munlta erat. Vita nostra morte finitur. Romulus et 
Remus a lupa nutrlti sunt. Audiatur et 10 altera pars 11 ! 

1 Greek ^a slave 3 sweat Running 5 meal ^Spartan ^because 8 Troy ^strong 
10 also "side 



— 84 — 

70. Alexander the Great was instructed by Aristotle 1 . 
After 2 death wicked 3 men will be punished. The dead 4 were 
embalmed by the Egyptians 5 . Thunder 6 is not heard by the 
deaf 7 . The city had been fortified with 8 great labor. Pains 
are soothed by hope. The fish (plur. ) in the sea and the birds 
in the air are fed by God. In spring the fields are clothed 
with 9 flowers. 

liristoteles, -Is 2 post w. Ace. 3 improbtis, -a, -\x:m 4 mortuiis, -i 
5 Aegyptms, -5 6 tonitrii, -lis 7 surdiis, -1 8 cum w. Abl. instrumental Abl. 

Deponent of the Fourth Conjugation. 

(Gr. 148. 149.) 

71. Yir bonus consolabitur miseros, tuebitur innocentes, 
obliviscetur 1 injurias, blandietur neinlni. Quid mollris? Hoc 
opus supra 2 hominis vires est. Optimi amlci ii erunt, qui 
gaudia et dolores cum amlcis partientur. Antonius, Octavi- 
anus 3 , Lepidus 4 imperium 5 Romanum inter se 6 partlti sunt, 
Praetores 7 Romani quotannis 8 provincias 9 sortiebantur. 

Ho forget 2 ahove 3 Octavianus 4 Lepidus 5 empire 6 with one another praetor 
^every year ^province 

72. Misers 1 will never share their goods with the poor. 
The sun gives bountifully the same light to all lands. Epami- 
nondas 2 never told a lie. You will be punished, boys, because 
you told a lie. Pleasure wins upon 3 our senses. Do not 4 tell 
a lie, boys, because it is extremely base 5 to lie. Small causes 
often set great things in motion. Tarquinius Superbus 6 took 
possession of the kingdom. 7 

Javarxis, -i 2 Epaminondas, -ae 3 blandior, -Iri w. the Dat. 4 not w. 
the Imperative is ne ^urpissimum 6 Tarquiniiis Superbiis, -I -i 7 regnixm, 
-i; in the Abl. governed by potlri. 



— 85 



to 



VOCABULARY 

TO THE FOREGOING EXERCISES. 

1. LATIN and ENGLISH. 
Note. Changeable parts of words are printed in "bold-faced, type, 
so as to indicate the manner of forming the Genitive and the gender end- 
ings, and to show the principal parts of Verbs. 

The - simply added to a noun indicates that the Genitive is like the 
Nominative. 

(m.), (f.), (n.), (pi.) mean: masculine, feminine, neuter, plural, re- 
spectively. 

adsum, adesse, adfiil, to be present 
adtilescens, -'tis (m.), a youth, ayoung 

man 
adventHs, -lis (m.), a coming 
aedifico, -are, -avi, - a/tUnx, to 
aegex*, -r£i, -rum, sick [build 

aegrotxis, -a, -Hm, sick 
Aegyptiixs, -I (m.), an Egyptian 
Aegypr&s, -1 (f.), Egypt 
aenigma, -tis (n.), a riddle 
AeolUs, -x (m.), Aeolus, the king of 

the winds 
aequor, -Is (n.), the sea 
aer, aeris, (m.), the air 
aes, aer is (n.), copper 
aestas, -atls (f.), the summer 
aetas, -atls (f.), an age 
aeternitas, -atls (f.), eternity 
aeternixs, -a, -Urn, eternal 
ager, -rx (m.), afield 
agrtcola, -ae (m.), a farmer, hus- 
bandman 
agricultural, -ae (f.), agriculture 
ala, -ae (f.), a wing 
aiacer, -rls, -re, gay 
alauda, -ae (f.), a lark 
albUs, -a, -xtm, white 
ales, -Itxs (m. & f.), a bird 
Alexandex*, -rx (m.), Alexander 
aliquando, some time 
aliquls, aliqua, aliquxd., aliquod., 

some one, some, any one 
alms, -a, -Hd., other, another 
alloquor, -I, allocutlxs sum, to ad- 
dress 



a, ab (with abl.), from, by 

abesse, see absum 

abluo, -erg, ablux, ablut\xm, 
tvash off' 

absolvo, -ere\ absolvx, absolutHra, 
to acquit 

absum, 2besse, afui, to be absent, to be 
away 

Sbundantia, -ae (f.), abundance 

Scanthls, -IdLls (f.), a goldfinch 

accipio, -ere, accepx, acceptlxiri, 
to receive 

acciiso, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
accuse 

acer, -rxs, -x*e, keen, sharp 

Achilles, -Is (m.), Achilles 

actwS, -oxxls (f.), a deed 

actio, -ere, actix, acutHnx, to shar- 
pen, to whet 

acixs, -Us (f.), a needle 

ad (with ace), to 

adamas, -aixtls (m.), a diamond 

Sdeps, -Ipls (m.),fat 

Sdesse, see adsum [apply 

adhib&o, -ere, -HI, -xtixm, to use, 

adhuc, hitherto 

adipiscor,-!, adeptHs sum, to obtain 

admmistro, -are, -avx, -atlxxxi, 
to govern 

admiror -arx, -atHs sum, to admire 

admoneoj-ex^ej-ixx, Itum, to ad- 
monish 

adolescens, see adtilescens 

Sdor -Is (n.), spelt 



— 86 — 



alter, -a, --Ura., second, the other (of 

two), one of two 
altxxs, -a, -xxixx, high 
amarxxs, -a, -xxixx, bitter 
ambo, -ae, -o, both 
America, -ae (f.), America 
amlcitia, -ae (f.), friendship 
amlcxis, -I (m.), a friend 
amlcxis, -a, -\im, friendly 
amnis, - (m.), a river [like 

amo, -are, -arvl, -atxxxxx, to love, 
amoenxxs, -a, -xxixx, delightful 
amplxxs, -a, -iiixx, roomy 
anas, -atls (f.), a duck 
anguls, - (m.), a serpent 
angustxis, -a, -xxxix, narrow 
animal, -alls (n.), an animal 
animiis, -1 (m.), the mind, soul 
annxis, -x (m.), a year 
anser, -Is (m.), a goose 
ante (w. ace), before 
anterior, -lis, anterior; pes anterior, 

the forepaw 
antiquixs, -a, -fLm, old, ancient 
Antonixls, -i (m.), Anthony, a Roman 

family name 
apis, - (f.), a bee 

appello,-ai , e,-a"Vx,-at;lxiTx, to call 
aptixs, -a, -xiirx ad, adapted, fitted for 
apud (w. ace), among, with 
aqua, -ae (f.), water 
aquila, -ae (f.), an eagle 
arbor, -Is (f.), a tree 
arcSOj-erSj-xiljCno sup.), to keep off 
arciis, -xxs (m.), a bow; areas caele- 

stis,- a rainbow 
arenosus, see harenosus 
argentexLs, -a, -xxixx, silver (adj.) 
argentxxxxx, -x (n.), silver 
arguo,-Sr 6,argul,argutxi.m, to argrwe. 

accuse 
Aristoteies,-Is (m.), Aristotle, teacher 

of Alexander 
arma, -5rum (pi. n.), arms, weapons 
armiger, -i (m.), an armor-bearer 
ars, -tls (f.), an art 
artiis, -xxs (m.), a joint 
arzs:, -els (f.), a castle 
as, assis (m.), an as (Roman coiri)^ 
Asia, -ae (f.), Asia 



asTnxis, -x (m.), an ass. donkey 

asper, -a, -xiixx, rough 

at, but 

ater, -ra, -rxxirx, black 

Athenae, -arxxixx (pi. f.), Athens 
Athemensls, - (m.), an Athenian 
attentxxs, -a, -xxixx, attentive 
audio, -xx^S, -Ivl, -xtxxnx, to hear 
auditxxs, -xxs (m.), hearing 
Augustxis, -x (m.), Augustus 
aureixs, -a, -xxxix, of gold, golden 
aurls, - (f), the ear 
aurora,-ae(f.), the morning sun, dawn 
aurxxnx, -x (n.), gold 
autumnxis, -x (m.), autumn 
auxilixiixx, -x (n.), help, assistance 
avaritia, -ae (f.), avarice 
avarxxs, -a, -xxxix, avaricious; ava- 

rixs, -x (m ), a miser 
avis, - (f.), a bird; avis palustris, a 

bird of a swamp, wader 
avixs, -x (m.), a grandfather 
axis, - (m.), an axis 

IB. 

beatxxs, -a, -xxixx, happy, blessed 

bellxxxxx, -x (n.), war 

bene, well 

beneficixxxtx, -x (n.), a benefit 

beneficxis, -a, -xiiix, beneficent 

benevolxxs, -a, -Hm, benevolent 

benigne, kindly 

benignxxs, -a, -xxixx, favorable 

besfia, -ae (f.), a beast, an animal 

binx, -ae, -a, two by two, two at a 

time; bma mLia, two thousand by two 

thousand 
bis, twice; bis et vicies, twenty two 

times; bis milies, two thousand times; 

bis milies milies, two million times; 

bis millesimxis, -a, -xxxrx, the two 

thousandth 
bonixnx, -x (n.), a good, blessing 
bonxis, -a, -xxixx, good 
boreas, -ae (m.), the north-wind 
bos, bovis (m.), an ox 
bracchixxxxx, -x (n.), the arm 
brevls, -e, short 

Britannia, -ae (f.), (Great) Britain 
Britannxis, -I (m.), a Briton 



— 8T 



cSdaver, -Is (n.), a corpse, dead body 

caelestis, -e, heavenly; arciis cae- 
lestis, the rainbow 

caeliiiri, -i (n.), heaven, the sky; 
Written also: coelurn 

dtlamitas, -atls (f.), calamity 

calcar, -arls (n.), a spur 

calix, -ids (m. ) , a cup 

calor, -oris (m.). heat 

camelQ-S, -i (m.), a camel 

candidatiis, -I (m.), a candidate 

candidils, -a, -Urn, white 

canis, - (m.), a dog 

canto, -are, -avi,-atiiiri.. to sing 

cantiis, -lis (m.), singing 

capio,-Sre, cepi, captain., to take, 
catch 

capilt, -Itis (n.), the head 

cardo, -Inis (m.), the hinge (of a 
door) 

carmen, -Inis (n.), a poem 

caro, carnis (f.), meat, flesh 

carriis, -i (m.), a wagon 

cards, -a, -iiin., dear 

castor, -oris (m.), a beaver 

cauda, -ae (f.), a tail 

causa, -ae (f.), a cause 

cautiis, -a, -iim, cautious 

celeb er, -rls, -re, famous 

celer, -Is, -e, swift, fast 

cena, -ae (f.), dinner, meal Written 
also: coena 

centeni, -ae, -a, a hundred by a hun- 
dred, a hundred at a time 

centesimiis, -a, -iim, the hundredth; 
centesimtis (et) primus, the hundred 
and first 

centies, a hundred times; centies mllies, 
a hundred thousand times; centies 
millesimiis, -a, -lini, the hundred 
thousandth 

centum, a hundred; centum miiia, a 
hundred thousand 

centuples:, -Icis, a hundredfold 

centupliis, -a, -iim., a hundred times, 
as great 

cerasiis, -i (f.)> « cherry-tree 

certo, surely 

certiis, -a, -iim, sure 



cervus, -I (m.>, a stag, deer 

ceteri, -ae, -a, the rest, other 

cicer, -is (n.), a chick-pea 

Cicero, -5nis (hi.), Cicero 

cicur, -Is, tame 

cinis, -eris (m.), ashes 

citerior, -lis, more on this side, nearer 

citimiis, -a, -iim, most on this side 

civis, - (m.), a citizen 

ci vitas, -atls (f.), a state 

clamor, -oris (m.), noise, screaming 

clariis, -a, -iiin, famous, renowned, 
illustrious 

classis, - (f.), a fleet 

clemens, -tis, mild 

coelestis, -e, heavenly; arcus coe- 
lestis, a rainbow 

coeliim, -i (n.), heaven, the sky, the 
open sky. Written also: caelum 

coena, -ae (f.), dinner, meal 

coerceo, -er§, -ill, -Itiim, to res- 
train 

cogito,-are\-a^I,-atiim., to think 

collls, - (m.), a hill 

colliim, -I (n ), the neck 

color, -oris (m.), color 

columba, -ae (f.), a dove 

comes, -Itis (m.), a companion 

comitor, -ari, -atiis sum, to ac- 
company 
! commendatio, -onis (f.), a recom- 
I mendation 

comparo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
compare 

compes, -ed.Is (f.), a fetter 

complures, -a or la (pl.)> several 

compos, -otls, possessed of 

condio, -ire, -ivi, -Itiim., to 
season; to embalm, bury 

conficio, -ere, confeci, confectiim, 
to make 

conscientia, -ae (f.), conscience 
i consolor, -ari, -atiis sum, to com- 

consul, -Is (m.), a consul [fort 

contemplor, -ari, -atiis sum, to 
contemplate 

contentiis, -a, -iim, contented 

contra (w. ace), against 

contribuo, -ere, contribui, contrt- 
butiim, to contribute 



coqua, -ae (f.), a (female) cook 

cor, cordis (n.), the heart 

Corinthus, -I (f.), the city of Corinth 

cornu, -us (n.), a horn 

corona, -ae (f.), a crown 

corpus, -oris (n.), a body 

cortex:, -Ids (m.), the bark 

corusco, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
glitter 

corvus, -I (m.), a raven 

cos, cotis (f.), a grindstone, whetstone 

eras, to-morrow 

creator, -oris (m.), a creator 

creo, -are, -avi, -atum, to cre- 
ate, to elect 

Creta, -ae (f. ) , Crete 

crocodilus, -i (m.), a crocodile 

cruentus, -a, -um, bloody 

culex, -Ids (m.), « gnat 

culter, -ri (m.), a knife 

cum (w. abl.), with 

cupiditas, -atis (f.), passion 

cuplo, -ere, cupivi, cupltu.ni., 

cur, why [to desi?*e 

cura, -ae (f.), care 

cursus, -us (m.), running 

cycnus,-I) (m>) wan 

cygnus, -l ) 

I>. 

Dareiis, -I (m.) Dareus 

dea, -ae (f.), a goddess 

debeo, -ere, -uT, -Itum, to owe; 
I ought, must, should 

decern, ten; decern et septem, seventeen; 
decern mllia, ten thousand 

December, -i*Is (m.), December 

decemplex, tenfold 

decies, ten times; decies mllles, ten 
thousand times; decies centies mille- 
simus, -a, -iini, the millionth; de- 
cies millesimus, -a, -um, the ten 
thousandth 

decimus, -a, -urn, the tenth 

deciis, -oris (n.), can ornament 

deesse, see desum 

defensor, -oris (m.),a defender 

delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
delight 

Demosthenes, -is (m.), Demosthenes 



dens, -tls (m.), a tooth 
densiis, -a, -ixm, thick, dense 
desum, deesse, defuT, to be wanting 
deterior, -us, worse 
deterrimus, -a, -uni, worst 
deiis, -I (m.), a god; Defis, God 
dexter, J dext(e)x»a, dext(e)rum, 

right 
dies, -el (m. & f. in the sing., m. in 

the plur.), a day 
difficills, -e, difficult, hard 
difficultas, -atis (f.), a trouble 
dlligens, -tls, diligent 
Diogenes, -Is (m.), Diogenes 
dirtio, -ere, dlrul, dlrutum, to 

destroy 
discipulus, -I (m.), a pupil, scholar 
diserte, eloquently 
dissimills, -e, unlike 
dissolvo,-ere, dissolvl, dissolutum, 

to dissolve 
distribtio, -ere\ distribtil, distri- 

butum, to distribute 
dm, for a long time; diutius, longer; 

diutissime, very long 
dlversus, -a, -um, different 
dives, -Itis, rich; dlvites, rich people 
di viniis, -a. -um, divine 
divitiae, -arum. (pi. f.), riches 
dolium, -i (n.), a tub 
dolor, -oris (m.), pain 
domesticus, -a, -um, domestic 
domicilium, -I (n.), an abode, a home 
domina, -ae (f.), a mistress 
dominus, -i (m.), a master, a lord 
domus, -us (f.), a house; domi, at 

home; domum, home; do mo, from 
donee, as long as [home 

donum, -I (n.), a gift 
dormio,-ire, -ivi, -itum, to sleep 
dos, dotis (f.), a dowry, gift 
dubiiis, -a, -um, doubtful 
dticeni, -ae, -a, two hundred by two 

hundred, two hundred at a time 
ducentesimiis, -a, -um, the two hun- 
dredth 
diicenti, -ae, -a, two hundred 
ducenties, two hundred times 
dulcis, -e, sweet 
dum, while, as long as 



— 89 



duo, -ae, -o, two; dtio nrilia, two 
duodecies, twelve times [thousand 

duodecim, twelve 

duodecimos, -a.., -Hm, the twelfth 
duodenx, -ae, -a, twelve by twelve, 

twelve at a time 
duodevlcenx, -ae, -a, eighteen by eigh- 
teen, eighteen at a time 
duodeviceslmiis, -a, -iiiix, the eigh- 
duodevlcies, eighteen times [teenth 

duodeviginti, eighteen 
duplex, -xexs, double, twofold 
dupliis, -a, -Hm, twice as great 
duriis, -a, -Hm, hard 
dux, duels (m.)i a leader, guide 

E. 

echo, -lis (f.), echo [produce 

efficio, -ere, effeci, effectiim., to 
effigies, -ex (f.), an image 
ego, /; ego met, I 
elegans, -tis, elegant 
elephantHs, -i (m.), an elephant 
elephas, -antis (m.)i an elephant 
ensxs, - (m.), a sword 
E 1 jamTnondas,-ae(m.), Epaminondas 
epitome, -es (f.), an epitome 
equ^s, -xtis (m.), a rider, horseman 
equils, -I (m.), a horse 
eriidio, -ire, -ivx, -xtHm, to in- 
et, and [struct 

etiam, also, even 
Europa, -ae (f.)> Europe 
ex (w. a.b\.) * from, of, out of 
excelsixs, -a, -iiixx, lofty, high 
exemplilm, -i (n.), an example 
exerceo, -ere, -Hi, -Itum, to 

exercise 
exercitatio, -oixxs (f.), exercise 
exiguiis, -a, -Hm, small 
expugno, -are, -avi, -atilm, to 
exterior, -us, exterior [capture 

exierils, -a, -iim, outward 
extremHs, -a, -ilm, last 

faber, -x'i (m.), a smith, architect 
FabiHs, -i (m.), Fabius 
facies, -ex (f.), the face 
facilxs, -e, easy 



facxo, -ere, feci, factum, to make 

faex, -els (f.), lees 

falco, -oiiis (m.), a ha irk 

falso, falsely 

falsHs, -a, -iim, false 

fames, -is (f.), hunger 

familia, -ae (f.)', a family 

fas (indecl. n.), right 

fascis, - (m.), a bundle 

fastidilxiix, -i (u.), nausea 

fateor, -eri, fassiis sum, to confess 

Februariiis, -i (m.), February 

felicitas, -a tis (f.), happiness 

felix, -icxs, happy 

ferreiis, -a, -iim, of iron, iron (adj.) 

ferrtxixx, -i (n.), iron 

feriis. -a, -iim, wild 

fides, -ex (f.), faith 

fldixs, -a, -iim, faithful 

figura, -ae (f.), a shape 

filial, -ae (f.), a daughter 

filiixs, -i (m.), a son 

finxo, -ire, -xvx, -itixxix, to finish 

finis, - (in.), an end 

firmiis, -a, -iim, strong 

floreo, -ere, -xxi, (no sup.), to 

flourish, bloom, blossom 
flos, -oris (m.), a flower 
fluvTHs, -i (m.), a river 
foediis, -a, -iim, ugly 
folium, -i (n.), a leaf 
fons, -tis (m.), a spring, source 
formica, -ae (f.), an ant 
fornix:, -icxs (m.), an arch 
fortis, -e, brave 
fortuna, -ae (f.), fortune, luck 
fovea, -ae (f. ), a pit 
f rater, -ris (m.), a brother 
fraus, -<lis (f.), a fraud 
frlgidiis, -a, -iim, cold 
frlgiis, -oris (n.), cold 
frons, -cLis (f.), foliage 
frons, -txs (f.), the forehead 
fr u ctii s , -lis ( m . ) , fruit 
frugalitas, -atis (f.), frugality 
frugi, frugal 

frugifer, -a, -iim, fruit-bearing , fertile 
frumentHiix, -i (n.), corn 
frtior, -i, fruitHs & fructus sum, 

to enjoy 



90 



frustror, -ari, -afcHs sum, to dis- 
appoint 
fuciis, -I (m.), a drone 

fulgtir, -Is (n.), lightning 
furfur, "-is (m.), bran 
fastis, - (m.), a club 
ftiturits, -a, -^m., future 

O. 

gaudiitm, -i (n.),joy 

gemma, -ae (f.) } a gem 

gena, -ae (f.), a cheek 

gener, -I (m.), a son-in-law 

geniiis, -x (m.), a genius 

genii, -lis (n.), the knee 

genils, -erls (n.), a kind 

Germaniis, -x (m.), cl German 

gladiiis, -i (m.), a sword 

globils, -i (m.), a globe 

gloria, -ae (f.), glory, renown 

gracilis, -e, slender 

Graecia, -ae (f.), Greece 

Graeciis, -a, -Hm, Greek 

gramen, -Inis (n.), grass 

gratils, -a, -itnx, pleasing, thankful 

gravis, -e ? heavy 

grus, gruis (f.)> a crane 

gusto, -are, -avi, -artHm, to taste 

gustxis, -xis (m.), taste 

gutttir, -Is (n.) 5 the throat 

II, 

habeo, -ere, -uX -ItHm, to have 

habito, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

dwell 
harenosiis, -a, -iim., sandy 
harpago, -oixls (m.), a grapple-hook 
hebdomas, -adis (f.), a week 
Hector, -ox*Is (m.), Hector 
Helvetia, -ae (f.), Switzerland 
Herculaneiiixi, -i (n.), Herculaneum 
teres, -edls (m.), an heir 
hen, yesterday 
hie, haec, hoc, this (of mine) 
hTems, hiemis (f), winter 
hirundo, -Inis (f.), a swallow 
Hispania, -ae (f.), Spain 
historia, -ae (f.), history, a story 
homo, -Inis (m.), man, a man; ho- 
mines (pi. w.), people 



honor, -oris (m.), an honor 

hora, -ae (f,), an hour, clock; octava 
hora s at the eighth hour (at eight 
o'clock); quota hora est ? what o'clock 
is it? 

horliis, -I (m.), a garden 

hostis, - (m.), an enemy 

humanils, -a, -ixm, human 

humidxis, -a, -itnx, moist 

hunnlls, -e, low 

hiimiis, -i (t), soil 



Idem, eadem, idem, the same; idem qui, 

the same as 
Tdiis, -Hixm (pi. f.), the Ides 
ignavia, -ae (f.), indolence 
ignavits, -a, -ixixx, slothful 
ignis,- (m.),fire 

ignotits, -a, -iim, unknown [rner 
illS, ilia, illu-d., that (yonder), the for - 
illustro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

illuminate 
imago, -Inis (f.), an image 
imbtio, -ere, imbux, imbutiliix, to 

dip, dye ' 
'lmitor, -arx, -atils sum, to imitate 
immaturils, -a, -Hm, unripe 
immemor, -Is, forgetful, unmindful 
immobilis, -e, immovable 
immortalis, -e, immortal 
immortalitas, -atis (f.), immortality 
impatientia, -ae (f.), impatience 
imperator, -oris (rm), a general 
imperiiim., -x (n.), an empire 
improbils, -a, -ixnx, wicked 
impro visits, -a, -urn, unforeseen 
Imils, -a, -itnx, lowest 
in (w. ace), into; (w. abl.), in, on 
incertits, -a, -iiixx, uncertain 
inclutiis, -a, -itnx, renowned 
incola, -ae (m.) an inhabitant 
incxis, -iicils (f.), an anvil 
India, -ae (f.), India 
Indianiis,-I(m.) , an( American) Indian 
induo, -ere, indui, indutiiiix, to 

put on 
Tnesse, see insum 
inferior, -Us, inferior, lower 
inferiis, -a, -itxxx : below % lower 



91 



infimiis, -a-, -Hm. lowest 
ingenriiiix, -I (n.), intellect 
ingens, -tls, immense {pleasing 

ingratixs, -a, -iim, ungrateful; dis- 
tnhabito, -are,-sL>^I, -atiiixx, to 

inhabit, occupy 
Tnimlciis, -I (m.), an enemy 
in it 1 iim, -i (n.), a beginning 
injuria, -ae (f.), an injury, a wrong 
innocens, -1:1s, innocent 
inquies, -etis (f.), restlessness 
insectiiixx, -i (n.), an insect 
instittio, -ere, institux, institutiim, 

to frame, establish 
instrumentiim, -I (n.), an implement 
insula, -ae (f.), an island 
insum, Tnesse, inful, to be in 
inter (w. ace), among; inter se, among 

themselves, with each other, one an- 
interdum, sometimes [other 

interesse, see intersum 
interficxo, -ere, interfecx, inter- 

fectixm, to kill 
interior, -us, inner, interior 
interpret, -etxs (m.), an interpreter 
intersum, interesse, interfui, to take 

part in 
intimiis, -a. -iim, innermost 
intueor, -ex*x, -xtiis sum, to look 

at, behold 
inventor, -oris (m.), an inventor 
invidia, -ae (f.), envy 
invlttls, -a, -ilixx, unwilling 
ipse, -a, -iim, himself, herself, itself 
Ira, -ae (f.), anger 
is, ea, id, that; he, she, it; is qui, he who 
iste, -a, -iid., that (of yours) 
Italia, -ae (f.), Italy [voyage 

itSr, Itlnerls (n.). a journey, way. 



jucundiis, -a, -iim, pleasant 
judex:, -loxs (m.), a judge 
Juppiter, Jovis (m.), Jupiter, Jove 
jiis, jxirls (n.), right, law; jus civile, 

civil law 
justitia, -ae (f.), justice 

jUStUS, -«i, -XLTIX, just 

juvenls, - (m.), a youth; young 
juventiis, -ixtxs (f.), youth 



labor, -oris (m.), labor, work 
lacer, -a, -iinx, torn 

lacxts, -lis (m.), a lake 

laetlis, -a, -xlxxx, merry, cheerful 

lana, -ae (f.),. wool 

laniger, -a, -iim, wool-bearing, fleecy 

lapis, -IcXIs (m.), a stone 

largxoxvirxj-xtiis sum, to give bou n- 
tifully 

lattxs, -a, -iinx. broad 

laudo, -are, -a>^i, -atixixx, to 
praise 

lectio, -oixls (f.), a perusal 

legatixs, -x (in.), an ambassador 

lego, -ere, legx, lectixrn, to read 

lenxo, -xx^e, -IvI, -xtiinx, to ap- 
pease, soothe, mitigate 

leS, -oxxls (m.), a lion 

Lepidiis, -1 (m.), Lepidus 

lepixs, -oris (m.), a hare 

levxs, -e, light 

lex, legis (f.), a law 

libenter, with pleasure 

liber, -x^x (m.), a book 

liber, -a, -xxixx, free 

Liber, -x (in.), Bacchus 

llberalxs, -e, liberal 

llberx, -ox^Unx (pi. m.), children 

llbertas, -atis (f.), liberty, freedom 

lien, -Is (m.), the milt, spleen 

ligo, -oixis (m.), a mattock 

lingua, -ae (f.), a language 

linter, -ris (f.), a boat 

littera, -ae (f.), a letter (of the alpha- 
bet); litterae, -arxlm (pi. f.), learn- 
ing 

HtHs, -oris (n.), a shore 

longinquils, -a, -iim, far 

longCLs, -a, -iim, long 

loquax, -aeis, loquacious 

loquox', -x, locirtixs sum, to speak 

Lucifer, -I (m.), the morning -star 

ludixs, -x (m.). a play 

lumeix, -Iixis (n.), light 

liina, -ae (f.), the moon 

lupa, -ae (f.), a she-wolf 

lupxis, -x, (m.), a wolf 

luscinia, -ae (f.), a nightingale 

lux, lucxs (f.) ? light 



— 92 



Macedo, -oxxis (m.), a Macedonian 
magis, more 

magister, -rx (m.), a teacher, master 
magistra, -ae (f.), a (female) teacher 
magistratxls, -xls (in.), a magistrate 
magnificxxs, -a, -xxxxx, magnificent 
magnxis, -a, -xxxxx, great, large, big 
majestas, -atls (f.), majesty 
major, -lis, greater; majores* -xxxxx 

(pi. m.), the ancestors, forefathers 
malxxxxx, -i (n.), an evil 
rnalxxs, -a, -xxxxx, bad 
manxis, -xxs (f.), the hand 
mare\ -is (n.), the sea, ocean 
margo, -Ixxls (m.), a margin 
marnior, -Is (n.), marble 
matex*, -x-Is (f.), a mother 
maxilla, -ae (f.), the jaw 
maxim e, most 

maxmrxxs, -a, -xxxxx, greatest 
medlcxxs, -i (m.), a physician 
mel, mellis (n.), honey 
melior, -lis, better 
membrana, -ae (f.), a membrane 
memor, -Is, mindful 
mendax, -aels, lying 
mensa, -ae (f.), a table 
mensis, - (m.), a month 
mentior, -iri, -xtxxs sum, to lie 
merces, -ecLIs (f.), a reward 
mereo, -ere, -ill, -Ixrixxxx ) to de- 
mereor, -ex*x, -Itrixs sum ) serve 
merges, -Itis (f.), a sheaf 
merldies, -ex (m.), midday, noon 
metallixxxx, -i (n.), a metal 
metuo,-ei*e, metui, (no sup.), to fear 
mexxs, -a, -xxxxx, my 
miles, -Itis (m.), a soldier 
mllies, a thousand times; mllies mllies, 

a million times 
mille, a thousand; milia, thousands; 

decies centena milia or decies centum 

milia, a million 
millesimxxs, -a, -xxxxx, the thousandth 
millies, a thousand times 
minimxxs, -a, -xxxxx, least, smallest 
minor, -xxs, less, smaller 
minuo, -ere, minux, minutrixxxx, to 

lessen, weaken 



mirxxs, -a, -xxxxx, wonderful 

miser, -a, -xxxxx, wretched 

misereor, -erx, miserltxxs & miser- 
txxs stim, to have pity 

misericordia, -ae (f.), mercy 

miseiicors, -cLIs, merciful 

moderor, -arx, -atxls sum, to re- 
gulate 

modestia, -ae (f.), modesty 

modus, -x (m.), moderation 

molestia y -ae (f.), trouble 

molestxxs, -a, -xxxix, troublesome 

mollor, -xrx, -xtxxs sum, to set 
about, set in motion 

moneo, -ere, -xxx, -Ixrixixx, to ad- 
vise, team 

mons, -tls (m.), a mountain 

morbxis, -I (m.^ a disease 

morior, morx, mortxxxxs sum, to die 

mors, -tls (f.), death 

mortalis, -e, mortal 

mortifer, -a, -xxxxx, deadly 

mortuxxs, -a, -xxxxx, dead 

mos, -oris (m.), manner, custom 

mox, soon 

mulier, -Is (f.), a woman 

multo, much, far, by far 

multxxs,-a ,-xxxxx, much,many ; mult a. 
-ox^xxxxx (pi. n.), many things, much 

mulxis, -x (m.), a mule 

Mummixxs, -x (m.), Mummius 

mundxxs, -I (m.), the world 

munio, -Ire, -xvx, -xtxxxxx, to for- 
tify, protect 

murmur, -Is (n.), a murmur 

murxxs, -x (m.), a wall 

mils, muris (m.), a mouse 

musca, -ae (f.), a fly 

miito, -are, -avi, -atxxxxx, to 
change 

]V. 
nam, for 
nanciscox*, -x, nactxxs & nanctxxs 

sum, to get 
nasxxs, -x (m..), the nose 
natalls, - (m.), a birthday 
nato, -are, -avx, -atxxxxx, to swim 
natiira, -ae (f.), nature 
nauta, -ae (m.) 5 a sailor > seaman 



93 — 



navxs, - (f.), a ship 

ne, not, lest 

Neapolls, - (f.), Naples 

necessarixis, -a, -iixix, necessary 

neco, -are, -avi, -atiixix, to kill, 

slay 
nefas (n. indecl.), wrong, forbidden 
negotru.ni., -I (n.), an occupation 
nemo, -xxiis (m.), nobody, no one 
nequam, icorthless [nor 

neque, and not; neque. .neque, neither. . 
Nero, -oixxs (m.), Nero 
nescxo, -xx*e, -Ivl, -xtiim, not to 

know 
neuter, -ra, -rum, neither of the 
nex, necis (f.), a murder [two 

nig<5r, -ra, -xuim, black 
nihil (n. indecl ), nothing 
Nilils, -i (m.), the river Nile 
nix, nivis (f.), snow 
noctu, at night 

nocturniis. -a, -iim, nightly 
nomen, -inis (n.), a name [call 

nomino, -are, -avx, -atiixix, to 
non, not, no; non solum, .sed etiam, not 

only, .but also; non nisi, but 
nonagenx, -ae, -a, ninety by ninety, 

ninety at a time 
nonagesimixs, -a, -iim, the ninetieth 
nonagies, ninety times 
nonaginta, ninety 
nongeni, -ae, -a, nine hundred by 

nine hundred, nine hundred at a time 
nongentesimiis, -a, -iim, the nine 

hundredth 
nongentx, -ae, -a, nine hundred 
nongenties, nine hundred times 
nonnisi, only 
nonnulli, -ae, -a, some 
noniis, -a, -iim, the ninth; nonus 

decimus, the nineteenth 
nostex^, -ra, -x*iim, our 
notixs, -a, -iim, known 
novem, nine 
novenx, -ae, -a, nine by nine, nine at 

a time; noveni denl, nineteen by nine- 
teen, nineteen at a time 
novies, nine times 
novies d&cies, nineteen times 
novixs, -a, -iim, new 



nox, noctts (f.), the night 

niibes, -is (f.), a cloud 

nubiliis, -a, -iim, cloudy 

nulliis, -a, -iim., no, none 

Niima, -ae (m.), Numa 

numero, -are, -avx, -atiiiix, to 
count 

numeriis, -x (m.), a number 

numquam or nunquam, never 

nunc, now 

nuntia, -ae (f.), a {female) messenger 

nutrxo, -xx^e, -xvx, -xtiinx, to nour- 
ish, feed 

O. 

obedio, see oboedio 

obesse, see obstim 

oboedientia, -ae (f.), obedience 

oboedio, -xx^e, -xvx, -xtiim, to 
obey. Written also: obedlre 

obruo, -ex*<5, obrux, obrutiim., to 
cover 

obsum, obesse, obful, to be hurtful 

occasio, -oxxis (f.), an opportunity 

occidens, -txs (m.), the west 

ocior, -ixs, swifter 

ocissimiis, -a, -iiixx, swiftest 

Octavianiis, -x (m.), Octavianus, sur- 
name of the emperor Augustus 

octaviis, -a, -ixixx, the eighth; octavus 
decimus, the eighteenth 

octies, eight times; octies decies, eigh- 
teen times 

octingenx, -ae, -a, eight hundred by 
eight hundred, eight hundred at a time 

octingentesimiis, -a, -iim, the eight 
hundredth 

octingentx, -ae, -a, eight hundred 

octingenties, eight hundred times 

octo, eight 

octogenx, -ae, -a, eighty by eighty, 
eighty at a time 

octogesimiis, -a, -iinx, the eightieth 

octogies, eighty times 

octoginta, eighty 

octonx, -ae, -a, eight by eight, eight at 
a time; octoni denl, eighteen by eigh- 
teen, eighteen at a time 

octupliis, -a, -ixxxx, eight times as 
great 



94 



Sculiis, -a (m.), the eye 

odor, -oris (m.), smell 

odorHs, -a, -ilin, fragrant 

officTG.m, -I (n.), a duty 

olfactHs, -fis (m.), smell [after 

olim, in former times, formerly; here- 

omen, -Inis (n.), an omen 

o mnip o tent ta, -ae (f.), omnipotence 

omnls, -e, all, every; omnia (pi. n.), 
every thing; omnia sua, all one's pro- 
perty 

onits, -erls (n.), a burden 

operor, -ari, -atHs sum, to be busy 

opinio, -onls (f.), an opinion 

oppTdilm, -I (n.), a town 

optimiis, -a.*, -iim, best 

opHs, -eris (n.), a work 

oratio, -onis (f.), a speech 

orator, -oris (m.), a speaker, orator 

orbls, - (m.), a circle 

ordo, -Inis (m.), order; a roio 

oriens, -tls (m.), the east 

origo, -Inis (f.), origin 

ornamentixin, -I (n.), an ornament 

ornatils, -a, -u.m, adorned 

orno,-a;i , 6,-a'v-I,-atiim, to adorn 

ortils, -fis (ni.), rising 

os, oris (n.), the mouth 

os, ossis (n.), a bone 

ovls, - (f.), a sheep 



paltLs, -Hells (f.), a marsh 
paluster, -ris, -re, swampy; avis 

palustris, a bird of a swamp, a wader 
papaver, -Is (n.) 5 the poppy 
papilio, -onis (m.), abutterfly 
parens, -tls (m. & f.), a parent 
pareo, -ere, -til, -ItHm, to obey 
pars, -tls (f.), apart, side 
parslmonia, -ae (f.), frugality 
partloi?, -irl, -ittis stim, to share 
partHs, -tis (m.) birth 
parvils, -a, -Hm, little, small 
passer, -Is (m,) 3 a sparrow 
pastor, -5ris (rn.), a shepherd 
pater, -rls (m.), a father 
patienter, patiently 
patria, -ae (f.), one's country, one's 

native land, home 



Patrocliis, i (m.), Patroclus 
pauci, -ae, -a, few, a few 
pauper, -Is, poor 
paupertas, -afcis (ti, poverty 
pavS, -onis (m.), a pea-cock 
pecten, -Inis (m.), a comb 
pecii, -lis (u..), cattle 
peeunia, -ae (f.), money 



pecixs, -oris (n.) 



cattle; an animal 



pecixs, -ndls (f.) 

pedes, -Itis (m.), a foot- soldier 

pejor, -us, worse 

pelagiis, -I (n.), the sea 

penna, -ae (f.), a feather 

Pennsilvama, -ae (f.), Pennsylvania 

per<w. ace), through 

peracerbiis, -a, -iim, very sour 

perlculosiis, -a, -iim, dangerous 

peiiciilUnx, -I (n.), danger 

perltiis, -a, -iim, skilful 

perriiciostis, -a, -iim, olestructixe 

Persa, -ae (m.), a Persian 

pes, pedis (m.), a foot; pes anterior, a 

forepaw 
pessTmiis, -a, -iim, worst 
Philippiis, -i (m.), Philip, king of 

Macedonia 
Phoenlce, -es (f.), Phenicia 
Phoenix:, -ieis (m.), a Phemcian 
pictor, -oris (m.), a painter 
piger, -rsi, -riim, lazy 
pigritia, -ae (f.), laziness 
piper, -Is (n.), pepper 
piscator, -oris (m.); a fisherman 
piscis, - (m.), a fish 
pise or, -ari, -atiis sum, to fish 
piiis, -a, -iim, pious 
placeo, -ere, -HI, -Itiim, to please 
planeta ) , 7 

planetes [ ae (m ' } ' aplanet 
planta, -ae (f.), a plant 
pleniis, -a, -ixm,/wK 
plerique ? pleraeque, pleraque, very 

many, most 
pier unique, commonly 
plumb {Lin, -I (n.), lead 
plunmiis, -a, -iim, most 
plus, pliiris, more; pliires, -a or -ia 

(pi.), many, several, (opposed to 

unus) 



95 — 



piuvta, -ae (f.)< rain 

pociiliim., -I (n.), a bowl 

poena, -ae (f.), a punishment 

poeta, -ae (m.), a poet 

pollic&or, -eri, -itiis sum, to 

promise 
pons, -tis (m.)j a bridge 
popularis, -e, popular 
poptiliis, -I (m.), a people, nation 
porticiis, -"lis (f.), a gallery 
porto, -are, -avi, -atilm, to 

cany 
portiis, -lis (m.), a harbor 
possum, posse, potul, to be able 
post (w. ace.) » after 

posterior, -lis, posterior, latter, later 
posteriis. -a, -iim, next 
postis, - (m.), a post 
postremiis, -a, -um, last, latest 
potens, -tis, mighty 
potior, -iri, -itiis sum, to take pas- 
session 
potior, -lis, preferable 
potissTmixs, -a, -iim, mos£ important 
praebeo,-ere,-iii, -itiim, to give, 

afford 
praecepfru.irL, -1 (n.), a precept, rule 
praeda, -ae {$.),prey 
praeesse, see praestim 
praemiiiiix, -i (n.), a reward, prize 
praestans, -'tis, excellent 
praesum, praeesse, praefuT, to be at the 

head of 
praeteritiis, -a, -Um, past; praete- 

rita, -oriim, past things 
praetor, -oris (m.), apretor 
pratxim, -i (n.), a meadow 
pret!osiis,-a,-iiiii, precious, valuable 
(prex, precis), usually pi., preces, pre- 

ciiiii (f.), a prayer 
prlmariixs, -a, -Um, primary 
primils, -a, -Um, the first 
princeps, -ipis (m.), first 
prior, -lis, former, first 
probiYs, -a, -iim, upright 
prodesse, see prosum. 
proelior, -ari, -atits sum, to fight 
proeliiim, -i (n.), a battle 
proficiscor, -i. profectils sum, to set 

out, start 



profundiis, -a, -Um, deep 
propinquils, -a, -Um, near 
propior, -us, nearer 
prosper, -a, -Um, prosperous 
prosum, prodesse, proful, to be useful, 

to do good, to benefit 
provincia, -ae (f), a province 
proximils, -a, -iim, nearest 
prudens, -tis, prudent # 

prudentia, -ae {^) ^prudence 
puber, -is, adult 
puella, -ae (f.), a girl 
ptier, -i (m.), aboy 
pugio, -oiiis (m.), a dagger 
pugno,-are,-avi,-atiixii, to fight 
pulcher, -ra, -riim, beautiful, fine 
pulmo ; -onis (m.), a lung 
pulvis, -eris (m.), dust * [ish 

punio, -ire, -i^i, -itiim, to pun- 
puriis. -a, -iim, pure, clean 
pyrites, -ae (m.^a flint 

Q. 

quadrageni, -ae. -a, forty by forty, 

forty at a time 
quadragesimiis, -a, -Um, the fortieth 
quadragies, forty times 
quadraginta, forty 
quadringeni, -ae, -a,/owr hundred by 

four hundred, four hundred at a time 
quadringentesimils, -a, -iim, the 

four -hundredth 
quadringenti, -ae, -4k, four hundred 
quadringentie*, four hundred times 
quadrupes, -edLis (m.), a four-footed 

animal, quadruped 
quadruples, -icis, fourfold 
quldrupliis, -a, -iim, four times as 

great 
qualis, -e, such as; what ? of what 

sort ? 
qnam, how, than 
quantils, -a, -Um, how great? as 

great as; tantus . . quautus, so great 

. .as 
quartiis, -a, -iim, the fourth; quar- 

tus decimus, the fourteenth 
quasi, as, so to speak 
quater, four times 
quaterdecles, fourteen times 



96 



quaterni, -ae, -a, four by four, four 

at a time; quaterni denl, fourteen by 

fourteen, fourteen at a time 
quatttior, four 

quattuordecies, fourteen times 
quattuordecim, fourteen 
-que (to be appended to the word), and 
quercils, -lis (f.), an oak 
qui, qufie, quod, who, which, that; what; 

qui, he who 
quia, because 

qulcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, 
* whoever,. whatever, whichever 
quidam, quaedam, quiddam, quoddam, 

some one, a certain one, a kind of 
qules, -etxs (f.), rest 
qullibet, quaelibet, quidlibet, quodlibet, 

any one, every one 2 any thing you 

please 
quindecies, fifteen times 
quindeeim, fifteen 
quingeni, -ae, -si, five hundred by five 

hundred, five hundred at a time 
quingentesimixs, -a 5 -xxxix, the five 

hundredth 
quingentx, -ae, -a, five hundred 
quingenties^'ue hundred times 
qulni, -ae, -a, five by five, five at a 

time; qulni denl, fifteen by fifteen, 

fifteen at a time 
quinquagenx, -ae, -a, fifty by fifty, 

fifty at a time 
quinquagesimiis, -a, -iiixx, the fiftieth 
quinquagies, fifty times 
quinquaginta, fifty; quinquaginta mllia, 

fifty thousand 
quinque, five; quinque mllia, five thou- 
sand 
quinquies, five times 
quinquiesdecies, fifteen times 
quintixs, -a, -um, the fifth; quintus 

decimus, the fifteenth 
quis, quid, who, what.? quisnam, quid- 

nam, who, what I pray ? 
quispiam, some one, anyone; quidpiam, 

something, any thing 
quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, some, 

any 
quisquSm, any one; quidquam, any 

thing (w. negat.) 



quisque, quaeque, quidque, quodque, 

each one, every one, any one; as an 

adjective: each 
quisquis, quidquid, whoever, whichever, 

whatever 
qulvls, quaevls, quidvls, quodvis, any 

one, any thing you please, every, every 

body, every thing 
quo (w. comp.), the; quo . . eo, the.. the 
quo que, also, too 
qubt, how many ? as many as; tot . . 

quot, so many, .as 
quotannis, every year [order) 

quotu.s,-a,-\inx, what? (in number or 

XT. 

radiiis, -I (m.), a ray 

radix, -xcxs (f.), a root 

rana, -ae (f.), a frog [away 

rapxo, -ere, -ill, -txxxxx, to snatch 

rarixs, -a, -Um, rare 

recentiox*, -Us, modern 

reditHs, -Us (m.), a return 

reglua, -ae ((.),■ a queen 

regniim, -x (n.), a kingdom 

remediiirrx, -i (n.), a remedy 

RemUs, -x (m.). Remus 

(ren, renxs), usually pi.: renes, -Una, 
(m.), the kidneys 

requies, -etxs (f.), rest 

res, rex (f.>, a thing; res adversae, 
adversity 

respicxo, -ere, respezx:!, respec- 
tlxxxx, to bear regard 

restituo, -ere, restitux, restitutilxxx, 
to restore 

rete, -is (n.), a net 

revereox*, -erx, -Itiis sum, to re- 
spect, reverence 

rex, regis (m.), a king 

rhinoceros, -otxs (m.), a rhinoceros 

rlvus, -x (m.)V a brook 

robxxr, -oris (n.), strength 

robustHs, -a, -ilxxx, strong 

Roma, -ae (f.), Rome 

RomanHs, -a, -ixixx, Roman 

Romiilxls, -x (m.), Romulus 

rosa, -ae (f.), a rose 

ruber, -ra, -rxxxxx, red 

rudens, -tls (m.), a cable 



— 97 — 



sacer, -ra. -iniixi, sacred 

saeculu.m., -i (n.), cucentury 

saepe, often 

sal, sails (m.), salt 

salar, -Is (m.)> a fr*ow£ 

sSltis, -iitis (f.), safety, welfare 

salfitaris, ~e\ salutary 

sanctits, -a, -Una., sacred 

sanguis, -Inis (m.), blood 

sanitas, -atis (f.), health 

sano, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 7ieaZ 

sapiens, -tis, wise; (m.), a wise man 

sapientia, -ae (f.), wisdom 

sapor, -oris (m.), taste 

schola, -ae (f.), a school 

scientia, -ae (f.), a science, knowledge 

sclo. -ire, -Ivi, -ItHm., to know 

scipio\ -ortis (m.), a staff 

scorpio, -onis (m.), a scorpion 

secundiis, -a, --urn, the second; res 
secundae, prosperity 

sed, but 

sedecies, sixteen times 

sedecim, sixteen 

sedes, -Is (f.), a seat 

seditTo,-oixis (f.), rebellion 

sediiliis, -si, -itm., busy 

seg^s, -etis (f.), a crop 

semel, once 

semper, always 

sempiterniis, -a, -Una, eternal, ever- 
lasting 

senectfis, -Htls (f.), old age 

senex, -Is (m.),.an old man 

seni, -ae. -St, six by six, six at a time; 
sen! denl. sixteen by sixteen, sixteen at 
a time 

sensiis, -"CLs (m.), a sense [teen 

septem, seven; decern et septem, seven- 

septeni, -ae, -a, seven by seven, seven 
at a time; septeni deal, seventeen by 
seventeen, seventeen at a time 

septentrio, -oiais (m.), the north 

septies, seven times 

septiesdecies, seventeen times 

septlnru.s, -a, -iina, the seventh; Sep- 
timus decimus, the seventeenth 

septingeni, -ae, -a, seven hundred by 
seven hundred, seven hundred at a time 



septingentesimiis, -&, -Una, the seven 
hundredth 

septingemi, -ae, -si, seven hundred 

septingenties, seven hundred times 

septuageni,-ae,-a, seventy by seventy, 
seventy at a time 

septuagesinrus, -a, -\ina, the seven- 
tieth 

septuagies, seventy times 

septuaginta, seventy [great 

septuples, -a, -iina, seven times as 

sequor, -x, secutiis siim, to follow 

servao, -ire, -ivv:x, -Itiim, to serve 

servitaxs,-\YtIs(f.), slavery, servitude 

servo, -are, -avi, -atiina, to pre- 
serve 

serviis, -I (m.), a slave 

sex, six; sex milia, six thousand 

sexageni, -ae, -a, sixty by sixty, sixty 
at a time 

sexagesimals, -&, -iina, the sixtieth 

sexagies, sixty times 

sexaginta, sixty 

sexceni, -ae, -a> six hundred by six 
hundred, six hundred at a time 

sexcentesimtis, -a, -iina, the six hun- 
dredth 

sexcenli, -ae, -si, six hundred 

sexcenties, six hundred times 

sexies, six times 

sexiesdecies, sixteen times 

sextHs, -a, -iina, the sixth; sextus 
decimus, the sixteenth 

si, if 

SicllTa, -ae (f.), Sicily [lion 

sidlls, -eris (n.), a star, a constella- 

signiina, -i (n.), a sign 

silva, -ae (f.), a forest, wood 

simia, -ae (f.), a monkey 

sim ills, -e, like 

simplex:, -Ids, simple 

sine (w. abl.)> without 

sitls, - (f.), thirst 

socer -I (m.), a father-in-law 

Socrates, -is (m.), Socrates 

sol, -Is (m.), the sun 

solatiiina, -i (n.), a consolation 

solitudo, -Inis (f.), solitude 

sollertta, -ae (f.), skill 

S51on, -Is (m.)j Solon 



98 — 



solxis, -a, -um, alone 

solvo,-ex'e, solvx, soIu"txxixx, to solve, 
free 

somnxis, -1 (m.), sleep 

sonxxs, -i (m.), a sound 

soroxv -oris (f.), a sister 

sors, -tls ( f. ) , a lot 

sortioi*, -xx^x, -xtxxs sum, to draw 
lots for 

Spartanxis, -x (m.), a Spartan 

specixs, -ixs (m.), a den 

spes, spex (f.), hope 

sphaera, -ae (f.), a globe 

spinther, -Is (n.), a bracelet 

splen, -Is (m.), the milt, spleen 

statiio, -ere, statu!, statutiim, to 
set, place 

stella, -ae (P.), a star 

stil CLs , -x ( m . ) , a pencil 

strepittis, -Us (m.), a noise 

studixiixx, -1 (n.), study 

suavls, -e, sweet 

stibesse, see subsura 

subitxis, -a, -xxxxx, sudden 

subsum, subesse, subfui, to be under 

sudox*, -oris (m.), sweat 

sum, esse, ftti, to be 

summxis, -a, -xxxxx, highest 

supellex, supellectilis (f.), furniture 

superbxxs, -a, -xxxxx, proud 

superessS, see supersum 

superior, -us, upper 

supersum, superesse, superfui, to re- 
main over 

superxis, -a, -xxxxx, above 

supra (w. ace), above 

supremxxs, -a, -xxxxx, supreme, highest 

surdxxs, -a, -Tim., deaf 

su.s, suis (f.), a swine 

suxis,-a,-xxxxx, his, her, its, their; sux, 
~ox*xxxxx (pi. m.), those dear to one 

T. 

tabula, -ae (f.), a slate 

t&ceo, -ere, -xxx, -Itxxxxx, to be 

silent 
tactiis, -Us (m.), touch 
talis, -e, such 
tam, so; tarn, .quam, so. .as 
tamen, however 



tanttim, only (to be placed after the 

word to which, it belongs) 
tantxis, -a, -xxxxx, so great; tantus.. 

quantiis, so great . . as; tantum, so 

much 
tardils, -a, -um, slow 
Tarqiiitnxxs, -i" (m.), Tarquin 
tectxixxx, -I (n.), a roof 
teges, -etis (f.), a covering 
tellxxs, -Hrls (f.), the earth 
templxiixx, -x (n;), a temple 
tempxxs, -ox^Is (n.), time; tempus 

anni, a season 
tener, -a, -xxxxx, tender 
tenuis, -S, thin, slender 
ter, thrice; ter et vicies, twenty three 

times; ter milies, three thousand times; 

ter millesimxxs, -a, -xxxxx, the three 

thousandth 
terdecies, thirteen times 
ternx, -ae, -a, three by three, three at 

a time; terna* mllia, three thousand by 

three thousand, three thousand at a 

time; term deni, thirteen by thirteen, 

thirteen at a time 
terra, -ae (f.), the earth, land; a 

country 
terreo, -ere, -txx, -It xxxxx, to 

frighten 
terrestex*, -x*is, -x*S, terrestrial; ani- 
mal terrestre, a land animal 
terrox*, -ox'Is (m.), terror 
tertixxs, -a, -xxxxx, the third 
theatrxiixx, -x (n.), the stage 
Tliemistocles, -Is (m.), Themistocles 
timeo, -ere, -xxx, (no sup.), to fear 
timidxxs, -a, -xxxxx, timid 
timox*, -oris (m.), fear 
tiiio, -oxxis (m.), a fire-brand 
toga, -ae (f.), a toga 
tSnitrxx, -xxs (m), thunder 
torques, -Is (m.), a collar 
torrens, -tls (m.), a torrent 
tot, so many 

totxxs, -a, -xxxxx, whole, aU 
trecenx,-ae,-a, three hundred by three 

hundred, three hundred at a time 
trecentesimixs, -a, -xxxxx, the three 

hundredth 
trecentx, -ae, -a, three hundred 



— 99 



tr&centies, three hundred times 

trSdScies, thirteen times 

tredecim, thirteen 

tres, -xa, three 

trTbixs, -lis (f.), a tribe 

triceni, -ae,-^, thirty by thirty, thirty 
at a time 

trlcesimixs, -a, -xixix, the thirtieth 

trlcies, thirty times 

trlgesTmils, -a, -ixnx, the thirtieth 

trlginta, thirty 

trlni, -ae. -a, three by three, three at 
a time 

triplex:, -Ids, threefold, triple 

triplils,-a,-xlxxx ; three times as great 

tristis, -e, sad 

Troja, -ae (f.), the city of Troy 

tu, thou, you 

tuber, -Is (n.) } a* hump 

tiiSor, -eri, -Itixs sum, to look to, 
protect 

turpls, -e, shameful; turpissimus, ex- 
tremely base 

turris - (f.), a tower 

turtur, -Is (m.), a turtle-dove 

tuixs, -a, -ixxix, thy, your 

XJ. 

fiber, -Is (n.), ci teat 

fiber, -Is, rich, fertile 

ubi, where 

ubique, everywhere 

ulciscor, -I, ultixs sum, to avenge 

ulliis, -a, -Tim., any, any one 

ulterior, -ixs, ulterior, further 

ultimixs, -a, -ixixx, last, furthest 

ultra (w. acc.)» more than 

undecies, eleven times 

undecTm, eleven 

undecimils, -a, -iim, the eleventh 

undeni,-ae,-a, eleven by eleven, eleven 
at a time 

undevlcenx, -ae, -a, nineteen by nine- 
teen, nineteen at a time 

undevlcesinriis, -a, -ixixx, the nine- 
teenth 

undevictes, nineteen times 

undevlgintl, nineteen 

unguis, - (m.), a claw 

finio, -oxxis (m.), a pearl 



finixs, -a, -Hxix, one; Onus et vices 1- 

rnus, the twenty-first 
finusquisque, finaquaeque, unumquid- 

que, uuumquodque, each one, every 

one, everybody 
urbs, -Is (f.), a city 
fisixs, -ixs (m.), use, usage 
tit, as, like; ut (w. subjunct), that, in 

order that, so that 
uter, -ra, -x^uxxx, which (of two)? 

who ? 
titerque, utraque, litrixixxque, both 
utills, -e, useful 
fitilTtas, -atis (f.), usefulness 
utor, -I, fisxis sum, to use 
uva, -ae (f.), a grape 



vacca, -ae (f.), a cow 

vagox*, -ari, -atixs sum, to roam 

valeo, -ere, -ixx, -Itixxxx, to avail; 
to be well 

valetudo, -Ixxls (f.), health 

vallls, - (f.), a valley 

varietas. -atis (f.), variety 

variixs, -a, -Hxxx, various, different 

vas, vadis (m.), a surety 

vas, -Is (n.), p!. -a, -ox* ixixx, a vessel 

vectlgal, -alls (n.), a tax 

venatox*, -oris (m.), a hunter 

venerox*, -arl, -a tils sum, to wor- 

ventixs, -x (m.), wind [ship 

ver, verls (n.), spring 

verber, -Is (n.), a blow 

vereor, -eri, -It ixs sum, to fear 

Veritas, -atis (f.), truth 

vermis, - (m.), a worm 

verix, -ixs (n.), a spit 

verixs, -a, -ixixx, true 

vesper, -i (m.), evening 

vespertllio, -oixis (m.), a bat 

vestSr, -x*a, -rixixx, your 

vestio, -Ix*e, -Ivi, -itixxxx, to clothe 

Vesuvius, -I (m.), Vesuvius 

vetixs, -erls. ancient, old 

vetustixs, -a, -iim, ancient, old 

via, -ae (f.), a road, path 

vlceni, -ae, -a, twenty by twenty, 
twenty at a time; vlceni singull, twenty 
one by twenty-one, twenty-one at a 



100 — 



time; vicenl blnl, twenty-two byjtwenty- 
two, twenty-two at a time; vicenl tern!, 
twenty-three by twenty-three, twenty- 
three at a time 

vlcesimiis, -a, -Hm, the twentieth; 
vlcesimiis primus, the twenty-first; 
vlcesimiis secundtis, the twenty- 
second 

vlcies, twenty times 

victoria, -ae (f.). a victory 

vlgesimiis, -a, -xxm., the twentieth 

vigil, -Is, watchful 

vigintl, tioenty 

villa, -ae (f.). a country-house 

vinco, -Sre, vici, victHm, to 
conquer, overcome 

vliiUm, -I (n.), wine 

viola, -ae (f.), a violet 

vir, -1 (m.), a man 



vn eo,-ere\-*ii\ (no sup.), to be green 

virtu.s, iVtls (f.), virtue 

vlrHs, -I (n.), poison 

vis (without genit.) (fV), force, power; 

vires, -IHm, strength 
visiis, -Us (m.) ? sight 
vita, -ae (f.), life 
vitiiim., -i (n.), a vice, fault 
volo, -are, -a^I, -atum, tofiy 
vSluptas, -atls (f.), pleasure 
volvo, -ere, volvi. volutiim, to roll, 

to turn 
vox:, vools (f.), a voice 
vulgHs, -i (n.), the crowd, rabble 
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

wound 
vulnlls, -<5rls (n.), o, wound 
vulpes, -is (f.), a fox 
vulttir, -Is (m.), a vulture 



— 101 



2. ENGLISH and LATIN. 



Note. For the principal parts of verbs 
and the inflection of nouns and pronouns, 
see the Latin and English Vocabulary. 



A.. 

to be able, posse 
an abode, domicilium 
above (prep.), supra 
above (being above), superus 
to be absent, abesse 
abundance, abundantia 
to accompany, comitari 
to accuse, accusare, arguere 
Achilles. Achilles 
to acquit, absolvere 
adapted, aptus 
to address, alloqui 
to admire, admirari 
to admonish, admonere 
to adorn, ornare 
- adorned, ornatus 
adult, puber 
adversity, res adversae 
to advise, monere 
Aeolus, Aeolus 
to afford, praebere 
after, post 
against, contra 

an age, aetas; old age, senectus 
agriculture, agricultura 
the air, aer 
Alexander, Alexander 
all, totus, omnis 
alone, solus 
also, quoque, etiam 
always, semper 
an ambassador, legatus 
America, America [inter se 

among, inter, apud; among themselves, 
the ancestors, majores 
ancient, vetus, vetustus. antiquus 
and, et, -que; and not y neque 
angei*, ira 
an animal, animal, bestia, pec us 



) another, alius 

an ant, formica 

anterior, anterior 

Anthony, Antonius 

an anvil, incus 

any, quispiam, ullus; any . .you please, 
quivis, quilibet; any one, aliquis, quis- 
piam, quisquam, quisque; any one you 
please, quivis, quilibet ; any thing, 
aliquid, quidpiam, quidquam ; any 
thing you please, quidlibet, quodlibet, 
quidvis, quodvis 

to appease, lenire 

to apply, adhibere 

an arch, fornix 

an architect, faber 

to argue, arguere 

Aristotle, Aristoteles 

the arm, bracchium 

an armor-bearer, armiger 

arms, arma 

an art, ars 

an as (Roman coin), as 

as, ut; as long as, donee, dum 

ashes, cinis 

Asia, Asia 

an ass, asinus 

assistance, auxilium 

an Athenian, Atheniensis 

Athens, Athenae 

attentive, attentus 

Augustus, Augustus 

autumn, autumnus 

to avail, valere 

avarice, avaritia 

avaricious, a varus 

to avenge, ulcisci 

to be away, abesse 

an axis, axis 



Bacchus, Liber 
bad, malus 
the bark, cortex 



— 102 — 



base, turpis; extremely base, turpissimus 

a bat, vespertilio 

a battle, proelium, praelium 

to be, esse 

to bear regard, respicere 

a beast, bestia 

beautiful, pulcher 

a beaver, castor 

because, quia 

a bee, apis 

before, ante 

a beginning, initium 

to behold, intueri 

below, inferus 

beneficent, beneficus 

a benefit, beneficium 

to benefit, prodesse 

benevolent, benevolus 

best, optimus 

better, melior 

big, magnus 

a bird, ales, avis; a bird of a swamp, 

avis palustris 
birth, partus 

a birthday, (dies) natalis 
bitter, amarus 
black, niger, ater 
blessed, beatus 
a blessing, bonum 
blood, sanguis 
bloody, cruentus 
to bloom, florere 
to blossorn, florere 
a blow, verber 
a boat, linter 
a body, corpus 
a bone, os 
a book, liber 
both, uterque, ambo 
a bow, a reus 
a bowl, poculum 
a boy, puer 
a bracelet, spinther 
bran, furfur 
brave, fortis 
a bridge, pons 
( Great) Britain, Britannia 
a Briton, Britannus 
broad, latus 
a brook, rivus 



a brother, frater 

to build, aedificare 

a bundle, fascis 

a burden, onus 

to bury, condire 

busy, sedulus; to be busy, operari 

but, sed, at, non nisi 

a butterfly, papilio 

by, a, ab 



a cable, rudens 

a calamity, calamitas 

to call, appellare, nominare 

a camel, camelus 

a candidate, candidatus 

to capture, expugnare 

care, cura 

to cany, portare 

a castle, arx 

to catch, capere 

cattle, pecu; a head of cattle, pecus 

a cause, causa 

cautious, cautus 

a century, saeculum, seculum 

a certain one, quid am 

to change, mutare 

a cheek, gena 

cheeiful, laetus 

a cherry tree, cerasus 

a chick-pea, cicer 

children, liberi 

Cicero, Cicero 

a circle, orbis 

a citizen, civis 

a city, urbs 

a claw, unguis 

clean, purus 

clock, hora; at eight o'clock, octava hora 

what o'clock is it? quota hora est ? 
to clothe, vestire 
a cloud, nubes 
cloudy, nubilus 
a club, fustis 
cold (noun), frigus 
cold, (adj.), frigidus 
a collar, torques 
a color, color 
a comb, pecten 
to comfort, consolari 



103 



a coming, adventus 

commonly, plerumque 

a companion, comes 

to compare, comparare 

to confess, fateri 

to conquer, vincere 

conscience, conscientia 

a consolation, solatium 

a constellation, sidus 

a consul, consul 

to contemplate, contemplari 

content, contented, contentus 

to contribute, eontribuere 

a (female) cook, coqua 

copper, aes 

Corinth, Corinthus 

corn, frumentum 

a cwpse, cadaver 

to count, numerare 

a country, terra; one's (own) country, 

p atria; a country house, villa 
to cover, obruere 
a covering, teges 
a cow, vacca 
a crane, grus 
to create, creare 
a creator, creator 
Crete, Creta 
a crocodile, crocodilus 
a crop, seges 
the crowd, vulgus 
a crown, corona 
a cup, calix 
a custom, mos 

*>• 

a dagger, pugio 

danger, periculum 

dangerous, periculosus 

Dareus, Dareus 

a daughter, fill a 

the dawn, aurora 

a day, dies 

dead, mortuus; a dead body, cadaver 

deadly, mortifer 

deaf, surdus 

dear, carus; those dear to one, sui 

death, mors 

a deed, actio 

deep, profundus 



a deer, cervus 

a defender, defensor 

to delight, delectare 

delightful, amoenus 

Demosthenes, Demosthenes 

a den, specus 

dense, densus 

to deserve, merere, mereri 

to desire, cupere 

to destroy, diruere 

destructive, perniciosus 

a diamond, adamas 

to die, mori 

different, diversus, varius 

difficult, difficilis 

diligent, diligens 

dinner, cena, coena 

Diogenes, Diogenes 

to dip, imbuere 

to disappoint, frustrari 

a disease, morbus 

to disown, diffiteri 

displeasing, ingratus 

to dissolve, solvere, dissolvere 

to distribute, distnbuere 

divine, divinus 

to do good, prodesse 

a dog, canis 

domestic, domesticus 

a donkey, as in us 

double, duplex 

doubtful, dubius 

a dove, columba 

a dowry, dos 

to draw lots, sortiri 

a drone, fucus 

a duck, anas 

dust, pulvis 

a duty, officium 

to dwell, habitare 

to dye, imbuere 

E. 

each, quisque; each one, quisque, unus- 

quisque 
an eagle, aquila 
the ear, auris 
the earth, terra, tellus 
the east, oriens 
easy, facilis 



104 



an echo, echo 

Egypt, Aegyptus 

an Egyptian, Aegyptiug 

eight, octo; eight at a time, octoni; eight 
by eight, octoni; eight times, octies; 
eight times as great, octuplus; eight 
hundred, octingenti; eight hundred at 
a time, octingeni; eight hundred by 
eight hundred, octingeni; eight hun- 
dred times, octingenties; the eight 
hundredth, octingentesimus 

eighteen, duodeviginti; eighteen at a 
time, duodeviceni, octoni deni; eighteen 
by eighteen, duodeviceni, octoni deni; 
eighteen times, duodevicies, octies de- 
cies 

the eighteenth, duodevicesimus, octavus 
decirnus 

the eighth, octavus 

the eightieth, octogesimus 

eighty, octoginta; eighty at a time, octo- 
geni; eighty by eighty, octogeni; eighty 
times, octogies 

to elect, creare 

elegant, elegans 

an elephant, elephantus, elephas 

eleven, undecim; eleven at a time, un- 
deiii; eleven by eleven, undeni; eleven 
times, undecies 

the eleventh, undecimus 

eloquently, diserte 

to embalm, condire 

empire, imperium 

an end, finis 

an enemy, inimicus, hostis 

to enjoy, frui 

envy, invidia 

Epaminondas, Epaminondas 

an epitome, epitome 

to establish, instituere 

eternal, aeternus, sempiternus 

eternity, aeternitas 

Europe, Europa 

even, etiam 

evening, vesper 

everlasting, sempiternus 

every, omnis, quivis; every body, every 
one, quivis, quilibet, quisque, unus- 
quisque; every thing, quid vis, quod vis, 
omnia; every year, quotannis 



everywhere, ubique 
an evil, malum 
an example, exemplum 
excellent, praestans 
exercise, exercitatio 
to exercise, exercere 
exterior, exterior 
extremely base, turpissimua 
the eye, oculus 

Fabius, Fabius 

the face, facies 

faith, fides 

faithful, fidus 

false, falsus; falsely, falso 

a family, familia 

famous, clarus, celeber 

far (adj.), longinquus; far, by far, multo 

a farmer, agricola 

fast (adj.), celer 

fat, adeps 

a father, pater 

a father-in-law, socer 

a fault, vitium 

favorable, benignus 

fear, timor 

to fear, timere, metuere, vereri 

a feather, penna 

February, Februarius 

to feed, nutrire 

fertile, uber, frugifer 

a fetter, compes 

few, a few, pauci 

afield, ager 

fifteen, quindecim; fifteen at a time, 

quini deni; fifteen by fifteen, quini 

deni; fifteen times, quindecies, quin- 

quiesdecies 
the fifteenth, quintus decirnus 
the fifth, quintus 
the fiftieth, quinquagesimus 
fifty, quinquaginta; fifty at a time, quin- 

quageni; fifty by fifty, quinquageni; 

fifty thousand, quinquaginta milia; 

fifty times, quinquagies 
to fight, pugnare, proeliari 
fine, pulclier 
to finish, finire 
fire, ignis 



105 



afire-brand, titio 

first, primus, prior, princeps 

a fish, piscis 

to fish, piscari 

a fisherman, piscator 

fitted for, aptus ad 

five, quinque; five at a time, quini; five 
by five, quini; five hundred, quingenti; 
five hundred at a time, quingeni; five 
hundred by five hundred, quingeni; 
five hundred times, quingenties; the 
five hundredth, quingentesimus; five 
thousand, quinque milia; five times, 

fleecy, laniger [quinquies 

a fleet, classis 

flesh, caro 

a flint, pyrites 

to flourish, floreie 

a flower, flos 

a fly, musca 

to fly, volare 

foliage, frons 

to follow, sequi 

afoot, pes 

a foot- soldier, pedes 

for, nam 

forbidden, nefas 

force, vis 

the forefathers, ma j ores 

the forehead, frons 

the forepaw, pes anterior 

a forest, silva 

forgetful, immemor 

former, prior; in former times, olim 

formerly, olim 

to fortify, munire 

fortune, fortuna 

forty, quadraginta; forty at a time, qua- 
drageni; forty by forty, quadrageni: 
forty times, quadragies 

four, quattuor; four at a time, quaterni; 
four by four, quaterni; four hundred, 
quadringenti; four hundred at a time, 
quadringeni; four hundred by four 
hundred, quadringeni; the four hun- 
dredth, quadringentesimus; four hun- 
dred times, quadringenties; four times, 
quater; four times as great, quadru- 

fourfold, quadruplex [plus 

afourfooted animal, quadrupes 



fourteen, quattuordecim; fourteen at a 
time, quaterni deni; fourteen by four- 
teen, quaterni deni; fourteen times, 
quaterdecies, quattuordecies 

the fourteenth, quartus decimus 

the fourth, quartus 

a fox, vulpes 

fragrant, odorus | 

to frame, instituere 

a fraud, fraus 

free, liber 

to free, solvere 

freedom, libertas 

a friend, amicus 

friendly, amicus 

friendship, amicitia 

to frighten, terrere 

a frog, rana 

from, a, ab, ex 

frugal, frugi; more frugal, frugalior; 
most frugal, frugalissimus 

frugality, frugalitas, parsimonia 

fruit, (frux), fruges, fructus 

fruit-bearing, frugifer 

full, plenus 

furniture, supellex 

further (adj.), ulterior 

furthest, ultimus 

future, futurus 

a gallery, porticus 

a garden, hortus 

gay, alacer 

a gem, gemma 

a general, imp era tor 

a genius, genius 

a German, German ua 

to get, nancisci 

a gift, dos, donum 

a girl, puella 

to give, praebere; to give bountifully, 

largiri 
to glitter, coruscare 
a globe, globus, sphaera 
glory, gloria 
a gnat, culex 
God, Deus; a god, deus 
a goddess, dea 
gold, aurum; of gold, aureus 



— 106 



golden, aureus 

a goldfinch, acanthis 

good, bonus; a good, bonum 

a goose, anser 

to govern, administrare 

a grandfather, avus 

a grape, uva 

a grapple-hook, harpago 

grass, gramen 

great, magnus; greater, major; greatest, 

maximus, summus 
Great Britain, Britannia 
Greece, Graecia 
Greek, Graecus 
to be green, virere 
a grindstone, cos 
a guide, dux 

H. 

the hand, manns 

happiness, felicitas 

happy, beatus, felix 

a harbor, portus 

hard, durus, difficilis 

a hare, lepus 

to have, habere 

a hawk, falco 

he, she, it, is; he who, qui 

the head, caput; to be at the head of, 

praeesse 
to heal, sanare 
health, sanitas, valetudo 
to hear, audire 
hearing, auditus 
the heart, cor 
heat, calor 

heaven, caelum, coelum 
heavenly, caelestis, coelestis 
heavy, gravis 
Hector, Hector 
an heir, he res 
help, auxilium 
Herculaneum, Herculaneum 
hereafter, olim 
high, altus, excel sus; highest, summus, 

supremus 
a hill, collis 

himself herself, itself, ipse; sui, sibi, se 
the hinge (of a door), cardo 
his, her, its (own), suus 



history, historia 

hitherto, adhuc 

a home, domicilium; home, domum, at 
home, domi; froin home, domo 

honey, mel 

hope, spes 

a horn, cornu 

a horse, equus 

a horseman, eques 

an hour, hora; at the eighth hour, at 
eight o'clock, octava hora 

a house, domus 

how, quam; how great, quantus; how 
many? quot? 

however, tamen 

human, humanus 

a hump, tuber 

a hundred, centum; a hundred at a time, 
centeni; a hundred by a hundred, cen- 
teni; a hundred times, centies; a hun- 
dred times as great, centuplus; the 
hundred and first, centesimus (et) pri- 
mus; a hundred thousand, centum 
milia; a hundred thousand limes, cen- 
ties milies; the hundred thousandth, 
centies millesimus 

a hundredfold, centuplex 

the hundredth, centesimus 

hunger, fames 

a hunter, venator 

to be hurtful, obesse 

a husbandman, agricola 



I, ego, egomet 

the Ides, Id us 

if, si 

to illuminate, illustrare 

illustrious, clarus 

an image, effigies, imago 

to imitate, imitari 

im.ne.7ise, ingens 

immortal, immortalis 

immortality, immortalitas 

immovable, immobilis 

impatience, impatientia 

an implement, instrumentum 

most important, potissimus 

in, in 

to be in, inesse. 



— 10? 



India, India 
an Indian, Indianua 
indolence, ignavia 
inferior, inferior 
to inhabit, inhabitare 
an inhabitant, incola 
an injury, injuria 
inner, interior 
innermost, intimus 
innocent, innoeens 
an insect^ insect urn 
to instruct, erudire 
the intellect, ingenium 
interior, interior 
an interpreter, interpres 
into, in 

an inventor, inventor 
iron (#oun), ferrum 
iron (adj.), ferreus 
an island, insula 
Italy, Italia 

J. 

the jaw, maxilla 
a joint, artus 
a journey, iter 
Jove, Jupiter 
joy, gaudium 
a judge, judex 
Juppiter, Jupiter 
just, Justus 
justice, justitia 

keen, acer 

to keep off, arcere 

the kidneys, renes 

to kill, interficere, necare 

a kind, genus; a kind of, quidam 

kindly, benigne 

a king, rex 

a kingdom, regnum 

the knee, genu 

a knife, culter 

to know, scire; not to know, nescire 

knowledge, scientia 

known, notus 



labor, labor 
a lake, lacus 
the land, terra 



Tu, 



a land animal, animal terrestre 

a language, lingua 

large, magnus 

a lark, alauda [tremus 

last, ultimus, postremus, postumus, ex- 

later, posterior 

latest, postremus, postumus 

law, jus, lex; civil law, jus civile 

laziness, pigritia 

lazy, piger 

lead, plumbum 

a leader, dux 

a leaf, folium 

learning, literae, litterae 

least, minimus 

lees, faex 

Lepidus, Lepidus 

less (adj.), minor 

to lessen, minuere 

a letter {of the alphabet), litera, littera 

liberal, liberalis 

libei'ty, libertas 

to (tell a) lie, mentiri 

life, vita 

light, lux, lumen 

light, levis 

lightning, fulgur 

like (adj.), similis 

like (adv.), ut 
| to like, amare 
I a lion, leo 

little, parvus 

lofty, excelsus 
I long (adj.), longus; for a long time, diu; 
I longer, diutius; very long, diutissime 
i to look at, intueri; to look to, tueri 

loquacious, loquax 
| a lord, dominus 

a lot, sors 

to love, amare 

low, humilis; lower, inferior, inferus; 
lowest, imus, infimus 

luck, fortuna 

a lung, pulmo; the lungs, pulmones 

lying, mend ax 

a Macedonian, Macedo 
a magistrate, magistratus 
magnificent, magnifies 



108 - 



majesty, majestas 

to make, facere, conficere 

man, a man, homo, vir 

manner, mos 

many, multus, multi; very many, com- 

plures, plurimi, plerique 
marble, rnarrnor 
a margin, mavgo 
a marsh, palus 
a master, dominus; a master {teacher), 

magister 
a mattock, ligo 
a meadow, pratum 
a meal, cena, coena 
meat, cibus, caro 
a membrane, membrana 
merciful, misericors 
mercy, misericordia 
merry, laetus 

a (female) messenger, nuntia 
a metal, metallum 
midday, meridies 
mighty, potens 
mild, clemens 
the milt, lien, splen 
the mind, animus 
mindful, memor 
a miser, avarus 
a mistress, domina 
to mitigate, lenire 
moderation, modus 
modern, recentior 
modesty, modestia 
moist, liumidus 
money, pecunia 
a monkey, simia 
a month, mensis 
the moon, luna 

more, pins, magis; more than 9 ultra 
the morning star, Lucifer 
the morning sun, aurora 
mortal, mortalis 

most, plurimus, maxime, plerique 
a mother, mater 
a mount, mountain, mons 
a mouse, mus 
the mouth, os 
much (adj.), multus 
a mule, mulus 
Mummius, Mummius 



a murder, nex 
a murmur, murmur 
I must, debeo 
my, meus 

a name, nomen 

Naples, Neapolis 

narrow, angustus 

a nation, populus 

one's native land, p atria 

nature, natura 

nausea, fastidium 

near (adj.), propinquus; nearer, cite- 
rior, propior; nearest, citimus, proxi- 
mus 

necessary, necessarius 

a needle, acus 

neither (of the two), neuter 

Nero, Nero 

a net, rete 

never, numquam, nunquam 

neio, novus 

next, posterus 

the night, nox; at night, noctu 

a nightingale, luscinia 

nightly, nocturnus 

the (river) Nile, Nilus 

nine, novem; nine at a time, noveni; 
nine by nine, noveni; nine hundred, 
nongenti; nine hundred at a time, non- 
geni; nine hundred by nine hundred, 
nongeni; nine hundred times, nongen- 
ties; the nine hundredth, nongentesi- 
mus; nine times, no vies 

nineteen, undeviginti; nineteen at a time, 
noveni deni, undeviceni; nineteen by 
nineteen, noveni deni, undeviceni; 
nineteen times, novies decies, unde- 
vicies 

the nineteenth, nonus decimup, undevi- 
cesimus 

the ninetieth, nonagesimus 

ninety, nonaginta; ninety at a time, no- 
nageni; ninety by ninety, nonageni; 
ninety times, nonagies 

the ninth, nonus 

no, nullus, non; no one, nullus, n^mo 

nobody, nemo 

a noise, clamor, strepitus 



— 109 — 



none, nullus 

noon, meridies 

the north, septentrio 

the north-wind, bore as 

the nose, nasus 

not, non, -ne; not only . . out also, non 

solum, .sed etiam 
nothing, nihil 
to nourish, nutrire 
now, nunc 
Numa, Numa 
a number, numerus 

O. 

an oak, quercus 

obedience, oboedientia 

to obey, oboedire, obedire, parere 

to obtain, adipisci 

an occupation, negotium 

to occupy, inbabitare 

the ocean, oceanus, mare 

Octavianus, Octavianus 

of, ex 

often, saepe 

old, antiquus, vetus, vetustus; old age, 

senectus; an old man, senex 
an omen, omen 
omnipotence, omnipotentia 
on, in 
once, semel 
one, units; one of two, alter; one another, 

inter se 
only, tantum, nonnisi 
an opinion, opinio 
an opportunity, occasio 
an orator, orator 
order, ordo 
an origin, origo 

an ornament, decus, ornamentum 
other, alius; the other (of two), alter; 

others, ceteri 
I ought, debeo 
our, noster 
out of, ex 
outward, exterus 
to overcome, vincere 
to owe, debere 
an ox, bos 



pain, dolor 

a painter, pictor 

a parent, parens 

apart, pars; to take part in, interesse 

passion, cupiditas 

past, praeteritus; past things, praeterita 

a path, via 

patiently, patienter 

Patroclus, Patroclus 

a peacock, pavo 

a pearl, unio 

a pencil, stilus 

Pennsylvania, Pennsilvania 

a people, populus; people, homines; rich 

people, divites 
pepper, piper 
a Persian, Persa 
a perusal, lectio 
Phenicia, Phoenice 
a Phenician, Phoenix 
Philip, Philippus 
a physician, medicus 
pious, pius 
a pit, fovea 
to have pity, misereri 
to place, statuere 
a planet, planetes, planeta 
a plant, planta 
a play, ludus 
pleasant, jucundus 
to please, placere 
pleasing, gratus 
pleasure, voluptas; with pleasure, 11- 

benter 
a poem, carmen 
a poet, poeta 
a poison, virus 
poor, pauper 
the poppy, papaver 
popular, popularis 
possessed of, compos 
a post, postis 
posterior, posterior 
poverty, paupertas 
power, vis 
to praise, laud are 
a prayer, (prex), preces 
a precept, praeceptum 
precious, pretiosua 



— 110 — 



preferable, potior 

to be present, adesse 

to preserve, servare 

apretor, praetor 

prey, praeda 

primary, primarius 

a prize, praemium 

to produce, efficere 

to promise, polliceri 

all one's property, omnia sua 

prosperity, res secundae 

prosperous, prosper 

to protect, munire, tueri 

proud, superbus 

a province, provineia 

prudence, prudentia 

prudent, prutiens 

to punish, punire 

a punishment, poena 

a pupil, discipulus 

pure, purus 

to put, ponere; to put on, induere 



a queen, regma 



Q. 



R. 



the rabble, vulgus 

rain, pluvia 

rainbow, arcus caelestis, arcns coelestis 

rare, rarus 

a raven, corvus 

a ray, radius 

to read, legere 

a rebellion, seditio 

to receive, accipere 

a recommendation, commendatio 

red, ruber 

to regulate, moderari 

to remain over, superesse 

a remedy, remedium 

Remus, Remus 

renown, gloria 

renowned, inclutus, clarus 

to respect, revereri 

rest, quies, requies 

the rest, ceteri 

restlessness, inquies 

to restore, restituere 

to restrain, coercere 



a return, reditus 

to reverence, revereri 

a reward, merces, praemium 

a rhinoceros, rhinoceros 

rich, dives, uber 

riches, divitiae 

a riddle, aenigma 

a rider, eques 

right (noun), fas, jus 

right (opp. to left), dexter 

rising, ortus 

a river, fluvius, amnis 

a road, via 

to roll, volvere 

Roman, Romanus 

Borne, Roma 

Romulus, Romulus 

a roof, tectum 

roomy, amplus 

a root, radix 

a rose, rosa 

rough, asper 

a row, ordo 

a rule, praeceptum 

running, cursus 

sacred, sacer, sanctus 

sad, tristis 

safety, salus 

a sailor, nauta 

salt (noun), sal 

salutary, salutaris 

the same, idem; the same as, idem qui 

sandy, arenosus, harenosus 

a scholar, discipulus 

a school, schola 

a science, scientia 

a scorpion, scorpio 

a screaming, clamor 

the sea, mare, pelagus, aequor 

a seaman, nauta 

to season, condire 

a season, tempus anni 

a seat, sedes 

the second, secundus, alter 

a sense, sensus 

a serpent, anguis 

to serve, servire 

servitude, servitus 



— Ill — 



to set, statuere; to set about, to set in 
motion, moliri; to set out, proficisci 

seven, septem; seven at a time, septeni; 
seven by seven, septeni; seven hun- 
dred, septingenti; seven hundred at a 
time, septingeni; seven hundred by 
seven hundred, septingeni; seven hun- 
dred times, septingenties; the seven 
hundredth, septingentesimus; seven 
times, septies; seven times as great, 
septuplus 

sevenfold, septemplex 

seventeen, decern et septem; seventeen 
at a time, septeni deni; seventeen by 
seventeen, septeni deni; seventeen times, 
septiesdecies 

the seventeenth, septimus decimus 

the seventh, septimus 

the seventieth, septuagesimus 

seventy, septuaginta; seventy at a time, 
septuageni; seventy by seventy, septua- 
geni; seventy times, septuagies 

several, complures, plures 

shameful, turpis 

a shape, figura 

to share, partiri 

sharp, acer 

to sharpen, acuere 

a sheaf, merges 

a sheep, ovis 

a shepherd, pastor 

a ship, navis 

a shore, litus 

short, brevis 

I should, debeo 

Sicily, Sic ilia 

sick, aeger, aegrotus 

a side, pars; more on this side, citerior; 
most on this side, citimus 

sight, visus 

a sign, signum 

to be silent, tacere 

silver (noun), argentum 

silver (adj.), argenteus 

simple, simplex 

to sing, cant are , 

singing (noun), cantus 

a sister, soror 

six, sex; six at a time, seni; six by 
six, seni; six hundred, sexcenti; six 



hundred at a time, sexceni; six hundred 

by six hundred, sexceni; six hundred 

times, sexcenties; the six hundredth, 

sexcentesimus; six thousand, sex mi- 

lia; six times, sexies 
sixteen, sedecini; sixteen at a time, seni 

deni; sixteen by sixteen, seni deni; 

sixteen times, sedecies, sexiesdecies 
the sixteenth, sextus decimus 
the sixth, sextus 
the sixtieth, sexagesimus 
sixty, sexaginta; sixty at a time, sexa- 

geni; sixty by sixty, sexageni; sixty 

times, sexagies 
skill, solertia, sollertia 
skilful, peritus 
the sky, caelum, coelum 
a slate, tabula 
a slave, servus 
slavery, servitus 
to slay, necare 
sleep, somnus 
to sleep, dormire 
slender, tenuis, gracilis 
slothful, ignavus 
slow, tardus 
small, parvus, exiguus; smaller, minor; 

smallest, minimus 
smell, odor, olfactus 
a smith, faber 
to snatch away, rapere 
snow, nix 
so, tarn; so.. as, tam..quam; so great, 

tantus; so great, .as, tantus. .quantus; 

so many, tot; so many, .as, tot. .quot 
Socrates, Socrates 
the soil, humus 
a soldier, miles; a foot-soldier, pedes; a 

horse-soldier, eques 
solitude, solitudo 
Solon, Solon 
to solve, solvere 
some, aliquis; someone, aliquis,nonnulli, 

quidam, quispiam; at some time, ali- 

quando 
sometimes, interdum 
a son, filius 
a son-in-law, gener 
soon, mox 
to soothe, lenire 



112 



of what sort, qualis? 

the soul, animus 

a sound, sonus 

sour, acerbus; very sour, peracerbus 

a source, fons • 

Spain, Hispania 

a sparrow, passer 

a Spartan, Spartanus 

to speak, loqui; so to speak, quasi 

a speaker, orator 

a speech, oratio 

spelt, ador 

a spit, veru 

the spleen, lien, splen 

spring (of the year), ver 

a spring, fons 

a spur, calcar 

a staff, scipio 

a stag, cervus 

a stage, theatrum 

a star, stella, sidus 

to start, proficisci 

the state, civitas 

a stone, lapis 

a story, historia 

strength, vires, robur 

strong, robustus, firmus 

study, studium 

such, talis 

such as, qualis 

sudden, subitus 

the summer, aestas 

the sun, sol 

supreme, supremus 

sure, certus 

surely, certo 

a surety, vas 

a swallow, hirundo 

swampy, paluster 

a swan, cycnus, cygnus 

sweat, sudor 

sweet, dulcis, suavis 

swift, celer; swifter, ocior; swiftest, ocis- 

simus 
to swim, natare 
a swine, sus 
Sioitzerland, Helvetia 
a sword, gladius, ensis 



1\ 

a table, mensa 

a tail, cauda 

to take, capere: to take part in, interesse; 
to take possession, potiri 

tame, cicur 

Tarquin, Tarquinius 

taste, gustus, sapor 

to taste, gustare 

a tax, vectigal 

a teacher, m agister 

a (female) teacher, magistra 

to tell a lie, mentiii 

a temple, templum 

ten, decern; ten at a time, deni; ten by 
ten, deni; ten times, decies; ten times 
as great, decuplus; ten thousand, de- 
cern milia; ten thousand time*, decies 
milies; the ten thousandth, decies mil- 
lesimals 

tender, tener 

tenfold, decemplex 

the tenth, decimus 

tei-ror, terror 

than, quam 

thankful, gratus 

that (demonstr.), is; that (of yours), 
iste; that (yonder), ille; that (relat), 
qui; those dear to one, sui; Chat 
(conjunct.), ut 

the (w. compar.), eo; the . . the, quo . . eo 

their (own), suus 

Themistocles, Themistocles 

thick, dens us 

thin, tenuis 

a thing, res; many things, multa 

to think, cogitare 

the third, tertius 

thirst, si lis 

thirteen, tredecim; thirteen at a time, 
terni deni; thirteen by thirteen, terni 
deni; thirteen times, terdecies, trede- 
cies 

the thirteenth, tertius decimus 

the thirtieth, tricesimus, trigesimus 

thirty, triginta; thirty at a time, triceni; 
thirty by thirty, triceni; thirty times, 
tricies 

this (of mine), hie 

thou, tu 



— 113 



a thousand, mille; a thousand at a 
time, singula milia; a thousand by 
a thousand, singula milia; two thou- 
sand, duo milia; a thousand times, 
milies 

the thousandth, millesimus 

three, tres; three times, ter; three at a 
time, term, trim; three by three, terni, 
trini; three times as great, triplus; 
three times as large, triplo major: 
three hundred, trecenti; three. hundred 
at a time, treceni; three hundred by 
three hundred, treceni; three hundred 
times, trecenties; the three hundredth, 
trecentesimus; three thousand at a 
time, terna milia; three thousand by 
three thousand, terna milia; three 
thousand times, ter milies; the three 
thousandth, ter millesimus 

threefold, triplex 

thrice, ter 

the throat, guttur 

through, per 

thunder, tonitru 

thy, tuus 

time, tempus; at some time, aliquando; 
for a long time, diu 

timid, timidus 

to, ad 

a toga, toga 

to-morrow, eras 

too, quoque 

a tooth, dens 

torn, lacer 

a torrent, torrens 

touch, tactus 

a tower, tnrris 

a town, oppidum 

a tree, arbor 

a tribe, tribus 

trouble, molestia, difficultas 

troublesome, molestus 

a trout, salar 

Troy, Troja 

true, verus 

truth, Veritas 

a tub, dolium 

to turn, volvere 

a turtle-dove, turtur 

the twelfth, duodecimus 



twelve, duodecim; twelve at a time, duo- 
deni; twelve by twelve, duodeni; twelve 
times, duodecies 

the twentieth, vicesimus, vigesimus 

twenty, vigiuti; twenty at a time, viceni: 
twenty by twenty. , viceni; twenty times, 
vicies; the twenty-first, unus et vicesi- 
mus, vicesimus primus; twenty-one, 
unus et vigenti, viginti unus; twenty- 
one at a time, viceni singuli; twenty- 
one by twenty -one, viceni singuli; 
twenty-one times, semel et vicies; the 
twenty-second, alter et vicesimus, vi- 
cesimus secundus; twenty-two, duo et 
viginti, viginti duo; twenty-two at a 
time, viceni bini; twenty-two by twenty- 
two, viceni bini; twenty-two times, bis 
et vicies: twenty-three, tres et viginti, 
viginti tres; the twenty-third, tertius et 
vicesimus; twenty-three at a time, vi- 
ceni terni; twenty-three by twenty- 
three, viceni terni; twenty-three times, 
ter et vicies 

twice, bis; twice as great, duplus; twice 
as much, alter o tan to 

two, duo; two at a time, bini; two by 
two, bini; two hundred, ducenti; two 
hundred at a time, duceni; two hun- 
dred by two hundred, duceni; two 
hundred times, ducenties; the two 
hundredth, ducentesinius; tioo million 
times, bis milies milies; two thousand, 
duo milia; two thousand at a time, bina 
milia; two thousand by two thousand, 
bina milia; two thousand times, bis mi- 
lies; the two thousandth, bis milesimus 

twofold, duplex 

TJ. 

ugly, foedus 
ulterior, ulterior 
uncertain, incertus 
to be under, subesse 
unforeseen, improvisus 
ungrateful, ingratus 
unknown, ignotus 
unlike, dissimilis 
unmindful, immemor 
unripe, immaturus 
unwilling (ly), invitus 



— 114 



upper, superior 

upright, probus 

usage, usus 

use, usus 

to use, adhibere, uti 

useful, utilis; to be useful, prod esse 

usefulness, utilitas 



a valley, vallis 
valuable, pretiosus 
variety, varietas 
various, varius 
a vessel, vas 
Vesuvius, Vesuvius 
a vice, vitium 
a victory, victoria 
a violet, viola 
virtue, virtus 
a voice, vox 
a voyage, iter 
a vulture, vultur 

W. 

a wader, avis paiustris 

a wall, murus 

to be ivanting, deesse 

war, bellum 

to warn, monere 

to wash (off), abluere 

watchful, vigil 

water, aqua 

a way, iter 

to weaken, minuere 

weapons, arm a 

a week, hebdomas 

welfare, salus 

well, bene; to be well, valere 

the west, occidens 

what, qualis? quis?quotus? 

whatever, quicunque 

where, ubi 

to whet, acuere 

a whet-stone, cos 

which, qui; which (of two)? uter? 



whichever, quisquis, quidquid, quicunque 

while, dum 

white, alb us, candidus 

who, qui, quis; he who, qui; who I pray? 

quisuam? who? uter? 
whoever, quisquis, quicunque 
whole, totus 
why, cur 
wicked, im probus 
wild, ferus 
wind, vent us 
wine, vinum 
a wing, ala 
winter, hiems 
wisdom, sapientia 
wise, a wise man, sapiens 
with, cum, apud 
without, sine 

a wolf, lupus; a she-wolf, lupa 
a woman, mulier 
wonderful, mirus 
a wood, silva 
wool, lana 

wool-bearing, laniger 
a ivork, opus, labor 
the world, mundus 
a worm, vermis 
worse, deterior, pejor 
to worship, venerari 
worst, deterrimus, pessimus 
icorthless, nequam 
a wound, vulnus 
to wound, vulnerare 
wretched, miser 
a wrong, injuria, nefas 



a year, annus; every year, quotannis 

yesterday, heri 

you, tu, vos 

young, juvenis 

a young man, adulescens, adolescens 

your, tuus, vester 

youth, juventus 

a youth, adulescens, adolescens, juvenis 



— 115 — 



Paet Thied. 

reading lessons. 

To Teachers. The following Reading Lessons are intended, in general, 
to offer nothing beyond the ability of any one who has carefully and thoroughly 
learned the preceding Grammar Lessons. A faithful use of the Vocabulary will 
fully explain every passage in the text, and only such forms as, up to this point, 
are unknown to the pupil will be given in the Notes. 

Fabulae et Narratiunculae. 

1. Membra et venter. 
Membra corporis aliquando contra ventrem conjuraverant; 
itaque ei dixerunt 1 : Nos semper labore nostro 2 te nutrlmus, tu 
otio 3 frueris, tu nihil laboras; non amplius tibi serviemus neque 
(et non) cibum praebebiruus. Cum autem ventri cibum non 
praebeant 4 , totum corpus debilitatur. Turn demum membra 
stultitiam suam intellegunt. 

^rom dico, -ere 2 Ablative of means or instrument 3 Abl. governed by 
fruor, -i 4 Subjunctive governed by cum, as, since, to be rendered by the Eng- 
lish Indicative. 

2. Leo, asinus et vidpes. 

Leo et vulpes et asinus aliquando una venabantur. Magna 

fuit praeda eorum, et leo asino imperavit, ut earn divideret 1 . 

Asinus praedam ita divlsit, ut partes aequales essent 2 . Leo, 

cum partes aequales conspicatus esset 3 , ita indignatus est, ut 

asinum laceraret. Turn leo vulpi negotium mandavit, ut 

praedam in duas partes divideret. Haec autem leoni tantam 

partem constituit, ut sibi ipsi vix quidquam superesset. Turn 

leo prudentiam ejus laudans interrogavit, cur sibi majorem 

praedae partem tribuisset 4 . Yulpes calllda dixit: Calamitas 

asini me admonuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant 4 . 

2 ut divideret, to divide; the Subjtinct. with ut, that, in order that, to express 
the purpose 2 the Subjunct. with ut, that, so that, to express the result; ut in 
clauses of purpose and result takes the Subjunct. 3 Subjnnct. governed by cum, 
when 4 Subjunct. in indirect question, to be rendered by the English Indie 



— 116 — 

3. Lupus et pastores. 
Aliquando pastores, postquam ovem ad cenam sibi para- 
verunt, convivium celebrabant. Lupus, cum eos conspieatus 
esset 1 , dixit: Quantus tumultus esset, si ego agnum sumerem. 
At isti impune ovem necaverunt et convivio 2 delectantur. 
Tum unus ex pastoribtis dixit: Quantum discrlmen est inter 
nos et te. Nos nostra ove delectamur, non aliena. 

JSubjunct. governed by cum, when 2 Abl. of means 

4* Agricola et filii. 
Inter filios agricolae cujusdam magna discordia erat. 
Pater, cum filios frustra hortatus esset, ut pacem et concordtam 
inter se conciliarent, hoc modo iis demonstravit, quanta esset 1 
vis concordiae. Virgiilas mihi apportate, inquit 2 ,quinquaginta. 
Tum pater omnes virgiilas in unum fasciculum colligavit et 
filTis praebuit, hortans, ut eum frangerent. Illi autem, quam- 
quam omnem vim adhibebant, frustra laborabant. Cum diu 
frustra laboravissent, pater fasciculum solvit et iis singulas 
virgulas praebiiit, quas nullo negotio 3 (sine labore) frangebant. 
Tum agricola filios ita allocutus est 4 : Ex hac re, filii, exemplum 
vobis sumite. Nam tuti eritis ab injuriis inimicorum, quamdiu 
inter vos amabitis et concordia conjuncti eritis; at, cum dis- 
cordiam inter vos concitaveritis 5 , inimlci vos invadent et nullo 
negotio superabunt. 

^ubjunct. in indirect question; render, is 2 from inquam 3 nullo negotio, with 
no trouble, without any trouble *from alloquor, -i 5 JFuture Perfect from 
concito, -are 

5. Leo senex et vulpes. 
Leo senex morbum simulabat. Tum ad aegrotum regem 
multae bestiae -adventaverunt, quas ille statim devoravit. 
Etiam vu]pes adventavit et regem salutans ante specum versa- 
batur. Leo earn interrogavit, cur non intraret 1 . Vulpes 
callida dixit: Ita melius est; nam multa vestigia in specum, 
nulla ex specu ducunt. 

^ubjunct. in indirect question, to be rendered by the English Indie. 

6. Asinus. 
Asinus, pelle leonis indutus, et homines et bestias terrebat, 
tanquam leo esset. Sed forte aures ejus eminebant. Homines, 



— 117 — 

cum astni aures conspicati essent 1 , non amplms specie 2 ejus 
terrebantur, sed eum in pistrlnum abduxerunt 3 , ex quo evaserat 4 . 
Ibi graves poenas fugae solvit. 

^ubjunct. governed by cum, when 2 Abl. of means 3 from abduco, -er§ 
4 from evado, -ere 

7. Asinus et vulpes. 
Asinus et vulpes, societate 1 conjuncti, una venabantur. 
Cum autem leonem conspicati essent, vulpes non cursu 1 evadere, 
sed calliditate 1 periculum evitare conatur 2 . Ad leonem igltur 
appropinquans vitam sibi paciscitur 3 pro asini proditione. Et 
leo quidem initio hanc condicionem probavit; cum autem con- 
spicatus esset asinum, qui a vulpe in laqueum "ita inductus 
erat 4 7 ut ei non liceret 5 fuga 1 evadere, prius vulpem necavit, 
turn maximo otlo 6 asinum devoravit. 

] Abl. of means historical Present, to be avoided in English 3 from pacis- 
cor, -I 4 from indiico, -ere 5 the Snbjnnct. governed by tit; that he was not 
at liberty = that he could not 6 cvith the greatest leasure, Abl. of manner 

8. Corvus. 
Corvus, qui caseum forte repererat 1 , gaudium alta voce 2 
signiticavit. Quo 3 sono 4 allecti, plures corvi famelici advola- 
verunt oplmamque ei dapem eripuerunt. — Qui 5 fortuna sua 6 
gloriantur, aliorum invidiam et aviditatem excitant. 

^rom reperlo, -ire 2 Abl. of manner 3 the Relative at the beginning of a 
sentence, where in English a Demonstrative is used 4 Abl. of means Hhose who 
6 Abl. governed by gloriantur 

9. Pavo. 
Pavo graviter conquerebatur 1 apud 2 Junonem, dominam 
suam, quod vocis suavitas sibi negata esset 3 , dum luscinia, 
avis tarn parum decora, cantu 4 excellat 3 . Cui 5 Juno respondit: 
injuste quereris 6 ; non enim omnia bona uni sunt tribuenda 7 . 

Jfrom conqueror, -i Ho 3 3tibjunct. to be rendered by the English Indie. 
4 Abl. of means 5 Relative instead of the Demonstrative 6 from queror. -i 'sunt 
tribuenda, should be conferred 

10. Boves. 

In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima concor- 

dta, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. Postquam 

autem discidium inter illos ortum est 1 , singiili a feris petiti 2 et 

laniati sunt — Fabula docet, quantum boni 3 sit in concordia. 

Jfroin orior, -iri 2 from peto, -ere 3 quantum boni sit, lit.: how much 
of a good thing is; render, how much good there is 



— 118 .— 

11. V wipes et uva. 
Yulpes, cum uvam in vite conspexisset 1 , ad illam subsiluit 2 
omnium virium suarum contentione 3 . Tandem defatigata inani 
labore 4 , discedens dixit: at nunc etiam acerbae sunt. — Sic 
multi homines earum rerum, quas assequi 5 non possunt, con- 
temptum simulant. 

1 from conspicio, -ere 2 from subsillo, -ire 3 omnmm virium conten- 
tione, with the exertion of alt his strength = with might and main 4 Abl. of means 
5 from assequor, -1 

12. A riser '%s et grues. 
In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grues. 
Fortulto dominus prati appropinquavit. Quern 1 cum conspe- 
xissent grues, facile avolaverunt; sed anseres, impedlti cor- 
poris gravitate 2 , deprehensi 3 et mactati sunt, — Sic saepe 
pauperes, cum potentioribus in eodem crimme deprehensi, 
soli dant poenam, dum illi salvi evadunt. 

Relative for the Demonstrative 2 Abl. of means 3 from deprehendo, -ere 

13. Agrieola et anguis. 
Agrieola anguem reperit frigSre 1 paene exstinctum. Mise- 
ricordia^motus, eum fovit 2 sinu 3 et subter alas recondidit 4 . Mox 
anguis recreatus vires recepit 5 et agricolae pro beneflcio letale 
vulnus inflixit 6 . — Haec fabula docet, qualem mercedem mali 
pro beneficio reddere soleant 7 . 

1 Ah\. of means 2 from foveo, -ere Hn his bosom 4 from recondo, -Sr<5 
5 from recipio, -ere e from infligOj -ere 7 Subjunct. in indirect question 

1#. Ranae et Jupiter. 
Hanae aliquando regem sibi a Jove petiverunt 1 . Deus, ut 
earum precibus satisfaceret 2 , trabem ingentem in paludem de- 
jecit 3 . Ranae, sonitu 4 perterritae, primum refugerunt 5 ; deinde 
vero, cum trabem in aqua natantem vidissent 6 , magno cum 
contemptu in ea consederunt 7 aliumque sibi regem novis clamori- 
bus expetiverunt 8 . Turn Jupiter, ut earum stultitiam punlret, 
hydrum illis misit 9 , a quo plurimae captae et devoratae sunt. 

! from peto, -ere 2 from satisfacio, -ere" 3 from dejicio, -ere 4 Abl. 
of means sfrom refugio, -ere 6 from video, -ere; the Subjunct. governed 
by cum 7 from consldo, -ere 8 from expeto } -ere 9 from mitto,-ere 



— 119 — 

15. Mus ct rusticus. 
Mus, a rustico in caricarum acervo deprehensus, tarn acri 
morsu 1 ejus digitos vulneravit, ut ille eum extemplo dimitteret, 
exclamans: nihil mehercule! tarn pusillum est, quod de salute 
desperare debeat 2 , dummodo fortiter se defendat 3 . 

^bl. of means 2 tlie Subjunct. in a relative clause 3 the Stibjunct. governed 
by dummodo, if only; both to be rendered by the English Indie. 

16. Luscinia et acanthis. 
Luscinia et acanthis ante fenestram in caveis inclusae 
pendebant. Luscinia incipit cantum suum jucundissimum. 
Pater rogat filiSlum, utra avium tarn suaviter canat 1 , et ostendit 
utramque. Films statim respondet: Sane haec acanthis est, 
quae sonos illos edit suavissimos; pennas enim habet pul- 
cherrimas. — Fabiila eos notat, qui homines e 2 vestibus et 
forma tantum aestimant. 

Jfrom canO, -ere; the Subjunct. in indirect question 2 by 

17. Mures. 
Mures aliquando habuerunt concilium, quomodo a fele cave- 
rent 1 . Tandem omnibus placuit, ut ei tintinnabulum annecte- 
retur 2 , cujus sonitu 3 admoniti fugere possent. Sed cum jam 
inter mures quaereretur 4 , qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, 
nemo repertus 5 est. — Multi in suadendo 6 audaces, in ipso 
periculo autem timidi sunt. 

*could beware 2 from annectS, -Sre 3 Abl. of means 4 cum quaereretur, 
when the question arose; from quaero, -ere 5 from reperio, -ire 6 from 
suadeo, -ere 

18. Capra et lupus. 
Lupus cum capram in alta rupe stantem 1 videret, blandis 
earn verbis allocutus est: cur nonrelinquis nuda ista et sterilia 
loca? cur non hue descendis in herbidos campos, qui tibi 
pabulum laetissimum praebebunt? Cui 2 respondit capra: mihi 
non est in ammo 3 , dulcia 4 tutis 4 praeponere. 

^rom sto, -are 2 the Eelative for the Demonstrative 3 mihi in ammo est, 
I have in mind 4 Neuter Adjectives are freely employed as Substantives, as: dulcia, 
sweet things; tuta, secure things = security 

19. Equus et asinus. 
Agitavit quidam equum et asmum, onustos sarcmis. Asinus 
defatigatus equum rogavit, ut, si se vivum servare cuperet 1 , 



— 120 — 

aliqua parte 2 oneris se levaret. Sed equus asmi preces repu- 
diavit. Paulo post asinus, labore 3 consumptus, in via corru.it 
et animam efflavit. Turn agitator omnes sarcmas, quas asinus 
portaverat, atqae insuper etiam pellem asino detractam 4 in 
equum imposuit 5 . — Sic ille prioris superbiae poenam dare 
coactus est 6 . 

^rom ciiplo, -ere 2 aITqua parte, the Abl. governed by levaret 3 Abl. of 
means 4 pe!lem asino detractam, the skin (he had) stripped from the ass 5 from. 
impono, -ere 6 from cogo, -ere 

20. Cervus ad fontem. 

Cervus, imaginem suam in aqua fontis conspiciens, laudat 
corntium rnagnitudmem, crura autem ut nimis gracilia vitu- 
perat. Ecceleonem! Quern cum cervus vidisset 1 , celerrime 
aufugit 2 et leoni longe praecurrit 2 , ita ut, quamdiu in planitie 
esset, nullum ei ab hoste immineret 3 periciilum. Cum vero ad 
nemus venisset 4 , inter dumeta cornibus adhaerescens 5 a leone 
captus et laniatus est. — Sic ilium conservarunt 6 ea, quae 7 vitupe- 
raverat, perdiderunt 8 autem, quae laudaverat. 

^rora video, -ere; the Subjunct. governed by cum historical Pres. 3 the 
Subjunct. with ut to express the result 4 from venio, -irS 6 inter dumeta corni- 
bus adhaerescens, entangled with his horns in the thicket 6 conservarunt = con- 
servaverunt 7 ea quae, those things which 8 from perdo, -ere 

21. Mulier et ancillae. 

MulTer vidua, quae texendo 1 vitam sustentabat, solebat 
ancillas suas de nocte 2 excitare ad opus, cum primum galli 
cantum audivisset. At illae, diuturno labore fatigatae, gallum 
interficere constituerunt. Quod 3 cum fecissent, deteriore con- 
ditioned quam prius, fuerunt. Nam domina, de hora noctis 
incerta, nunc famulas saepe jam prima nocte 5 excitabat. 

J from texo, -ere; Abl. of means ?even at night 3 the Relative instead of 
the Demonstrative 4 deteriore condicione fuerunt, they were in a worse condition, 
they ivere worse off 5 prima nocte, in the first part of the night; the Adjective 
primus designates a particular part of the night 

22. Aceipiter et columbae. 
Columbae, miluum metuentes, accipitrem rogaverunt, ut 
se defenderet. Ille annu.it. At in columbare receptus, uno 
die 1 majorem stragem edidit 2 , quam miluus longa tempore 1 



— 121 — 

potuisset edere. — Haec fabiila docet ; quantopere vitandum 
sit 3 malorum patrocinium. 

JTime at or within which is put in the Abl. 2 from edo, -<5rS bought to be 
avoided (vitandum sit) 

23. Mulier et gallina. 
Mulier vidua gallmani habebat, singulis diebus 1 ovum unum 
parientem 2 . Cupiebat autem mulier bina aut terna cotidie ova 
ex gallina accipere, ideoque 3 earn largius cibabat et saginabat. 
Turn vero gallina, pinguis facta 4 , ova parere prorsus desiit 5 . — 
Avaritia opes homlnum saepe imminuit potlus, quam auget. 

ir Time at or within which is put in the Abl. 2 from pario, -ere 3 ideoque = 
et ideo 4 pinguis facta, having become fat; facta from flo, -e^I 5 from desino, 
-Sre 

24> Puer mendax. 
Puer, oves pascens, crebro per lusum 1 magnis clamoribus 2 
auxilium rusticorum implorabat, tamquam si lupi gregem suum 
essent adorti 3 . Postquam autem saepe eos, qui opitulatuxi 
advenerant 4 , frustrates est, tandem lupus irruit revera 5 . Turn 
ille multis cum lacrimis viclnos oravit, ut sibi et gregi sub- 
venlrent 6 . At rustici nunc preces ejus et lacrimas neglexerunt 7 , 
ita ut lupus libere in oves grassaretur 8 plurimasque earum 
dilaniaret 8 . 

! per lusum, for fun 2 Abl. of manner 3 from adorxor, -iri; the Subjunct. 
is governed by tamquam, as if 4 opitulaturi advenerant, had come to help him; 
the Future Participle to express the purpose; advenerant from advenio, -Ire 
Hn earnest 6 from subvenio, -ire; the Subjunct. to express the purpose 7 from 
neglego, -ere 8 Subjunct. with ita ut, so that, to express the result 

25. Pica et columba. 
Pica et columba pavonem convenerant 1 , ut eum salutarent 2 . 
Dum revertuntur, maledica pica " quantopere, inquit, mihi 
displicet pavo ! quam insuaves edit sonos ! cur non silet? cur 
non occultat pedes deformes ? " Cui 3 respondit innocens columba: 
vitia ejus non observavi, verum formositatem corporis cau- 
daeque nitorem adeo mirata sum, ut non possim eum satis 
praedicare. — Boni bona, mali mala exqulrunt, illi, ut laudare, 
hi, ut carpere possint. 

^rom convenio, -Ire' Hlie clause of purpose is often to be translated by 
the Infinitive with to Hke Relative instead of the Demonstrative 



— 122 — 

26. Tantalus. 

Tantalus, Jovis films, tarn cams fuit diis, lit Jupiter eum 
ad epiilas deorum adhiberet. At ille. quae apud Jovem audi- 
verat, cum mortalibns communicabat. Ob quod 1 crimen apud 
inferos 2 in aqua collocatus, semper sitire coactus est 3 . Nam 
quotiens haustum aquae sumpturus erat 4 , undae recedebant. Ibi 
poma quoque ei super caput pendebant; s'ed quotiens ea decer- 
pere conabatur, rami vento moti 5 refugiebant. Ut 6 alii perhi- 
bent, saxum ejus capiti impendebat, cujus rulnam timens per- 
petuo metu 7 cruciabatur. 

*quod = hoc 2 apud inferos, in the lower world 3 from cogo, -er6 4 was 
about to take, from sumo, -£re 5 vento moti, stirred by the wind 6 as ?Abl. of 
means 

27. Prometheus. 

Prometheus, Iapeti films, primus homines ex luto finxit 1 . 
Ignem quoque e caelo subripiiit 2 ejusque usum mortales docuit. 
Ob hanc rem Vulcanus eum, Jovis jussu, in monte Caucaso 
clavis ferreis 3 alligavit ad saxum, aquilamque ei apposuit 4 , quae 
cor exederet 5 . Quantum vero interdiu exederat, tantum noctu 
crescebat 6 . Hanc aquilam postea Hercules transfixit sagittis, 
Prometheumque liberavit. 

Jfrom fingo, -er6 2 from subnpio, -Si*e 3 Abl. of means 4 from appono, 
-<$rS 5 from exedo, -e^i?e; the Subjunct. with qui to express the purpose 
6 Transpose the sentence: tantum noctu crescebat, quantum &c; tantum. .quantum, 
so much, .as 7 irom transflgo, -Sre 

28. Daedalus et Icarus. 

Daedalus Atheniensis, artifex peritissimus, ob caedem 
commissam 1 in Cretam aufugit 2 ad regem Minoem. Ibi laby- 
rinthum exstruxit 3 . A Minoe aliquando in custodiam conjectus, 
sibi et Icaro Alio alas cera 4 aptavit et cum eo avolavit. Cum 
vero Icarus altlus evolasset 5 , ceraque solis calore esset lique- 
facta 6 , juvenis in mare decidit 7 , quod ex eo Icarium pelagusest 
appellatum. Daedalus autem salvus in Siciliam pervenit 8 . 

Job caedem commissam, in consequence of a perpetrated murder 2 from au- 
fiigio, -e^»& 3 from exstruo, -ere 4 Abl. of means 6 evolasset contracted for 
evolavisset; the Subjunct. governed by cum 6 from liqueflo, -erl 'from de- 
cido, -SrS 8 from pervenio, -ire 



— 123 — 

29. Mausoleum. 
Mausolus, rex Cariae, Artemisiam habiiit conjugem. Haec, 
post Mausoli mortem, ossa marlti contudit 1 eaque odoribus 
mixta 2 cum aqua potabat. Exstruxit quoque, ut ejus memoriam 
conservaret 3 , sepulcrum illud nobilissimum, a regis nomine 
Mausoleum appellatum, quod inter septem orbis terrarum 
miracula numeratur. 

ifrom contundo, -ere 2 doribus mixta, mixed with balsams 3 ut conserva- 
ret, to preserve, the Subjunct. with tit to express the purpose 

30. Vulpes orator pacts. 

Blando vultu 1 ad stabiilum, in cujus tecto cum multis galli- 
nis sedebatgallus, accessit 2 vulpes. Salvete 3 , inquit, etlaetum, 
quern vobis affero, accipite nuntium. Omnes, quae inter ani- 
malia erant, inimicitiae exstinctae sunt 4 , pax est facta. Ambu- 
lant cum leonibus cervi, cum lupis oves, cum felibus mures; 
descendite igitur, ut etiam nos amicitiam sempiternam junga- 
mus 5 . Bene mones, respondit gallus, deseendemus, et canis, 
quern accurrentem video, testis esto. — Accurrit canis ? subjicit 6 
vulpes. Fieri potest 7 , ut pax canibus nondum nuntiata sit. 
Yalete. 

*Abl. of manner 2 from accedo, -ere 3 good day 4 from exstingiio, -ere 
6 the Subjunct. with tit to express the purpose 6 irom subjiclo, -ere ''may be 

31. Bias. 

Bias unus ex nobilissimis illis septem erat sapientibus. 
Cum hostes patriam ejus Prienen cepissent, omnes ita fuge- 
runt 1 , ut multa de suis rebus 2 secum exportarent 3 . Bias ad- 
monitus, ut idem faceret: Ego vero, inquit 4 , facio, nam omnia 
mea mecum porto. 

^rom fugio, -gre 2 multa de suis rebus, much of their propeity Sub- 
junct. with tit to express the result 4 from inquam 

32. AtJienienses et Lacedaemonii. 

Cum Athenis 1 quidam grand is natu in theatrum venisset 2 , 
in magno consessu locus ei a suis civibus nusquam datus est 3 . 
Cum autem ad legatos Lacedaemoniorum accessisset 4 , qui in 
loco certo consederant 5 , lii consurrexerunt 6 omnes, et senem ad 



— 124 — 

se 7 receperunt. Quibus 8 cum a cuncto consessu plausus esset 
multiplex datus, dixit 9 ex iis quidam: sciunt Athenienses, 
quae recta sint, sed non faciunt. 

l at Athens; the Abl. of names of towns and small islands to express the place 
where 2 from venxo, -ire 3 from do, -are 4 from accedo, -Sr§ 6 from con- 
sido, -ere 6 from consurgo, -ere 7 ad se, among them 8 the Relative instead 
of the Demonstrative 9 from dico, -ere 

33. Cynaegirus. 
Cynaegiri, militis Atheniensis, gloria magnis scriptorum 
laudibus 1 celebrata est. Is cum post proelmm Marathonium 
fugientes hostes ad naves persectitus esset, onustam hostium 
navem dextra maim 2 teniiit, nee prius dimlsit 3 , quam manum 
amitteret 4 . Turn navem comprehendit sinistra 2 . Quae cum et 
ipsa amputata esset, ad postremum morsu 2 navem detinuit. 
Tanta erat illis temporibus 5 virtus Atheniensmm. 

] Abl. of manner 2 Abl. of means 3 from dimitto, -erS 4 from amitto, 
-ere 5 Time when is put in the Abl. 

34- Sophocles. 
Sophocles ad sumraam senectutem tragoedias fecit. Propter 
hoc studium cum rem familiarem neglegere videretur 1 , a filiis 
in judicium voeatus est, ut euin quasi desipientem a re familiari 2 
removerent 3 judices. Turn senex earn fabulam, quam inmani- 
bus habebat et nuperrime scripserat 4 , Oedlpum Coloneum, 
recitavit judicibus quaeslvitque 5 , num illud carmen desipientis 
videretur 6 . Quod cum audivissent juclices, Sophocles omnium 
sententiis 7 liberatus est. 

J from videor, -eri, to seem, appear 2 words denoting separation govern 
the Abl. with or without the preposition a, ab 3 the Subjunct. with ut to denote 
the purpose 4 from scrlbo, -ere 5 from quaero, -ere 6 the Subjunct. in in- 
direct question 7 omnium sententiis, by the unanimous decision 

35. Demosthenes. 
Demosthenes Atheniensis incredibili studio et labore 1 eo 
pervenit 2 , ut omnes aetatis suae oratores superaret 3 eloquentia 4 . 
Nunquam tamen ex tempore 5 dicebat, neque in condone assur- 
gebat, nisi rem, de qua ageretur 6 , accurate antea meditatus 
esset. Hac in re Periclis consuetudinem imitabatur, qui non 



— 125 — 

facile 7 de quaque re 8 dicere nee existimationem suam forttinae 
conmrittere solebat. 

J Abl. of means 2 from pervenio, -ii^e; eo pervenit, he came to such a point 
3 the Subjunct. with tit to express the result 4 in eloquence; Abl. of reference 5 off 
hand 6 res de qua agitur, the point in question "^inconsiderately 8 de quaque re, 
about anything 

36. Socrates et Xanthippe. 
Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum et jurgiosa 
fuit. Hanc ejus indolem cum perspexisset 1 Alcibiades, Socratem 
interrogavit, cur mulierem tarn acerbam non exigeret 2 domo 3 . 
Cui respondit Socrates: quoniam, dum illam domi 3 perpetior, 
insuesco, ut ceterorum quoque foris petulantiam et injuriam 
tolerem 4 facilius. 

1 from perspicio, -erS 2 from exigo, -ei^<5; the Subjunct. in indirect ques- 
tion 3 Bear in mind the forms domo, from home; domi, at home, domum, home 
4 Subjunct. with tit to express the result 

37. Crates Tkeltanus. 
Crates Thebanus bona sua inter cives di visit 1 , nihil sibi 
servans praeter peram et baciilum; haec enim Cynicorum in- 
strumenta erant. A quo consilio cum amici et propinqui eum 
avocare studerent 2 , baciilo suo 3 eos fugavit. Nihil enim ei 
pulchrius videbatur, quam ab omnibus curis 4 vacuum uni phi- 
losophise operam dare. 

Jfrom dlvido, -ere 2 Subjunct. governed by cum 3 Abl. of means 4 Abl. 
with ab, governed by vacuus, free from 

38. Pindarics. 
Pindarus, poeta Thebanus, Apollmi gratissimus habebatur 1 . 
Quam ob rem saepe a sacerdottbus in templum Delphicum ad 
cenam vocabatur, elque pars tribuebatur earum rerum, quas 
sacrificantes cleo donaverant. Cum Alexander, rex Mace- 
doniae, Thebas expugnatas diriperet 2 , unlus Plndari domo et 
famillae pepercit 3 . 

Ho be thought, considered 2 Thebas expugnatas diriperet, took Thebes and de- 
stroyed it 3 from parco, -ere which governs the Dative. 

39. Canis index homicidii. 
Pyrrhus rex in itinere incidit 1 in canem interfecti hommis 
corpSri 2 assidentem 3 , qui jam per triduum, omnis cibi expers 4 , 
corpus custodiverat. Regis jussu, mortuus est humatus, canis 



— 126 — 

vero deductus 5 et diligenter curatus. Paucis post diebus 
militum lustratio habetur 6 coram rege. Aderat canis. Is, cum 7 
antea quietus et tacltus fuisset, simulac mediis in militibus 8 
percussores domini sui conspexit 9 , procurrit furens eosque 
allatravit, ita quidem, ut non modo rex, sed omnes, qui aderant, 
suspicionem de iis eaperent 10 . Ergo comprehensi 11 et exami- 
nati, homicidmm fassi sunt 12 poenasque dederunt 13 . 

^roni incido, -<5rS 2 the Dat. governed by assidentem ^sitting by the body 
&c. 4 omnis cibi expers, not sharing in any food = without any food 5 from de- 
duco, -e^S historical Pres. ?while 8 in the midst of the soldiers 9 from 
conspicio, -ere 10 Subjunct. with ut to denote the result n from compre- 
hendo, -er§ 12 from f£t<5or, -eri 13 from do, -are 

40. SabinorwTVb virgines raptae 1 . 
Romulus, ut civium suorum numerum augeret, asylum pa- 
tefecerat 2 , ad quod multi e civitatibus suis ejecti 3 accurrerant 4 . 
Sed novae urbis civibus deerant conjuges. Rex igitur festum 
Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ad quos cum multi ex finitimis 
populis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Romani, inter 
ipsos ludos 5 , spectantes virgines rapuerunt 6 . Popiili ill! . quorum 
virgines raptae erant, bellum adversus raptores susceperunt 7 . 
Pugnatum est 8 in eo loco, ubi postea forum Romanum fuit. 
In media autem caede raptae processerunt 9 , et hinc patres, 
hinc conjuges et soceros complectebantur et rogabant, ut 
caedis finem facerent. Utrique precibus 10 earum commoti 
sunt 11 . Romulus foedus icit et Sablnos in urbem recepit. 

1 The rape of the Sabine women 2 from patef acio,-er e" 3 who had been driven 
from their states 4 from accurro, -ere ^during the very games 6 from rapio, 
-ere 7 from suscipIo,-ere* 8 pugnatum est, lit.: there was fighting ■= the battle 
was fought 9 from procedo, -Sre 10 Abl. of means "from commov^o, -er<5 

41- Horatius Codes. 
Cum Porsena, rex Etruscorum, Tarquinios expulsos in 
urbem restituere tentaret, et primo irnpetu 1 Janiculum cepisset: 
Horatius Codes pro 2 ponte sublicio stetit 3 et aciem hostium 
solus sustinuit, donee pons a tergo interrumperetur 4 . Una 
cum ponte decidit 5 in Tiberim et armatus ad suos transnavit. 
Ob hoc facinus pulcherrimum ei tantum 6 agri publici datum 
est 7 , quantum 6 uno die circumarare potuisset. 

Hn the first attack 2 in front of 3 from sto, -are 4 the Subjunct. governed 
by donee, until 5 from decido, -ere G somuch..as ?from do, 4r^ 



— 127 — 

42. Fabii. 
Romani cum adversum Veientes bellum gererent 1 , familTa 
Fabiorum sola hoc bellum suscepit 2 . Profecti sunt 3 trecenti 
sex nobilissimi homines, quibus Fabius consul praeerat. Cum 
saepe hostes vicissent 4 , apud Cremeram fluvium castra posue- 
runt 5 . Ibi a Veientibus in insidias pellecti, omnes ceciderunt 6 . 
Unus superfuit ex tanta faruilia, qui propter aetatem puerllem 
duci non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad 
Quintum Fabium Maximum ilium, qui Haunibalem prudenti 
cunctatione 7 debilitavit. 

ifrom gero, -§re; the Subjunct. governed by cum, when 2 from suscTpio, 
-SrS 3 frora proficiscox*, -i 4 from vinco, -SrS 5 from pono, -&r& %om 
cado, -SrS 7 Abl. of means 

43. L. Siccius Dentatus. 
L. (Lucius) Siccius Dentatus ob insignem fortitudinem 
appellatus est Achilles Romanus. Pugnavit is centum et 
viginti proeliis 1 ; cicatricem aversam habuit nullam, ad- 
versas quinque et quadraginta; coronis est ornatus aureis 
duodeviginti, obsidionali una, muraltbus tribus et octoginta; 
hastis idem est donatus duodevicies, phaleris quinquies 
viciesque. Triumphavit cum imperatoribus suis triumphos 
novem. 

Hn 120 lattles 

44- Sulpicius Gallus. 
In bello Romanorum cum Perseo, ultimo Macedonum rege, 
accidit, ut 1 serena nocte subito luna deficeret 2 . Haec res, quae 
militibus iuturam cladem portendere videbatur, ingentem apud 3 
eos terrorem excitavit. Turn vero Sulpicius Gallus, qui erat 
in eo exercitu, in concione militum causam hujus rei tarn 
diserte exposuit 4 , ut postero die omnes intrepido ammo 5 pugnam 
committerent 6 . 

laccidit ut, it happened that 2 from deficio, -Sre *among *from expono, 
-Sre 5 Abl. of wanner 6 3ubjunct. with tit to express the result 

45. Hannibalis calliditas. 
Hannibal, cum elephantos compellere non posset, ut prae- 
altum flumen transnatarent 1 , neque rates haberet, quibus eos 
trajiceret 2 , imper&vit culdam ex militibus, ut ferocissi'mum 



— 128 — 

elephantorum sub aure vulneraret et deinde se in flumen con- 
jiceret 3 illudque tranaret. Quod cum fecisset miles, elephantus, 
ut persequeretur 4 doloris sui auctorem, tranavit amnem, et 
reliqui eum secuti sunt. 

'ut. . transnatarent, to swim over, the Subjunct. with lit to express the pur- 
pose 2 the Subjunct. with quibus to express the purpose 3 from conjiclo, -ere 
4 from persequoi*, -i 

46. MariuSo 
Marms, post sextum consulatum annoque aetatis septua- 
gesimo, fugiens consectantes Sullae equites, in arundinetum 
circa paludem Marlcae se abdidit 1 . Inde extractus 2 et in car- 
cerem Minturnensium perductus 3 est. Dein servus quidam 
publicus, natione 4 Germanus, qui forte ab eo bello Cimbrico 5 
captus erat 7 cum gladio missus 6 est in carcerem, ut Mar mm 
interficeret. Sed, ubi agnovit 7 imperatorem, magno ejulatu 8 
abjecit 9 gladium et e carcere profugit 10 . Turn Minturnenses 
Marium viatico instructum in navem imposuerunt 11 . At ille 
cursum in AfrTcam direxit 12 inopemque vitam in tugurip rui- 
narum CarthaginiensTum toleravit. 

'from abdo, -ere 2 from extraho, -ere 3 from perduco, -61*6 4 by birth 
Hn the Cimbrian war 6 from mitto, -ere 7 from agnosco, -ere 8 Abl. of 
manner 9 from abjiclo, -ere 10 from profugio, -6re "from impono, -ere 
12 from dingo, -£re 

47. Servus nimis obcediens. 
P. (PublTus) Piso, orator Romanus, servis praeceperat 1 , ut 
tantum ad interrogata responderent 2 , nee praeterea quidquam 
dicerent. Is Clodium, qui turn magistratum gerebat, ad con- 
vivium invitaverat. Hora cenae instabat. Aderant eonvivae 
omnes; solus exspectabatur Glodius. Piso servum, qui solebat 
convlvas invitare, aliquoties emlsit 3 visum 4 , num veniret 5 . Cum 
jam vesperasceret, et adventus ejus desperaretur, Piso inter- 
rogavit servum, num forte non invitasset 6 Clodium. Invitavi, 
respondit ille. — Cur ergo non venit? — Quia negotio quodam 
est impedltus. — Turn Piso: cur id non statim dixisti? Cui 
servus respondit: quia de eo non sum abs te interrogatus. 

'from praecipio, -ere 2 ad interrogata respondere, to answer questions— 
to answer when asked for 3 from emitto, -6re 4 3upine from video, -ere 
5 Subjunct. in the indirect question Contracted for invitavisset; Subjunct. in the 
indirect question. 



— 129 — 

Jf8. Facetiae acerbae. 
Romae orator quidani malus in epilogo orationis omiies 
nervos intendit. ut audientium moveret misericordiam, sibique 
ipsi satisfecit. Postquam assedit 1 , rogavit Catiilum, videre- 
turne 2 misericordiam movisse 3 . ' l Ac magnam quidem, " respon- 
dit Catulus; "vix enim in uni versa hac concione quemquain 
reperies, cui non oratio tua iniseranda visa sit 4 . " 

Jfrom assideo, -ere 2 videreturne, whether it seemed to him; ne is the in- 
terrogative particle; the Subjunct. is used in the indirect question 3 from moveo, 
-ere 4 from videor, -era; the Subjunct. to be rendered by the English 
Indie. 

49. Augustus et Maecenas. 
Jus aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos capite damna- 
turus esse videbatur. Aderat turn Maecenas, qui per circum- 
stantmm turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal accedere cohabatur. 
Quod cum aliquamdm frustra tentasset 1 , haec verba in tabella 
scripsit 2 : surge tandem, carnifex ! eamque tabellam ad Augu- 
stum projecit 3 . Quam cum legisset Augustus, statim surrexit 4 , 
neque quemquam morte multavit. 

Contracted for tentavisset 2 irom scribo, -ere 3 from projicio, -ere 
4 £rom surgo, -ere 

50. De Veclii Pollionis crudelitate. 
Cum imperator Augustus apud Vedium Pollionem aliquando 
cenaret, unus e servis vas crystalllnum fregit 1 . lllico rapi 2 
eum jussit 3 , ut objiceretur 4 muraenis, quas in piscina alebat. 
Puer evasit 5 e manibus et ad Augusti pedes confugit 6 nihil aliud 
petiturus 7 quam ut aliter perlret 8 nee esca piscium fieret 9 . 
Augustus novo crudeiitatis genere motus 10 et puerum dimlsit 11 
et vasa crystalllna omnia coram se frangi et in pisclnam injici 12 
jussit. 

Jfrom frango, -ere 2 ,rom rapio, -ere 3 from jubeo, -ere 4 from ob. 
jicio -ere; the Subjunct. with ut to express the purpose 5 from evado, -ere 
6 from confugio, -ere 7 from peto, -ere; the Fut. Part, expresses purpose: 
to beg of Mm 8 from pereo, -ix^e 9 from flo, -ex^i 10 from moveo, -ere 
u from dlmitto, -ere ^from injiclo, -ere 



— 130 — 



VOCABULARY 

TO THE FOREGOING READING LESSONS. 



a, £b, abs (with ablat.), from, away 

from, by 
abdo, -er&, -xclx, -xtriim., to hide 

abduco, -e^S, abduxii, abductrixiix, 

to take 
abjicxo, -Sre, abjecx, abjectriim., to 

throw doivn 
acanthxs, -Idls (f.), a goldfinch 
accedo, -ere, access!, accesstxnx, 

to go near 
accidit, it happens 
accipxo, -<5x'e, accepx, acceptruixx, 

to receive 
accipilex*, -ris (m.), a hawk 
accurate, carefully 
accuratxis, -a, -ixnx, careful 
accurro, -<5x*<$, accurrx, accurstxm., 

to come up; to hasten to 
acer, -ris, -re\ keen, sharp [pulsive 
acerbxis, -a, -ixnx, sour, bitter, re- 
acervxis, -x (m.), a heap 
Achilles, -Is (m.), Achilles, the cele- 
brated Grecian hero 
acies, -ex (f.), a battle, line of battle 
ad (w. accus.) at, to, for 
adeo, so, so much 
adhaeresco, -ere, to stick fast; ad- 

haerescens, entangled 
adhibeo, -ex^e\ -ixx, -xttxixx, to 

apply, use, employ; adhibere ad epu- 

las, to admit to the banquet 
admiror, -ax*x, -atiis sum, to ad- 
mire, wonder at 
admodtim, in a high degree, very 
admoneo, -ere, -Ixx, -xtxxxxx, to 

admonish, remind, warn 
adorxox^, -Iri, adortxis sum, to attack 
adsiim, adesse, adftii, to be present 
advenio, ~xx*e, advenx, adventixxrx, 

to come to, arrive 
advento, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

come to see 



adventHs, -Us (m.), a coming 
adversum, ad versus (w. ace), against 
ad versus, -a, -xim, in front 
advSlo, -ar&, -avi, -attxixx, to fly 

toicards 
aegrotixs, -a, -ixiix, sick 
aequalxs, -6, equal 
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atixixx (ex), 

to estimate, to value (by) 
aetas, -atls (f.), an age 
affero, -x*e\ attu.ll, allatixxix, to 
Africa, -ae (f.), Africa \bring to 

ager, -x*x (m.), afield, land 
agiiatox^, -oris (m.), a driver 
agito, -ax*e\ -avx, -atxxxxx, to 

drive 
aguosco, -<5x*S, agnovx, agnittxnx, 

to recognize 
aguxis, -I (m.), a lamb 
ago, -<5x^e, egx, actilixx, to do; res 

de qua agitur, the point in question 
agricola, -ae (m.), a farmer, hus- 
bandman 
a I a, -ae (f.), a wing; the armpit 
Alcibiades, -Is (m.), Alcibiades, an 

Athenian general 
Alexander, -ri (in.), Alexander 
alienixs, -a, -xxxix, of others 
aliquamdiu, for some time 
aliquando, some time, at some time 
aliquis, allqua, aliquld., aliquod, 
some one, some, any one 
| aliquoties, several times 
j aliter, otherwise 

i aliUs, -a, -xxdL, other, another; nihil 
( aliud quam, nothing else than 
j allatro, -are, -avi, -atxlm., to 
bark at 
allectus, -a, -ixixx, enticed, allured 
alligo, -are, -avx, -atixixx, to 

fasten to 
alloquor, -f , allSctxtxls sum, to adr 
dress 



— 131 



Slo, -Sr6, Srfcil, Slitiim or altiim 

to keep 
altus, -2L, -iim, high; alta vox, a 

loud voice 
ambulo, -arS, -avi, -atrum, to 

tafce a walk, to walk 
SmicTiiSL, -ae (f '.), friendship 
amicus, -I (m.), a friend [lose 

amitto, -ei^S, amisl, amissiim, to 
amnis, - (m.), a river 
&mo r $ii?&,-£i^l,-2itijLxn. ) to love, like 
aniplius, more, further 
amp titS, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

cut off 
ancill&, -ae (f.), a sei*v ant-girl 
anguis, - (m.)i a seiyent 
antma, -ae (f.), breathy soul 
animal, -alls (n.), an animal 
aniums, -1 {m.),the mind, soul, spirit; 

mihi in an irao est, I have in mind 
annecto,-SrS,anne3LU.i,amie3zu.m., 

to fasten 
annuo, -Sr&, -i, (no sup.)jfc> assent, 
anntis^ -i (m.), a year [grant 

anser, -Is (m.), a goose 
ante, (w. ace), before 
antea, before (that), formerly 
ApollS, -Inls (m.), Apollo 
appello,-ai^e, -avi, -atum, to call 
appono,-ere\apposiil,apposltu.:m., 

to put near 
apporto, -ar6, -avi, -atiim, to 

bring 
appropinquo, -arS, -avi, -atiim, 

to approach 
apto, -are, -avi, -atiim, to fit, 

adapt 
apud (w. ace), among, with, at, near, 

in the house of, before, in presence of 
aqu^, -ae (f.), water 
aquTia, -ae (f.), an eagle 
armatxis, -a, -u.m, in arms 
Artemisia. -a e (f.), Artemisia 
artifex, -Icis (m.)> an artist 
arundinelxuxi., -i (n.), a thicket of reeds 
asintis, -i K m -)i an ass 
assequoi*, -i, assecutiis sum, to ob- 
tain 
assideo, -ei'S, assedi, assessiim, to 

sit down, to sit near 



assurgo, -Sre\ assurrexx, assurrec- 
tiim, to get up 

asyltiiri, -i (n.), an asylum 

at, but, on the contrary 

Athecae, -ariim., (pi. f.), Athens 

Atheniensis, - (m.)> an Athenian 

atque, and 

auctor, -oris (m.)> an author 

audax, -aels, daring 

audiers, -tis, a hearer 

audio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itiim, to hear 

aufugio, -£r&, aufugl, (no sup.), to 

flee away 
augeo, -ere, auxl, aucttLm, to in- 

crease 
Augusfus, -I (m.), Augustus t the first 

ennperor of Borne 
aureiis. -«i, -iim. of gold, golden 
amis, - (f.)j the ear 
autem (follows the first word in the sen- 
tence or clause), but, yet 
auxiliiim, -i (n.), assistance 
avaritia, -ae (f.), avarice 
aversiis, -a, -iim, in the back 
avidlias, -atls (f.), eagerness 
avis, - (f.), a bird 
avoco, -arS, -avi, -atiim, to 

divert 
avolo, -ar<5, -avi, -atiim, to fly 

away 

IB. 
ba'ouliim., -5 (».)> a stick, staff 
belrQ.ni, -i (n.), war 
bene, well 

beneficiiini,-! (n.), abenefit good deed 
bes'i*!, -ae (f.), a beast, an animal 
Bias, -aiitis (in.), Bias, one of the 

7 wise men 
bini, -ae, -a, twobytwo, two at a time 
blaiidiis, -a, -iim, flattering 
boirum, -I (n.), a good 
boniis, -a, -um, good 
bos, bo vis (m.), an ox 

C. 

cado, -Sre, eScidl, casum, to fall 
caecles, -is (f.), a murder, slaughter 
caeliim, -I (n.), heaven, the sky, the 

open sky; pi. caeli, -orQ.m (m.). 

Written also: coelum 



— 132 — 



calamitas, -atis (f.), calamity* mis- 
fortune 

calliditas, -atis (f.), cunning 

callidils, -a, -iim, cunning 

calor, -oris (m.), heat, warmth 

campiis, -I (m.), a plain, field 

canis, - (m.), a dog 

cano,-ere, cecmi, cantiim, to sing 

cantiis, -lis (m.), singing, a song; 
wowing of the cock 

caplo, -£re, cepi, captiim, to take, 
catch, take prisoner 

capra, -ae (f.), a (she-)goat 

capiit, -Itis (n.), the head; capitis 
damnare, to condemn to death 

career, -Is (m.), a prison 

Carta, -ae (f.), Carta 

cariica, -ae (f.), a fig 

carmen, -Inls (n.), a poem 

carnifex, -Icis (m.), the hangman 

carpo, -Sre, carpsi, carptiim, to 
slander 

Carthagmiensls, -e, Carthaginian 

cariis, -a, -iim, dear 

caseiis, -I (m.), a cheese 

castriiirL, -I (n.), a fort; castra, 
-oriim (pi. n.), a military camp 

Catuliis, -i (m.), Catulus 

Caucasiis, -1 (m.), the Caucasus 

caudsi, -ae (f.), a tail 

causal, -ae (f.), a cause 

cavea, -ae (f.)> a cage 

caveo, -ere, cavi, cautiim, to be- 
wail of 

celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
celebrate 

celer, -Is, -e, swift, fast 

celer iter, fast, quickly, readily 

cena, -ae (f.), dinner, meal. Written 
also: coena 

ceno, -are, -avi, -atiim, to dine 

centum, a hundred 

cera, -ae (f.), wax 

certiis, -a, -iim, certain 

cerviis, -I (m.), a stag, deer 

ceteri, -ae, -a, the 7*est, other 

cibo, -are, -avi, -atum, to feed 

cibiis, -I (m.),food, meat 

cicatrix:, -Icis (f.), a scar 

CimbncHsj -&, -"uxxi, Cimbrian 



circa (w. ace), around, near 
circumaro, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

plow around 
circumstans, -tls, a bystander 
civls, - (m.), a citizen, fellow-citizen 
clvitas, -a tls (f.), a state 
clades, -Is (f.), defeat 
clamor, -oris (m.), screaming 
claviis, -I (m.), a spike 
ClodiUs, -I (m.), Clodius 
coeliim, -i (n.), heaven, the sky, the 

open sky. Written also: caelum 
coena, -ae (f.), dinner 
coeno, see ceno 
cogo, -ere, coegi, coactiim, to 

compel 
colligo,-are, -avi, -atiim, tobind 
colloco, -are, -avi, -atiim, to puf, 

place 
ColoneHs, -a, -iim, of Colonos 
columba, -ae (f.), a dove 
columbare, -Is (n.), a pigeon house 
committo, -ere, commisi, commis- 

siim, to commit, trust; pugnam 

committere, to fight a battle; caedem 

committere, to perpetrate a murder 
commoveo, -ere, commovi, commo- 

tiim, to move, rouse 
communico, -are, -avi, -atiim, 

to communicate, impart 
compello, -SrS, compuli, compul- 

sUlhi, to force 
complector, -I, complexiis sum, to 

embrace 
coniprehendo, -ere, comprehend!, 

coniprehensiim, to seize 
conctlio, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

bring about 
eoncniiiixi, -I (n.), a council; conci- 
lium habere, to hold a council 
concio, -onis (f.), an assembly 
concito, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

stir up 
concordia, -ae (f.), concord, harmony 
condicio, -onis (f.), a condition; de- 

teriore condicione esse, to be worse off 
confugio, -ere, confugi, (no sup.), 

to flee for refuge 
.conjiclo, -ere, conjeci, conjectiim, 

to throw, thrust 



133 — 



conjunctiis, -a, -iim, united 
conjuro, -are, -avij -atum, to 

get up a conspiracy 
conjux, conjiigis (m. & f.), husband or 

wife 
conor, -ari, -atiis siim, to try 
conqueroi*, -i, eonquestiis stini, to 

complain 
consectans, -tls, persecuting 
conservo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

preserve 
consessiis, -lis (m.), an assembly 
consldo, -ere, consedl, consessiim, 

to sit down 
consilium., -I (ri.), advice, counsel, de- 
sign, plan 
conspicio, -ere, conspezxii, conspec- 

tiim, to see 
conspicor, -ari, -atiis sum, to see 
constittio, -ere, constitiii, constitii- 

tum, to set, determine 
consuetudo, -Inls (f.), habit 
consul, -Is (m.), a consul 
consulatiis, -lis (m.), consulship 
consumo, -ere, consurapsi, con- 

sumptiini, to consume, wear away 
consumptiis, -a, -iim, killed 
consurgo, -ere, consurrexi, consur- 

recrtiim, to get up 
contemptiis, -lis (m.), contempt 
contentiS, -onls (f.), exertion 
contra, (w. ace), against 
contundo, -ere, contudi,contusiim, 

to pound, grind 
convenlo, -ire, conveni, conven- 

tiim, to visit 
conviva, -ae (m.), a guest 
convMiim, -I (n.), a feast 
cor, cordis (n.), the heart 
coram, (w. abl.), in presence of 
cornii, -us (n.), a horn 
corona, -ae (f.), a crown 
corpiis, -oris (n.), a body 
corruo, -ere, oorrui, (no sup.), to fall 

to the ground 
corviis, -I (m.), a raven 
cotidie j daily, every day. Written also: 
cottidie \ quotidie 

Crates, -Is (m.), Crates 
crebro, frequently 



Cremera, -ae (f.), the river Cremera 
cresco, -ere, crevl, cretiim, to 
Creta, -ae (f.), Crete [grow 

crimen, -Inls (n.), a crime 
crucio, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

torture 
crudelitas, -atls (f.), cruelty 
criis, -iirls (n.), the leg 
crystalllniis, -a, -iim, of crystal 
cum (w. abl.) j with 
cum (conjunct.), when, as, since; cum 

primum, the first moment that 
cunctatio, -onls (f.), delay 
cunctiis, -a, -iim, whole 
cuplo, -ere, cupi-vi, cupitiim, to 

wish, desire 
cur, why 

cura, -ae (f.), care {for 

euro, -are, -avi, -atiim, to care 
cursiis, -lis (m.), a course, running 
custodia, -ae (f.), a prison 
custodio, -Ire, -Iirl, xtiim, to 

guard, watch 
Cynaegiriis, -I (m.), Cynaegirus 
Cyniciis, -I (m.), a Cynic philosopher 

T>. 

Daedaliis, -I (m.), Daedalus 
damno, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

condemn, find guilty; capitis damnare, 

to condemn to death 
(daps), dapis (f.), a feast 
de (w. abl.) ? of, concerning, about 
debeo, -ere, -iii, -Itum, to owe; 

ought 
debilito, -are, -a^I, -atiim, to 

weaken 
decerpo,-ere,decerpsi,decerp1:iiin, 

to pluck 
decido, -ere, decidl, (no sup.), to fall 

down 
decoriis, -a, -iim, graceful 
deduco, -ere, deduzx:!, deductiim, 

to bring away 
deesse, see desum 

defatlgatiis, -a, -iim., exhausted 
defendo, -ere, defend!, defensiim, 

to defend 
deflcio, -ere, defeci, defectiim., to 

be wanting, to eclipse 



— 134 — 



deformis, -©, ugly 

dein, deinde, then 

dejlclo, -ere, dejeci, dejectxim, to 

throw down 
delecto, -are, -avi, -atHm, to 

delight 
Delphiciis, -a, -um, Delphic, of 

Delphi 
clemonstro, -are, -avi, -atiim., 

to prove, to sliow 
Demosthenes, -Is (m.), Demosthenes 
deinum, at last 
DentaiUs, -I (m.), Dentatus 
deprehendo, -erS, deprShendi, depre- 

hensiiirL, to overtake, catch 
deprehensiis, -a, -Um, caught 
descendo, -ere, descendl, descen- 

siiiii, to comedown 
desino, -ere, deslvi et desii, dSsT- 

ttim, to cease 
desTpiens, -tls (m. & f.), a lunatic 
despero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

despair 
destim, deful, deesse, to be wanting 
detei tor, -Us, worse 
detineo, -ere, -Hi, detentilm, to 

detain 
detraho, -erS, detraxi, detractHm, 

to strip off 
delis, -I (m.), a god; Deas, God 
devoro, -are, -avi, -sitixm., to de- 
vour 
dexter, dext(e)ra, dext(e)riiiii, 

right 
dlco, -Sre, dixl, dictHm, to say, 

tell; jus dicere, to hold court 
dies, -el (m. & f. in the sing., m. in 

the plur.), a day 
digitlis, -I (m.), a finger 
dllanio, -are, -avi, -atHm, to 

mangle 
diligenter, attentively 
dlraitto, -ere, dimisi, dimissiiiii, 

to let go 
dingo, -ere, dlrezxii, dlrectHm, to 

direct 
dlripio, -ere, dinplii, dlreptHm, 

to plunder 
dlruo, -ere\ dlrui, dlrutUm, to de- 
stroy, demolish 



discedo, -er&, discessi, discessvLm, 

to leave, depart 
discidiiim., -i (n.), discord 
discord ta, -ae (f.), discord, variance 
discrlmSn, -Inis (n.), a difference 
diserte, clearly 

disertHs, -a, -liixi, eloquent 
displiceo, -ere, -HI, -ItHrri, to 

displease 
diu, for a long time, long 
diuturnils, -a, -Urn, long-continued 
divido, -erg, dlvlsi, divlstirri, to 

divide 
do, dare, ded.1, datHm, to give; 

poenain dare, to suffer punishment 
docSo, -erS, docHI, doctHm, to 

teach 
dolor, -oris (m.),pain 
domina, -ae (f.), a mistress 
dominixs, -I (m.), a master, alord 
domtis, -us (f.), a house; doml, at 

home; domum, home; domo, from 

home 
donee, until 

dono, -arS, -avi, -atilm, to pre- 
sent with, to give (as a present) 
duco, -erS, duxl, dnctHm, to lead 
dulcis, -£, sweet (to the taste); dulcia, 

sweet things 
dum, while 

dumetum, -I (n.), a thicket 
dumniodo, if only , provided 
duo, -ae, -o, two 
duSdevioies, eighteen times 
duodeviginti, eighteen 

ebUr, -oris (n.), ivory 

ecce, behold 

edo, -ere, edidi, edltHiti, to put 

forth; stragem edere, to cause a but- 
chery 

efflo, -ar§,-avi r atum, to breathe 
out; an imam efflare, to breathe one's 
last 

ego, I 

ejicio, -ere, ejeci, ejecttimL, to drive 
from 

ejulatiis, -Us (m.), wailing 

elephantHs, -I (m.), an elephant 



— 135 — 



elSquentiS-, -ae (f.),ihe art of speak- 
ing, eloquence 

emm&o, -erS,-ui, (no sup.), to stand 
out 

emitto, -e>e, emisx, emissxixxx, to 
send forth 

SnTm, for 

eo, to this degree, to such a point 

epilo<ixls, -x (m.), a conclusion 

epuliixTX, -I (n.), a banquet; epiilae, 
-axniixx (pi. f.), a meal 

equSs, -xtxs (m), arider 

£quxls, -I (m.), a horse 

ergo, then, therefore 

eripxo, -&i?e, erlpxix, ereptixixx, to 
take away 

escSL, -ae (f.),food 

&t, and; et. .et, both, .and 

etiam, also, too 

Etruscils, -I (m.)j an Etruscan 

evado, -6re, evasx, evasum, to es- 
cape; salvum evadere, to come off un- 
hurt 

ev!to,-are\ -avx, -atiim, to avoid 

evolo, -ar^, -avi, -atitxix, to fly, 
fly up 

ex (w. M.),from, of, out of 

examino, ~ar6, -avi, -atixixx, to 
examine 

excello,-ere, (no perf. & sup.), to dis- 
tinguish one's self 

excito, -are, -avi, -atrixiix, to 
arouse 

exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
exclaim 

exedo, -e^re, exedx, exesilixx, to 
eat up 

exemplxlixx, -i (n.), an example 

exercifrixs, -Us (m.), an army 

exigo, -ere, exegx, exactixnx, to 
drive out 

existtmatio, -onis (f.), reputation 

expello, -ere, expuli, expulsxlxii, 
to drive away, to expel 

expers, -txs, without share; cibi ex- 
pers, without food 

ex peto ,-er e , expetx vx , expetx turn , 
to demand 

expono,-ere, exposiH,exposltu.m, 
to explain 



exporto, ~ax*S, -avi, -atitxix, to 

carry out 
expugno, -are\ -avx, -atilxxx, to 

capture 
exqulio, -e^re, exquisxvx, exquisx- 

tHixx, to search out 
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atHixx, to 

expect, wait, look for 
exstinguo, -ere, exstinxx, exstinc- 

triiixx, to extinguish; exstinctits, 

-&, -itixx, killed 
exstruo, -ere, exstruxx, exstruc- 

tiini, to build, construct 
extemplo, immediately 
extraho,-ere\ extraxx, extractriiixx, 

to draw out 

3E\ 

FabiUs, -x (m.), Fabius 
fabula, -ae (f.), a play, a fable 
facetiae, -arixxix (pi. f.), a jest 
facile, easily, readily; inconsiderately; 

non facile, hardly 
fScilius, more easily 
facinxis, -oris (n.), a deed 
facxo, -ere, feci, factitux, to do, 

make 
famelicxls, -a, -iiiix, hungry 
familia, -ae (f.), a family 
familiarxs, -e, belonging to the family; 

res familiaris, property 
famu^a, -ae (f.), a servant 
fasciculUs, -i (m.), a packet 
fateox% -eri, fassiis sum, to confess 
fatlgatits, -a, -ixxxx, wearied 
fells, - (f.), a cat 
fenestra, -ae (f.), a window 
ferSi, -ae (f.), a ivild beast (bestia un- 
derstood) 
ferox, -ocxs. fierce 
ferreiis, -a, -ixxix, of iron, iron (ach.) 
festils, -a, Urn., festal; dies festus, a 

holiday 
filiolixs, -i (m.), a little son 
filixxs, -i (m.), a son 
fingo, -ere, finxi, fictixxxx, to form 
finis, - (m.), an end 
fmitimxis, -a, -Hixx, neighboring 
fxo, fxex^i, facttis sum, to become; fieri 
potest, may be 



136 



flumeii, -inis (n.), a river 

fluvruLs, -I (m.), a river 

foediis, -eris (n.), a treaty 

fons, -'tis (m.), a spring 

forls, from home, out of doors, abroad 

forma, -ae (f.), beauty 

formositas, -atis (f.), beauty 

forte, perchance 

fortiter, bravely 

fortitude, -Ixils (f.), bravery, courage 

fortuities, -a, -iim, accidental; for- 

tulto, by chance 
fortuna, -ae (f.), fortune, luck 
foriim, -i (n.), the forum, market 
fov^o, -ere, fovi, fo iu.ru, to warm 
frango,-e>e,fregi, fractum, to break 
frlgus, -oris (n.), cold 
fruor, -i, frtiitus & fructus sum, 

to enjoy 
frustra, in vain 

frustror, -ari, -atiis sum, to deceive 
fuga, -ae (f.), a flight 
fugio, -ere, fugl, fugitu.ni, to flee 

or fly, escape 
fugo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to put 

to flight 
furens, -Iris, furious 
futuriis, -a, -urn., coming, future 

O. 

galllna, -ae (f.), a hen 
galliis, -I (m.), a cock 
Galliis, -i (m.), G alius 
gaudium., -i (n.),joy 
genus, -eris (n.), a kind, a family 
Germaniis, -i (m.), a German 
gero,-ere, gessi, gestum, to carry 
on; magistratum gerere, to fill an office 
gladliis, -X (m.), a sword 
gloria, -ae (f.), glory, honor 
glorior, -ari, -atiis sum, to boast 
gracilis, -e, slender 
grandis, -e, great; grandis natu, old 
grassor, -ari, -atiis sum, to rage 
gratiis, -a, -urn, pleasing 
gravis, -e, heavy, severe 
gra vitas, -atis (f.), weight 
graviter, seriously 
grex, gregis (m.), a flock 
grus, grins (f.), a crane 



H. 

habeo, -ere, -iii, -itiim, to have; 
tohold; haberl,fo be thought, considered 
Hannibal, -is (m.), Hannibal, a Car- 
thaginian general 
hasta, -ae (f.), a spear 
haustiis, -lis (m.), a drink 
herbidiis, -a, -\xrrL,full of grass 
Hercules, -is (m.), Hercules 
hie, haec, hoc, this (of mine) 
Mac. liinc, on this side, .on the other 

side 
homicIdiiiiTi, -i (n.), murder 
homo, -ihis (m.), rnan, a man; ho- 
mines, people 
hora, -ae (f.), an hour, clock 
Horatiiis Codes, -i, -itis (m.), Ho- 
ratiiis Codes 
hortor, -ari, -atiis sum, to exhort 
liostis, - (m.), an enemy 
iiuc, hither, to this place [bury 

Iiumo, -are, -avi, -atiirri, to 
hydriis, -i (m.), a icatersnake 



lapettis, i (m.), Iapetus 

Tbi, there, here 

Icarliis, -a. -urn, Icarian 

Icariis, -i (m.), Icarus 

Ico, -ere, lei, ictiiiii, to strike 

Idem, eadem, idem, the same 

ideo, for the reason, on that account 

Tgitur, therefore, then 

ignis, - (m.),fire 

ille, ilia, illiid., that (yonder) 

illico, on the spot 

imago, -inis (f.), an image 

lmitor, -ari, -atiis sum, to imitate 

immineo, -ere, (no perf. & sap.), to 

threaten 
immmiio, -ere, imminui, imminu- 

tuin, to lessen 
impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itu.nl, to 

hinder, prevent 
impedltiis, -a, -iim, embarrassed, 

prevented 
impendeo, -ere, (no perf. & sup. ), to 

overhang 
imperator, -oris (m.), a general, an 

emperor 



137 



impero, -are, -avi, -atilxii, to 

command 
impetus, -us (m.), assault 
iniploro, -are, -avi, -atixixi, to 

implore 
impono, -ex^e, imposixx, imposx- 

tum, to put on 
impiine, with impunity 
in (w. ace), into; (w. abl.)? in, on, 
inauis, -e, useless {upon 

incertils, -a, -um, uncertain 
incido, -ere, incidx, (no sup.), to fall 

in with 
incipxo, -ere, incepx, inceptruxri., 

to begin 
inclusixs, -a, -iixix, shut up 
incredibilxs, -e, incredible 
incursio, -onis (f:), an attack 
inde, thence 

index, -xcxs (m.), an informer 
indignor, -arx, -a/tits stim, to get 

angry 
indoles, -Is (f.), disposition 
indiico, -ere, induzxix, inductru-iix, 

to introduce; in laqueum induceie, to 

ensnare 
induo, -ere, indux, indiitiixxx, to 

put on 
indutils, -a, -um, clothed 
inferx,-orixrix, (pi. m.), thelower world 
inferits, -a, -Hnx, below, lower 
infligo, -ere, inflixx, innictixxTx, to 
ingens, -txs, immense [inflict 

lnimicitla, -ae (f.), enmity 
lnTmicixs, -I (m.), enemy 
lnTtiixiix, -i (n.), a beginning; initio, 

in the beginning 
injicio, -ere, injecx, injectxxxxx, to 

throw into 
injuria, -ae (f.), an injury, wrong 
injuste, unfairly, without cause 
innocens, -txs, innocent, guiltless 
mops, -opis, needy 
inquam, I say, quoth 1 
insidiae, -ax^ixxix (pi. f.), an ambush 
insignis, -e, marked 
instittio, -ere, institui, institutrixiix. 

to establish 
insto, -are, -xtx, -atixxxx, to draw 

near 



instructtis, -a, -Hxix, provided 
instrumentHm, -I (n.), an implement 
instiavis, -S, unpleasant 
insuesco, -ere, insuevx, insue^txiix, 

to accustom one's self 
insuper, moreover 
intellego, -ere, intellexix, intellec- 

titxix, to comprehend 
intendo, -ere, intend!, intentHm, 

to strain 
inter (w. ace), among, between; inter 

se, among themselves, with each other, 

one another; inter ipsos ludos, during 

the very games 
interdm, in day-time 
interficio, -ere, interfeox, interfec- 

triixix, to kill 
interpres, -etxs (m.), an interpreter 
interrogatxtixx, -x (n.), a question 
interrogo, -are, -avi, -atiiiix, to 

ask 
interrumpo, -ere, interrupx, interrup- 

tilirL, to break down 
intrepidiis, -a, -Urn, undaunted 
intro, -are, -avi, -atuni, to enter 
invado, -ere, invasx, invasixxxx, to 

attack 
invidia, -ae (f.), envy 
invito, -are, -avi, -atum, to in- 
vite 
ipse, -a, -itnx, himself, herself, itself; 

very 
irruo, -ere, -I, (no sup.), to break in 
is, ea, id, that; he, she, it; ea, -orum 

(pi. n.), those things 
iste, -a, -ltd., that (of yours); isti, 

those fellows 
ita, so, thus, in this way, in such a 

manner 
itaque, therefore 
iter, ltlxxex-xs (n.), a march 

«X. 

jam, already 

Janieulixxxx, -x (n.), the Janiculum r 
one of the hills of Rome 

jubSo, -ere, jussx, jussilrtx, to 
order 

jucundils, -a, -itm, pleasant, delight- 
ful 



138 — 



judex:, -Icis (m.), a judge 

judicixlxxx, -x (p.), a court 

jungo, -^re, junxx, junctxtixx, to 

join 
Juno, -oxxxs (f.), Juno 
Juppiter, JSvis (m.), Jupiter, Jove 
jurgiosxxs, -a -ixrrx, quarrelsome 
jxis, jxxrxs (n.)i right, law 
jussii, by order 
juvenxs, - (m.), a youth 



L. = Lucius 

labor, -oris (m.), labor, work 

laboro, -are, -avi, -atxxxrx, to 
woy*k; nihil laborare, to do no ivork 

labyrinthxis, -x (m.), the labyrinth 

Laced aemon lUs, -x (m.), a Lacedae- 
monian 

lacero, -are, -avx, -atxliix, to tea?' 
in pieces 

lacnma, -ae (f.), a tear 

laetixs, -a, -xxm, joyful; pabulum 
laetissimum, very rich food 

lanio, -are, -avx, -atum, to lace- 
rate 

laquexis, -I (m.), ci snare 

largius, more bountifully 

laudo, -are, -avx, -atxxm, to 
praise 

laus, -dxs (f.), praise 

legatxxs, -i (in.), an ambassador 

lego, -ere, legx, lectixxxx, to read 

leo, -oxxxs (m.), a lion 

letalxs, -e, deadly [lieve 

levo, -arS, -avi, -atrixxxx, to re- 

llbere, freely 

llberx, -orxxxxx (pi. m.), children 

llbero, -are, -avi, -atxxm, to (set) 
free, to acquit 

licet, it is allowed, I am free; licere\ 
lictxit or licxtxxxix est 

liquefacxo, -ere, liquefecx, liquefac- 
xrixiix, to make liquid; pass, lique- 
fio, -fieri, liquefactixs sum, 

locxxs, -i (m.), a place [to melt 

longe, by far, far 

longxls, -a, -xxixx, long 

ludxls, -i (ra.), a play, game 

lun&, -ae (f.), the moon 



lupils, -i (m.), a wolf 
luscmia, -ae (f.), a nightingale 
lustrati6, -oxxxs (f.), a review 
lusxls, -xxs (in.), a sport; per lusuni, 
lutxxixx, -i (n.), clay [for fun 

Macedo, -oixxs (m.), a Macedonian 
Macedonia, -ae (f.), Macedonia 
macto, -are, -avx, -atxxnx, to kill 
Maecenas, -afcxs (m.), Maecenas 
magistratxxs, -xxs (m.), an office 
magnitudS, -xxxxs (f.), size, greatness 
magnxxs, -&>, -xxixx, great, large y big 
major, -xxs, greater 
maledlexxs, -a, -xliix, abusive 
mallis, -a, -xxixx, bad 
mando, -are, -avx, -atxxixx, to 

order; negotium mandare, to set a task 
manxls, -xxs (f.), the hand 
Marathoiiixxs, -a, -xxixx, of Marathon 
mare, -is (n.),the sea, ocean 
Marled, -ae (f.), tlie same as Mintur- 

nae, -arxxixi 
marltxxs, -x (m.), a husband 
M&rixxs, -i (m.), Marius, seven times 

consul 
Mausoleum, -i (n.), the tomb erected 

for Mausolus 
Mausolxxs, -i (m.), Mausolus, king v>f 

Caria 
maxim xxs, -a, -um, greatest 
medllor, -arx, -atxxs sum, to con- 
sider, think on 
medTxis, -a, -xxm, middle, in the 

middle; mediis in militibus, in the 

mid.st of the soldiers 
mehercule, by Hercules 
melior, -xxs, better 
membrxlm, -x (n ), a member 
memoria, -ae (f.), memory 
mendax:, -aexs, lying 
merces, -edis (f.), a reward 
inetxxs, -xxs (m.),fear 
metuo, -ere, metui, (no sup.), to fear 
metis, -a,-xxxxx, my; omnia mea, my 

all 
miles, -itxs (m.), a soldier 
miluHs, -i (m.), a kite 
minor 3 -xxs, less, smaller 



139 



Minos, -ols {m.),Mi)iOS, king inCrele 
Minturnae, -ariim ( pi. f. ) , Minturnae 
Minturnenses, -IHm (pi. m.), the in- 
habitants of Minturnae 
mlraculiiixi, -i (n.), a wonder 
mlror, -ari, -at lis sum, to admire 
misceo, -ere, misciil, mixtilm & 

mistilm, to mix, mingle 
miserandiis, -a, -iim, pitiful 
misericord la, -ae (f.),pity, mercy 
mitto, -er§, misi, missiim, to send 
modiis, -I (m.), measure; hoc modo, 

in this manner 
mon«5o, -ere, -til, -ItHm, to ad- 
vise, warn 
mons, -tis (m.), a mountain, mount 
morbiis, -I (m.), a disease, sickxiess 
morosils, -3,, -uin, morose, cross 
mors, -tis (f.), death 
morsiis, -lis (m.), a bite; morsu, with 

the teeth 
mortalls, -S, mortal 
morttiils, -a, -iim, dead 
motHs, -a, -iim, moved [move 

m5v^o, -ere, movi, motiim, to 
mox, soon, hereafter 
mulier, -Is (f.), a woman; mulier vi- 
dua, a widow 
multiplex:, -Ids, numerous 
multo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

punish 
multiis, -a, -iim. much, many 
muraena, -ae (f.), a lamprey 
muralis, -e, mural 
mus, murls (m.), a mouse 



nam, for 

narratiuncula. -ae (f.), a narrative, 

story 
natio, -onis (f.), a nation, people 
nato, -are, -avi, -atiim, to swim 
navis, - (f.), a ship 
ne (interrog. part), whether, if 
nee, and not, nor; nee. .nee, neither. . 

nor 
neco, -are, -avi, -atiim, to kill, 

slay 
neglego,-ere, neglexi, neglectiim, 

to neglect. Written also; negljgere 



nego, -ar§, -avi, -atiim., to deny 

negotiiim, -i (n.), matter, business; 
nullo negotio, xoithout any trouble 

nemo, -Inis (m.), nobody, no one 

nemiis, -oris (n.), a grove 

XeptunHs, -i (m.), Neptune 

neque, and not; neque. .neque, neither. . 
nor 

nervlis, -i (m.), a nerve 

nihil, nothing 

nimis. too much, too 

nisi, if not, unless 

nitor, -oris (m.), brightness 

nobTlis, -e, celebrated, noble 
! noctii, at night 
I nomSn, -Inis (n.), a name 

non, not, no; non modo . . sed etiam, not 
only, .but also 

nondtim, not yet 

nos, we 
j noster, -ra, -rum, our 
1 noto, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- 
signate, mark 
I novem, nine 

nbviis, -a, -Hm, new 

nox, noctis (f.), the night; de nocte, 
even at night 

nudHs, -a, -Hm, naked; bare 

nullUs, -a, -iim, no, none, not any 

num (interrog. part.), whether, if 

numero, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
count, reckon 

numerlis, -i (m.), a number 

numquam, never 

nunc, now 

nuntio, -are, -a^i, -atum, to 
pi'oclaim 

nuntiiis, -i (m.), tidings 

nuperrlme, not long ago 

nusquam, nowhere [ish,feed 

nutrlo, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itiim, to nour- 

O. 

ob (w- acc), on account of; quam ob 

rem, on that account 
objicio, -Sre, objeci, objectixm, 

to throw to 
oboedlens, -tls, obedient 
oboedlo, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itiim, to 

obey. Written also: obedlre 



— 140 — 



observo, -are, -avi, -atixixx, to 

observe 
obsidionalis, -e, obsidional 
occulto, -are, -avi, -atHm, to 

hide, conceal 
octoginta, eighty 

odor, -oris (m.), smell; odores, bal- 
sams 
Oedipixs,-ocLxs (m.), Oedipus, aking 

of Thebes 
omnls, -e, all, every, entire 
onxis, -eris (n.), a burden, load 
onusxrixs, -a, -xiixx, laden 
opera, -ae (f.), a task; operam dare, 

to busy one's self 
oplmixs, -a, -xxixx, rich [help 

opittilor, -ai^i, -atixs sum, to bring 
(ops), opis (f.), help; opes, -um (pi. 

f.), means, wealth 
opils, -erls (n.), a work 
oratio, -onis (f.), a speech 
orator, -5ris (m.), & speaker, orator, 

an envoy 
orbis, - (m.), a circle; orbis terravum, 

the world 
orlox*, -xx^x, ortxis sum, to i*ise, 

arise 
orno, -are, -a vx, -atxiixx, to honor 
oro, -are, -avi ? -atum, to pray, 

ask, beseech 
os, ossis (n.), a bone 
ostendo, -ere, ostendx, ostensixiTi, 

to show 
otixxnx, -I (n.), leisure 
ovis, - (f.), a sheep 
ovum, -x (n.), an egg 

I*. 

P. = Publius 

pabulliirL, -i (n.), food, feed 

paciscor, -I, pacrtxxs sum, to stipulate 

paene, nearly, almost 

palxxs, -xxcLIs (f.), a marsh, swamp 

parco, -ere, pepercx, parsUxn., to 
spare 

pario, -ere, peperx, parfcxiixx, to 
bring forth; ova parere, to lay eggs 

paro, -are, -avl, -atxlxxx, to pre- 
pare for 

pars, -tls (f.)> apart 



par urn, little 

pasco, -ere, pavl, pastHm, to 

graze; oves pascere, to take care of 

sheep 
pascor, -i, pastils sum, to graze 
pastor, -oris (m.), a shepherd 
patefacio, -ere, patefeci, patefac- 

turn, to open 
pater, -rxs (m.), a father 
patria, -ae (f.), one's country, one^s 

native land, or town 
patrociniiim, -I (n.), patronage 
panel, -ae, -si,few, a few 
paulum, little; paulo post, a Utile later 
pauper, -Is, poor; pauperes, -xiixx., 

(pi. m.), the poor 
pavo, -onis (m.), a pea-cock 
pax:, -els (f.), peace 
pelagxis, -I (n.), the sea 
pelliclo, -Sre, pellexx, pellectixm., 

to allure, entice 
pellls, - (f.), a skin 
pendeo, -ere, pependx, pensxiixx, 

to hang 
penna, -ae (f.), a feather 
per (w. ace), through, for, during 
pera, -ae (f.), a bag 
percussor, -oris (m.), a slayer 
perdo, -ere, perdxcLx, perdxtHixx, 

to lose, betray to ruin 
perduco,-ere,perduxx, perductUnx, 

to lead 
pereo, -xx^e, -II, -ItximL, to perish 
perhibeo, -ere, -ill, -ItHnx, to 

hold forth, say 
Pericles, -Is (m.), Pericles 
periculxxnx, -x (n.), danger 
perltils, -a, -Hnx, skilful 
perpetlor, -I, perpesstxs sum, to 

suffer patiently 
perpetuus, -a, -xxrix, perpetual, con- 
stant 
perrumpo, -ere, perrupx, perrup- 

tixixx, to break through 
Persa, -ae (m.), a Persian 
persequor, -I, persecutxxs sum, to 

pursue 
Persexxs, -ex (m.), Perseus 
perspicio, -ere, perspex:!, perspeo 

trum., to observe, note 



141 



perterr£o, -ere, -ixx, -xtxxxxx, to 

frighten 
pervenio, -xx*e, pervenx, perven- 

truiix. to come to, arrive in, reach 
pes, pedis (ra.), afoot 
peio, -6re, petxvx, petxtxxxix, to 

ask, to attack 
petulantia, -ae (f.), sauciness 
phalerae. -arum (pi. f.), medals 
philosophla, -ae (f.) , philosophy 
pica, -ae (f.), a magpie 
Pindarils, -i (m.), Pindar 
pinguxs, -&,fat 
piscina, -ae (f.), a fish pond 
piscxs, - (m.)- a fish 
PIso, -onis (m.). Piso 
pistrlniixix, -I (n.), a mill 
placeo,-ere,--iii, -xtxxxxx, fo please; 

placet, it is determined 
planities, -ex £L), a plain 
plausxis, -lis (m.), applause 
plurirnxxs, -a, -xxixx, most, very much 

or many 
plus, plans, more; plures, -a or -la 

(pi.), many, several. { opposed to Onus) 
poena, -ae (f.), punishment, penalty; 

poenam dare, or solvere, to suffer pun- 
ishment 
poeta, -ae (m.), a poet 
poma, -ox'xxux (pi. d.), fruit 
pono, -ere, posixi, posxtxixxx, to 

place; castra ponere, to pitch a camp 
pons, -txs (m.), a bridge 
poptilxxs. -x (m.), a people, nation 
Porsena, -ae (m.), Porsena 
portendo, -ere, portendx, porten- 

txxxxx, to forebode 
porto, -are, -avi, -atxiixx, to 

carry 
possum, posse, potui, to be able 
post (w. ace), after 
postea. afterwards 
posterxxs, -a, -ixnx, following 
postquam, after, after that 
ad postremum, finally 
postremxls, -a, -xxixx. last, latest 
potens, -txs, powerful, mighty 
potms, rather 
poto, -are, potarvl, potixxxx, to 

drink 



praealtxis, -a, -um, very deep 
praebeo, -er§, -ixx, -It xxixx, to af- 
ford, give 
praecTpxo, -e^re, praecepx, praecep- 

txxxix, to order 
praecurro, -ere, praecHcurrx, j rae- 

cursum. to run before 
praeda, -ae (f.),prey 
praedico, -are, -a^x, -atiixix, to 

praise 
praepono, -ex^S, praeposixx, praepo- 

sxtiliix, to prefer 
praesum, praeesse, praefui, to be over, 

at the head of 
praeter (w. ace), except 
praeterea, besides 
pratxxxxx, -I (n.), a meadow 
preces, -xxxxx (pi. f.), prayers 
Priene, -es (f.), the town of Priene 
primo, prlmum, at first, first 
primixs, -a, -iiixx, the first, foremost; 

prima nocte, at the beginning of night 
prior, -Us, former, first; prius, first, 

before 
priusquam, before that, before 
pro (w. eibl.), for, in front of 
probo, -are, -avx, -atxixix, to ap- 
prove 
procedo, -ere, process!, piocessixixx, 

to advance 
procurro, -ere, procurrx, procur- 

sixxxx, to run before 
proditio. -oxxxs (f.), treason 
proeliixxxx, -I (n.), a battle [out 

proficiscor, -x, profectixs sum, to set 
profugxo, -ere, profugi, (no sup.), 

to flee 
projTcxo, -ere, projecx, projectHm, 

to throw forth 
Promethexxs, -ex (m.). Prometheus 
propago, -are, -a>'i, -atixxxx, to 

propagate, continue 
propinqnlxs, -x (m.), a relative 
propter (w. ace), on account of 
prorsus, wholly 

prudens, -txs, prudent, sensible 
prudentla, -ae (f.), prudence 
publice, on the part of the state 
publicils, -a, -ixxxx, public 
ptier, -I (m.), a boy 



— 142 



puerllis, -e", boyish; aetas puerilis, 
boyhood 

pugna, -ae (f.), a fight, battle 

pugtio, -ar§, -avi, -atHm, to 
fight; pugnatiir, a battle is fought 

pulcher, ~ra, -rCim, beautiful, fine ; 
pulcherriraum facinus, amost glorious 
deed 

punio, -ire, -ivi, -itHm, to pun- 
ish 

pusiiliis, -a, -Hiax, petty 

PyrrhUs, -I (m.), Pyrrhus, Icing of 
Epirus 

Q. 

quadraginta , forty 

quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesi- 

tHiii, to ask; quaeritur, the ques- 
tion is 
quails, -e, such as, ichat, of what sort 
quarn, than; how 
quam diu, as long as 
quamquam, although 
quantopere, how greatly 
quantiis, -a, -ti.111, how great ? tan- 

tus. .quantiis, so great, .as 
quasi, as 

-que (to be appended to the word), and 
queror, -I, questHs sum, to com- 
plain 
qui, quae, quod, who, which, that; qui, 

he who; quae (pi. n.), those things 

which 
quia, because 
quidam, quaedam, quiddam, quoddam, 

some one, a certain one 
quidem, indeed 
quletiis, -a, -Hm, quiet 
qu i nq u agi n t a , fifty 
quinque, five 
quinquies, five limes 
QuintHs, -I (m.), Quinius, a Boman 

praenomen 
quis, quid, who, what ? 
quisquam, any one; quidquam, any 

thing (w. negat.) 
quisque, quaeque, quidqu£, quodque, any 

one, every one 
qu5d, because, that 
quomodo, how 



quondam, once 

quoniSm, since, in as much as 

quoque, also, too 

quoildle, see cotidie 

quotiens, how often ? as often as 

H. 

ramils, -i (m.), a branch 

ran a, -ae (f.), a frog 

rapio, -Sre, rapHi, raptilm., to 

drag away 
raptor, -oris (m.), a robber 
raptils, -a, -Hm. captured; virgines 

raptae, the rape of the maidens 
ratis, - (f. ), a raft 
recedo, -6re, recessi, recessHm, 

to move backwards 
recipio, -6re, recepi, receptHni, to 

receive, to admit; vires recipere, to re- 
gain strength 
reclto, -are, -avi, -atxiiii, to re- 
cite 
recondo, -Sr©, recondidi, recondt- 

trum, to store away, conceal 
re'c: oor, -ari, -atiis sum, to recover 
rectiis, -a, -Hm, right 
reddo, -erS, reddicli, reddi"fcu.ni, 

to return; to make 
refugio, -erg, refugi, (no sup.), to 

flee back, to escape 
relinquo, -Sre, reliqui, relictiiixi, to 

quit, leave (behind) 
reliqui, -ae, -a, the rest 
removed, -erS, removi, remotum, 

to remove 
reperio, -ire, reperi, repertu.ni, to 

find 
repudio, -ar&, -avi, -atHiii, to 

reject 
res, rei (£), a thing, affair; res fami- 

liaris, property; re vera, in earnest 
responded, -erg, respondl, respon- 

sum, to answer, reply 
restituo, -ere, restitui, restTtutTUixi, 

to restore 
revertor, -I, reverti (active), to turn 

back, return 
rex, regis (m.), a king 
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to ask 
Romanxis, -a, -Hm, Boman 



— 143 — 



RomulUs, -I (m.), Romulus 
rinaa, -ae (f.), a downfall, a ruin 
rupes, -Is (f), a rock [man 

rustic lis, -I (m.), a peasant, a country - 



Sabiuxis, -a, -xxm, Sabine 
sacerdos, -otxs (m.), a priest 
saciificaiiS, -txs, one who sacrifices 
saepe, of ten , frequently 
sagino, -are, -avi, -atxim, to 

make fat 
sagitt&, -ae (f.), an arrow 
salxxs.-xltl's (f.), safety, preservation, 

welfare 
saliito, -are, -avx, -atxxxxx, to sa- 
lute; to pay one's respects 
salve, salveie, hail 
salvils, -a, -xxixx, safe, unhurt 
sane, indeed, certainly, of course 
sapiens, -tis, wise; (m.), a wise man 
sarcinae, -arxlxxx (pi. f.), baggage 
satis, enough, sufficiently 
satisfScio, -ere, -feci, -factHm, 

to give satisfaction 
saxtxixx, -x (n.), a rock 
scio, -ire, -xvi, -xtxLnx, to know 
scrlbo, -Sre, scrips!, scriptixm, to 

write 
scriptor, -oris (m.), a, writer 
sed, but 

sedeo, -ere, sedx, sessilm, to sit 
semper, always 

sempTterniis. -a. -xixxx, eternal 
senectixs, -xrtls (f.), old age; summS 

senectus, extreme old age 
senex:,-Is (m.), an old man; (adj.), old 
sententia, -ae (f.), a sentence; omni- 
um sententiae, the unanimous decision 
septem, seven 

septuagesimiis, -a, -xixxx, the seven- 
tieth 
sepulrruixx, -i (n.) a tomb, grave 
sequox\ -x, secutrus sum, tofoUow 
serenxis, -a, -Um, serene, fair, clear 
servlo, -Ire. -xvx, -xtixm, to serve 
servo, -are, -arvx, -atiim, to pre- 
serve; vivum servare, to save some 
one's life; sibi servare, to keep for 
one's self 



servixs, -I (m.), a slave, servant 

sex, six 

sextHs, -a, -Um, the sixth 

si, if, when 

sic, in this manner, so, thus 

SicciUs, -I (m.), Siccius, a Roman 

jpraenomen 
Sicilia, -ae (f.), Sicily 
significo, -ax*S, -avi, -atxxxxx, to 

indicate 
sIl«5o, -er«5, -HI, (no sup.), to be silent 
simulac, simulatque, as soon as 
simulo, -ax*&, -avi, -atxlxxx, to 

feign 
singull, -ae, -a, one by one, one at a 
sinister, -x*a, -xuim, left [time 

sintls, -us (m.), the bosom 
sitio, -Ix^e, -xvx, -Itxxm, to be 

thirsty 
socer, -x (m.), a father-in-law 
societas, -atls (f.), companionship 
Socrates, -Is (m.) Socrates 
sol, -Is (m.), the sun 
soleo,-ex'^, solitxis sum, to be wont, 

accustomed, to use 
soiHs. -a, -Hxxx, alone 
solvo, -ere, solvx, solutixm, to 

untie; poenas solvere, to suffer punish- 
ment 
sonTixis, -xxs (m.), a sound, noise 
sonixs, -x (m.), a sound 
Sophocles, -Is (rn.), Sophocles 
species, -ex (f.), appearance 
specto, -ax*e\ -avi, -atxxxxx, to 

view, to look to, at 
specxxs, -lis (m.), a cave, den 
stabulxiixx, -x (n.), a stable 
statim, at once 
sterills, -e, barren 
stOj stax»e, stetx, statxinx, to stand 
stomachG.s, -x (in.), the stomach 
strages, -Is (f.), butchery 
studio, -ere, -ill, (no sup.), to de- 

vote one's self; to endeavor 
stud mux, -x (n.), zeal, a pursuit 
stultitia, -ae (f.). folly 
suadeo, -ere, suasx, suasixxxx, to 

advise 
suavis, -e, sweet (to the senses in 

genera] ) , pleasant 



— 144 



suavitas, -atls (f.), sweetness 

sua v iter, sweetly 

sub (w. abl.), under, below 

subito, on a sudden 

subjicxo,-ere, subjecx, subjectHm, 

to rejoin 
subliciiis, -a, -Tim, of timber, on 

piles 
subripxo, -ere, subriptix, subrep- 

t:\iiiij to steal 
subsilxo, -xi*e, subsilUx, (no sup.), 

to spring upward 
subter (w. ace), under, beneath 
subvenxo, -ire, subveux, subven- 

t7u.ixx, to assist 
sui, of himself, herself, itself, one's self; 

of themselves 
Sulla, -ae (m.), Sulla, the celebrated 

Roman dictator 
Sulpicms, -x (m.), Sulpicius 
sum, esse, f ui, to be 
summUs, -a, -itixx, highest 
sumo, -6re, sumpsi, sumptriiiix, 

to take 
super (w. ace), over, above, on 
superbia, -ae (f.), pride 
supero, -are, -avx, -atum, to 

surpass; to conquer, overcome 
supersum, superesse, superfui, to survive, 

to be left 
surgo, -ere, surrexx, surrectHm, 

to rise, get up 
suscipxo,-ere, suscepx, susceptHm, 

to undertake 
suspicio, -oixxs (f.), a suspicion; 

suspicionem capere, to suspect 
sustento, -are, -avx, -atHm, to 

support 
sustineo, -er<5, sustialii, susten- 

tH-iri, to hold out 
stilts, -a, -Hm, his, her, its, their 

(own) 

T. 

tabella, -ae (f.), a tablet 
tacitHs, -a, -"U-ixi, silent 
tarn, so 

tamen, however, still 
tamquam, as if 
tandem, at last, at length 



Tantaliis, -x (m.), Tantalus 

tantum (to be placed after the word 

to which it belongs), only, but 
tantxis, -a, -Hm, so great; tantum, 

so much 
TarquiniUs, -x (n.), Tarquin, king of 

the Romans; Tarquinii, the Tarqui- 

nians 
tectHm, -x (n.), a roof 
templilirL, -i (n.), a temple 
tempHs, -oris(n.), time; ex tempore, 

off hand 
teneo, -ere, tenilx, tenttxm, to 

hold 
tento, -are, -avi, -atHm, to try, 

attempt 
tergilnx, -x (n.), the back; a, tergo, be- 
hind 
ternx, -ae, -a, three by three, three at 

a time 
terreo, -ere, -iix, -xtHm, to 

frighten 
terror, -oris (m.), terror 
testamentilm, -x (n.), a testament, will 
testis, - (m. & f.), a witness 
texo, -ere, texHi, textHm, to 

weave 
theatriim, -x (n.), a theater 
Thebantls, -x (m.), a Theban 
Tiberxs, - (m.), the Tiber 
timeo, -ere, -Hx, (no sup.), to fear 
timidHs, -a, -um, timid, cowardly 
tintinnabuliiirL, -i (n.), a bell 
tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, to en- 
dure, bear 
totHs, -a, -Hirx, whole, all 
trabs, trabxs (f.), a beam 
tragoedia, -ae (f.), a tragedy 
trajicxo, -ere, trajeci, trajecttxirx, 

to put over 
trano, see transno 
tranato, see transnato 
transflgo, -ere, transfix!, transfi- 

x.Hiri, to transfix 
transnato, -are, -avi, \ 

-atum ( t0 swim 

transno, -are, -avi, f across 

-attim J 

trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred 
tres, trxa, three 



145 



tribunal, -alls (n.), a tribunal 
tribtio, -Sr£, tribui, tributum, to 

give, confer on 
trldiium, -i (n.), the space of 3 days 
triumpho, -arS, -avi, -atum, to 

triumph 
triumphus, -i (m.), a triumph 
tu, thou, you 

tugurium,-! (n.)» a cottage 
ttim, then 

tumultus, -us (m.), a tumult 
turba, -ae (f.), a crowd 
tutus, -a, -um, safe, secure; tuta, 

secure things, security 

XJ. 

ultimus, -a, -urn, last 

una, together 

unda, -ae (f.), a wave 

universes , -a, -urn, all (together), 

whole 
iinus, -a, -urn, one 
urbs, -Is (f.), a city 
usus, -us (m.), use, usage, practice 
-ut, as; ut (w. sub.), in order that, so 

that 
ut£r, -ra, -rum, ivhich (of two) ? 

who ? 
uterque, uti^aque, utrumque, both 
uva, -ae (f.), the grape 
uxor, -oris (f.), cl wife, consort 

V. 

vacuus, -a, -um, void, free 

vale, farewell 

vas, -Is (n.), pi. vasa, -ortLm (n.), 

a vessel 
Vedius PolliOj-I -onis ( m.) , Yedius 

Pollio 
Veientes, -ium (pi. m.), the people 

of Veii 
vSnio, -IrS, veni, ventiim, to come 
venor,*-ari, -atiis sum, to hunt 
venter, -ris (m.), the belly 
ventus, -I (m.), wind 



verbum, -I (n.), cl word 
vero, but, however, indeed 
versor, -ari, versatus sUm, to keep, 

to have to do with 
vertim, but 

vesperascit, evening comes on 
vestigium, -i (n.), a footstep 
vestis, - (f), a dress 
via, -ae (f.), cl way, road 
viaticum, -I (n.), provisions for a 

journey 
vlcies, twenty times 
vlclnus, -i (m.), cl neighbor 
vidSo, -ere, vldl, visum, to see 
vidSor, -eri, vlsus sum, to appear 
vigintl, twenty 

vinco, -£r<5, vlci, victum, to con- 
quer, defeat 
7irgo, -Inls (f.), cl maid, virgin 
virgula, -ae (f.), a small rod 
virtus, -utis (f.), virtue, valor 
vis (without gen.) (f.), force, power; 

vires, -Ium (pi. f.), strength 
vita, -ae(f.), life 
vltis, - (f.), a vine 
vitium, -I (n.), a defect 
vlto, -are, -avi, -atu.ua, to shun, 

avoid 
vitupero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

find fault with, to blame 
vlvus, -a, -um, living, alive 
vix, hardly 
voeo, -ar6, -avi, -atum, to call; 

in judicium vocare, to summon into 

court 
vox:, voois (f.), cl voice 
Vulcanus, -i (ra.), Vulcan 
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

wound 
vulniis, -Sris (n.), a wound 
vulpes, -Is (f.), a fox 
vultus, -us (m.), the face, countenance 



Xanthippe, 



X. 

-es (f.), Xanthippe 



SHORT LATIN COURSE. 



NTJMBEE TWO. 



PREFACE. 



The present volume, Number Two of AHN'S Short Latin 

Course, continues, carefully and on the same plan, the instruction 
in Latin commenced in Number One. It is divided into three 
Parts. 

Part First exhibits, besides a review of the Declensions, the 
chief grammatical forms of Conjugation, and an explanation of the 
most important rules of Syntax. The Exercises in Part Second 
are intended to furnish to the* teacher the opportunity of drilling 
his pupils in the practical application of the rules while they are 
learning them. As the pupil is expected to learn by heart the 
Vocabulary belonging to each lesson, words once given are not 
repeated; it should, however, be borne in mind that any word whose 
meaning cannot be recalled, may be looked up in the Vocabularies 
to the Exercises, which contain every word and idiom in the text. 

The subject of Conjugation having been finished (Part First, 93), 
all the forms and constructions needed as a preparation for easy 
reading are given, and may be followed directly by the earlier 
Reading Lessons in Part Third, while, at the same time, the more 
important constructions of Syntax (Part First, 94 and after) may 
be taken up and exemplified by exercises upon each construction. 
It must, however, be left to the teacher's judgment and experience 
whether to follow this practice, or to postpone the Eeading Lessons 
until the pupil has finished the systematic study of Syntax. In the 
separate Vocabulary to Part Third it has been the aim to give to 
each word the particular meanings which occur in the Eeading 
Lessons without, however, omitting its leading signification. 

In preparing the Short Latin Course it has been the author's 
intention to save unnecessary ivork. But it must not be thought 
that this book does away with the necessity of honest work 
altogether. There is no more pernicious idea than that of learning 
a language "in six easy lessons". All the work, however, that is 
done, should have the one aim in view, viz.: to conduct the pupil 
by the shortest and easiest road to a sound and practical knowledge 
of Latin. 



TABLE of CONTENTS. 



PART I. — ESSENTIALS OF LATIN GRAMMAR. 

„ „ ETYMOLOGY (continued). „ 

Sections v ' Page 

1. 2. Peculiarities of Declension 1 

3—10. Greek Nouns 1 

11 — 22. Irregular Nouns - 2 

23 — 25. Verbs of the First Conjugation 4 

26 — 35. Verbs of the Second Conjugation 5 

36 — 62. Verbs of the Third Conjugation - 7 

36. 37. Verbs in uo, vo 7 

38. 39. Verbs in 15 7 

40—44. Verbs in do, to 8 

45. 46. Verbs in l>o, po 9 

47—54. Verbs in co, go (giio), quo, ho, cto 10 

55—59. Verbs in 15, nio, no, ro 12 

60—62. Verbs in so, xo, sco 13 

63. 64. Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation 13 

65 — 68. Deponent Verbs 14 

69—71. Semi-Deponents and Neutral Passives 15 

72 — 77. Derivative Verbs 16 

78 — 87. Irregular Verbs 17 

88—91. Defective Verbs 22 

92. 93. Impersonal Verbs 23 

CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX. 

94 — 102. Agreement of the Predicate 24 

103. 104. Agreement of Attribute and Apposition 25 

105. 106. Agreement of Pronouns 25 

107—111. Questions 26 

112—164. Uses of Cases 26 

112 — 115. Cases with Prepositions 26 

116—118. Cases with Adjectives 28 

119—145. Cases with Verbs 29 

146 — 157. Relations of Time, Space and Place 34 

158—164. Ablative in Special Constructions 36 

165—170. Use of Tenses 37 



_ yi _ 
Sections Page 

171—174. Sequence of Tenses 37 

175—177. Imperative 38 

178. 179. Infinitive 39 

180. Gerund ..../. 39 

181. Gerundive . . . . 40 

182 — 186. Accusative with the Infinitive 40 

187—189. Participles 41 

190 — 192. Periphrastic Conjugation 42 

193. 194. Ablative Absolute 42 

195 — 198. The Supine and its Equivalents 43 

199 — 208. Subjunctive after Conjunctions 44 

209. Subjunctive after Relatives 46 

210. Subjunctive in Indirect Questions 47 

PART II. — PARALLEL EXERCISES. 

ETYMOLOGY (continued). 

1. 2. Declension (Gr. 1—22) 48 

3. 4. First Conjugation (Gr. 23—25) 48 

5. 6. Second Conjugation (Gr. 26 — 35) 49 

7. 8. Third Conjugation. Verbs in lio, vo (Gr. 36. 37) 49 

9. 10. Verbs in 10 (Gr. 38. 39) 50 

11—14. Verbs in do, to (Gr. 40—44) 50 

15. 16. Verbs in bo, po (Gr. 45. 46) 51 

17 — 20. Verbs in co, go (gtio), quo, ho, cto (Gr. 47—54) 52 

21 — 24. Verbs in lo, mo, no, ro (Gr. 55 — 59) 52 

25. 26. Verbs in so, xo, sco (Gr. 60—62) 53 

27. 28. Fourth Conjugation (Gr. 63. 64) 54 

29. 30. Deponent Verbs (Gr. 65—68) 54 

31. 32. Semi-Deponents and Derivatives (Gr. 69 — 77) 55 

33. 34. Irregular Verbs: edere, velle, nolle, malle, Ire — (Gr. 

78—82) 55 

35. 36. quIrS, nequlre, ferre, fieri (Gr. 83—87) 56 

37. 38. Defective and Impersonal Verbs (Gr.88— 93) 56 

CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX. 

39 — 42. Agreement of the Predicate. Questions (Gr. 94 — 111). 57 

43—46. Cases with Prepositions (Gr. 112—115) ' 58 

47. 48. Cases with Adjectives (Gr. 116—118) 59 

49. 50. Cases with Verbs. — Genitive (Gr. 119—128) 59 

51. 52. Dative (Gr. 129—132) 60 

53. 54. Accusative (Gr. 133—139) 60 

55. 56. Ablative (Gr. 140— 145) 60 



— VII — 

Section* Page 

57—60. Relations of Time, Space, and Place (Gr. 146—157) ... 61 

61 62 Ablative in Special Constructions (Gr. 158—164) 62 

63. 64 Use of Tenses (Gr. 165—170) 63 

65 66. Sequence of Tenses (Gr. 171—174) 63 

67 68. Imperative, Infinitive (Gr. 175—179) 64 

69 70. Gerund, Gerundive (Gr. 180—181) 64 

71. 72. Accusative with the Infinitive (Gr. 182 — 186) 65 

73 74. Participles (Gr. 187—189) 65 

75. 76. Periphrastic Conjugation (Gr. 190—192) 66 

77. 78. Ablative Absolute (Gr. 193. 194) 66 

79. 80. Supines (Gr. 195—198) 67 

81—84. Subjunctive after Conjunctions (Gr. 199—208) 68 

85. 86. Subjunctive after Relatives (Gr. 209) \. . . 69 

87. 88. Subjunctive in Indirect Questions (Gr. 210. 211) 69 

Vocabulary: 1. Latin and English 71 

2. English and Latin 93 

PART III. — READING LESSONS. 

1. Daedalus 110 

2. Judicium Paridis 110 

3. Bellum Trojanum Ill 

4. Ulixes in specu Polyphami 112 

5. Dareus et Scythae 114 

6. Romulus 114 

7. SabinOrum virgines rapiuntur 114 

8. Tarquinius Superbus 115 

9. Horatius Codes 115 

10. Mucius Scaevola 115 

11. Pyrrhus . 116 

12. Arminius 117 

13. De morte Epaminondae 118 

14. De Romanorum disciplma militari 118 

15. De Apelle '. 119 

16. Senes et mors 119 

17. Judicium Philippi 119 

18. De Socrate 119 

19. DeMida 120 

20. AgricSlae Lyciae in ranas mutantur 120 

21. De Tantalo 121 

22. De Theseo 121 

23. De Iphigenia 121 

24. De Codro ,,,,,,,,, 122 



— VIII — 

Sections Page 

25. De libris Sibylllnis 122 

26. De Cyro et Tomyri 123 

27. De Marcio Coriolano 123 

28. De Herostrato 124 

29. De Stilpone philosopko 124 

30. De amicitia Orestis et Pyladis 124 

31. De Solone et Croeso 124 

32. De Amasi et Polycrate 126 

33. Quomodo Croesus, Lydiae rex, a Cyro, Persarum rege, 

victus sit 128 

34. De Cyro puero 132 

35. Quomodo Cyrus Persarum regnum condiderit 136 

Vocabulary: Latin and English 139 



Pakt Fiest. 

ESSENTIALS of LATIN GRAMMAR. 
ETYMOLOGY (continued). 

Peculiarities of Declension. 

1. In composition with pater, mater, films, filia, the word 
famllia has in the Genitive Singular familias, e. g., paterfamilias, the 
father of a fami 7 y. 

2. In the Genitive Plural of the Second Declension um is often 
found for orum, especially in certain words denoting money, 
measure, or weight, as: nummum for nummorum, of moneys, 
also in a few other words, as: deuui for deorum, llberum for 
liberorum. 

Greek Nouns. 

3. Review the Greek forms of the First Declension I. 18. 

4. A few Greek Nouns of the Second Declension end in os, ' 
on, instead of us, iim. Greek Nouns ending in eus (like Orpheus) 
are thus declined: 

Nom. Or' pheus Dat. Or' phe o Voc. Or' pheu 

Gen. Or' phe l Ace. Or' phe um Abl. Or' phe o 

5. The greater number of Greek Nouns belong to the Third De- 
clension. In the Dative and Ablative Plural, Neuters in ma have com- 
monly is instead of lbiis; thus: poematis, instead of pSematibus. 

6. Several feminine nouns in o have Genitive Sing, us, all the 
other cases ending m o, as: echo, Gen. echus, Dat. echo, an echo. 

7. Many Greek nouns have Genitive os, as: lampas, lampados, a 
lamp — and Accusative a, as: Salamis, Ace. Salamina, Salamis; aer, 
Ace. aera, air; aether, Ace. aethera, ether. 

8. The Vocative Sing, drops s in nouns in eus, is, ys, and as 
(antis), as: Daphnis, Voc. Daphni, Daphnis; Orpheus, Voc. Orpheu, 
Orpheus; Atlas, Voc. Atla, Atlas. 

9. The ending on occurs in the Genitive Plur. of a few titles of 
books, as: Metamorphoses, -eon. 



— 2 — 

10. Many Greek nouns have Plural Norn, es, as: lampas, lam- 
pades — and Accus. as, as: Arabs, Arabas, Arabian; Cyclops, Cy- 
clopias, a Cyclops. 

Irregular Nouns. 

11. Some Nouns are Defective in Case, i. e., they want one or 
more cases. The Nominative is wanting in (frux) fruit, frugls; 
(ops) help, opis; (dicio) dominion, dicionis. 

12. The Genitive and Dative of vis, force, are wanting. 

13. nihil, nothing, and parum, too little, can only be used as 
Nominatives or Accusatives. 

14. The Genitive and Ablative of nemo, nobody, are wanting, 
and supplied by nullius, nullo. 

15. The Genitive Plural is wanting in cor, the heart; os, the 
mouth; pax, peace, and some others. 

16. Several nouns occur only in the Ablative Singular; such 
are: 

sponte, freely, of one's natu, by birth ' noctii, at night 

own accord jussu, by order interdiu, in day-time 

17. Defective in Number are those which want either the 
Singular or the Plural. 

18. Nouns used in the Singular only: Singularia tantum. 

Some nouns, from the nature of the things meant, have no Plural, 
as: justitia, justice; fames, hunger; aurfim, gold. There are also 
other nouns which lack the Plural, without any obvious reason, as: 
specimen, a sample; vesper, evening; merldigs, mid-day; ver, 
spring. 

19. Nouns used in the Plural only: Pluralia tantum. The 

commonest of them are: 

First Declension. 
deliciae, -arum, delight insidiae, -arum, an ambush 

divitiae, -arum, riches nundinae, -arum, market-day 

exsequiae, -arum, a funeral nuptiae, -arum, a wedding 
feriae, -arum, holidays tenebrae, -arum, darkness 

indutiae, -arum, a truce Athenae, -arum, Athens 

Second Declension, 
arma, -orurn, arms, weapons liberi, -orum, children 
fasti, -orum, an almanac poster!, -orum, descendants 

gemini, -orum, twins Delphi, -orum, Delphi 



— 3 — 

Third Declension, 
Alpes, -ium, the Alps fauces, -liim, the throat 

niajores, -urn, ancestors manes, -ium, £7&e shades of 'the dead 

20. Some words have besides their general meaning a special 
meaning in the Plural: 

Singular. Plural, 

aedes, -is, a temple aedes, -mm, a house 

aqua, -ae, water aquae,-arum, medicinal springs 

auxiliiim, -i, help auxilia, -oriim, auxiliary troops 

castriim, -1, a fort eastra, -oriim, a camp 

copIS, -ae, abundance copiae, -arum, troops 

littera, -ae, a letter (of the al- litterae, -ariim, an epistle; learn- 

phabet) ing, literature 

impedlmentum, -I, a hindrance impedimenta, -ortim, baggage 

rostrum, -1, a beak rostra, ^orum, speaker 's platform 

sal, sails, salt sales, -mm, witticisms 

21. Redundant nouns are those which are found of Different 
Genders in the same Declension; as: 

Singular. Plural. 

jocus, -I, a joke, jest jocT, -oriim, &joca, -oriim, jokes 

"locfls, -i, a place \ J 6cT J - 5 _™ m > passages (in books) 

( loca, -orum, places 
caelum, -i, heaven caeli, -oriim, heavens 

frenum, -I, a bridle freni, -oriim, & frena, -oriim, a bit 

or of Different Declensions; as: 

lux una, -ae luxuries, -ei, luxury 

materia, -ae materles, -ei, matter 

segnitia, -ae segnities, -ei, slothfulness 

elephantiis, -I elephas, -antis, an elephant 

plebs, -is. plebes, -ei, the common people 

22. The Latin has only a few Indeclinable Nouns; viz.: 
fas, right mane, morning 

nefas, wrong nihil, nothing 

instar, an image, kind pondo, (lit. in weight), pounds 

necesse, necessary opus, need 

besides the names of the Latin and Greek letters, as: A, D, alpha, 
delta, and some foreign words, as: smapi, mustard. 
(See Exercises 1, 2, page 48.) 



4 — 



Verbs of the First Conjugation. 

23. Most of the Verbs of the First Conjugation form their 
Perfect and Supine in -avi, -atiim, like amo. Only a few deviate 
from the regular formation. Mark the following: 

Perfect in m, Supine in itum (tiim). 



crepo, -are, to creak 


ere piii 


crepitum 


cubo, -are, to lie down 


cubui 


c ubitiim 


domo, -are, to tame 


domui 


domitum 


sono, -are, to sound 


sonui 


sonitfim, sonaturus 


tono, -are, to thunder 


toniii 


tonitum 


veto, -are, to forbid, prohibit 


vetui 


vetitiim 


frico, -are, to rub 


friciii 


fricatiim, frictiini 


mico, -are, to shine 


miciii 


(wanting) 


seco, -are, to cut 


seciii 


sectum, secatiirus 


Compounds of the obsolete 


plico have both ui, itiim and avi, 


atiim, thus: 






applied, -are, to apply 


j applieavi 
1 applictti 


applicatum 
applicitiim 


explico, -are, to unfold 


j explicavi 
( expliem 


explicatum 
explicitiim 


implico, -are, to involve 


j implicavi 
\ implTciii 


implicatum 
implicitiim 



poto, -are, to drink 
eneco, -are, to slay 



pot a vi potum 

enecavi(iii) enecatum(tiim) 



24. Perfect in I, Supine in turn, 

with lengthened stem-vowel; 

' . . jiivi j atiim 

to assist 



juvo, -are 

adjtivo, -aref "' adjuvi adjutiim 

Fiit. Participle: j dvaturus, but adjuturus or adjiivaturus 
lavo, -are, to wash lavi lavatiim (lautum, 

lotum) 
25. With Reduplicated Perfect. 

Some Verbs of the First, Second and Third Conjugations repeat 
in the Perfect the initial consonant of the stem with the vowel fol- 
lowing it, or with e. Compound Verbs omit the reduplication, but 
Compounds of do, / give; sto, / stand; disco, / learn; posco, 1 
demand, and some Compounds of curro, I run, retain it. 
do, -are, to give dedi datum 

circumdo,-are, to surround circumdedi eircumdatum 



Like do, are conjugated the Compounds with words of two syl- 
lables, as: circumdo, I surround. The Compounds with words of 
one syllable pass over into the 3d Conjugation, a in dare is every- 
where short, except in das, thou givest; da, give thou, 
sto, stare, to stand stetT statiim 

circumsto,-are, to stand around circumsteti (wanting) 
praesto, -are, to afford praestiti (wanting) 

Like circumsto, all Compounds of stare with Prepositions of 
two syllables have steti in the Perfect, but no Supine. Those com- 
pounded with Prepositions of one syllable have stiti in the Perfect, 
and likewise no Supine. 

(See Exercises 3, 4, p. 48.) 

Verbs of the Second Conjugation. 

26. Most Verbs of the Second Conjugation have m in the 
Perfect and ltfim in the Supine, and this is considered the regular 
formation. Many Verbs however, with a regular Perfect in ui want 
the Supine, as: timeo, -ere, to fear; arceo, -ere, to keep off, &c. 
Others want both, Perfect and Supine, as: immineo, -ere, to 
threaten. 

27. A great many Verbs of the ^Second Conjugation deviate 
from the regular formation mentioned above. 

28. Perfect in evT, Supine in etuiii (ltuni, turn). 

deleo, -ere, to destroy 

tieo, -ere, to weep 

neo, ere, to spin 

[pleo, I fill]* 

impleo, -ere, to fill (up) 

[oleo, I groiv] 

aboleo, -ere, to abolish 

29. Perfect in T, 
careo, -ere, to be on one's guard 
faveo, -ere, to favor 
foveo, -ere, to cherish 
moveo, -ere, to move, trouble 
voveo, -ere, to vow, devote 
paveo, -ere, to quake for fear 
ferveo, -ere, to glow 
coniveo, -ere, to shut the eyes 



delevi 




deletum 


fievl 




fletum 


nevi 




netuin 


implevi 




impletum 


abolevi 




abolitum 


Supine in 


turn. 


cavi 




cautum 


favi 




fautum 


fovT 




fotum 


movi 




motiim 


VOVl 




vottiiii 


pavi 




(wanting) 


fervi, ferbuT 


(wanting) 


conM, conixi 


(wanting) 



Obsolete forms are enclosed within brackets [ ]. 



30. 



Dropping the l of the Supine. 



doceo, -ere, to teach 
teneo, -ere, to hold 
misceo, -ere, to mix, mingle 
torreo, -ere, to roast 
censeo, -ere, to- value, think 

31. Perfect in si, 

augeo, -ere, to increase 
indnlgeo, -ere, to indulge 
torqueo, -ere, to torture 
liiceo, -ere, to shine 
liigeo, -ere, to mourn 
frigeo, -ere, to be cold 

32. Perfect in si, 
ardeo, -ere, to burn 
haereo, -ere, to hang 

jubeo, -ere, to order 
maneo, -ere, to stay, remain 
niulceo, -ere, to soothe 
mulgeo, -ere, to milk 
rldeo, -ere, to laugh 
suadeo, -ere, to advise 
tergeo, -ere K . 
tergo, -ere ) 
algeo, -ere, to be cold 
fulgeo, -ere, to shine 
turgeo, -ere, to sivell 
urgeo, -ere, to urge 



dociii 

tenui 

nrisctii 

torrui 

censui 

Supine in ttim. 
auxi 
indulsi 
torsi 
lu xi 
luxi 
(frixi) 

Supine in sum. 

arsi 

haesi 

jiissi 

mans! 

mulsi 

mulsi 

risT 

suasi 



doc turn 

(ten turn) 
mixtiim, mistmii 
tostum 

censiim 



auctuin 

indultiim 
tortum 

(wanting) 
(wanting) 
(wanting) 



tersi 

alsi 
ful si 
tursi 
ursi 



arsmn 

haesuni 

jusstim 

man sum 

in ul sum 

mulsmn 

risum 

suasum 

tersum 



(wanting) 
(wanting) 
(wanting) 
(wanting) 



33. Perfect in I, Supine in sum. 

prandeo, -ere, to breakfast prandi pransum 

Participle pransns, in an active sense, having breakfasted 



sedeo, -ere, to sit 
video, -ere, to see 



sedi 
vidi 



34. With Reduplication: 

mordeo, -ere, to bite momordi 

pendeo, -ere, to hang pependi 

spondeo, -ere, to pledge spopondi 

tondeo, -ere, to shear totondi 



sessum 
visum 



m or sum 
pensum 
sponsum 
tonsum 



— 7 



35. Mark the solitary Verb: 

c li 6, : g l" 6 \ to rouse 
cio, -ire ) 

{See Exercises 5, 6, p. 49.) 



C1V1 



citum (citum) 



Verbs of the Third Conjugation. 
Verbs ending in uo, vo. 

36. Perfect in I, Supine in turn. 
acuo, -ere, to sharpen, whet acui aciitum 

Perf. Part, wanting; aciitus, sharp, is Adjective only, 
argiio, -ere, to accuse 
imbuo, -ere, to dip, dye 
indiio, -ere, to put on 
exuo, -ere, to put off 
luo, -ere, to atone for 
luo, -ere, to wash 
miniio, -ere, to lessen 
riio, -ere, to rush forth 
spuo, -ere, to spit 
statuo, -ere, to set, place 
suo, -ere, to sew 
tribuo, -ere, to give, confer on 
solvo, -ere, to (dis) solve 
volvo, -ere, to roll, turn 
congruo, -ere, to agree 
metuo, -ere, to fear 
pluo, -ere, to rain 
stern uo, -ere, to sneeze 

37. The following Verbs fo 
ently: 

vivo, -ere, to live 
struo, -ere, to build 
fliio, -ere, to flow 

(See Exercises 7, 8, p. 49.) 

Verbs ending in 10. 

38. Some Verbs of the Third Conjugation insert i before the 
ending of the Present, as: capere, to take; capio, / take. This l 
appears likewise in all the other forms derived from the Present, 
but not before another l or e, except in the third person of the 
Future Active: capiet, he will take (see I. 142). 



argui 
imbui 


(argutum) 
imbutum 


indui 


indiitum 


exui 


exutuni 


lui 

lui 


(liiitum) 
luttim 


minuT 


minritlim 


ruT 


rutuin 


spiu 
statui 


sputum 

statutum 


sui 


sutum 


tribui 


tributiini 


solvi 


solutum 


volvi 


volutiim 


congrui 

metiii 

pi ui (pluvi) 

Bternui 


(wanting) 
(wanting) 
(wanting) 
(wanting) 


their Perfect 


and Supine 


vixi 


victum 


struxi 


structum 


fluxi 


fluxum 



cepi 


captiim 


feci 


factum 


jeci 


j actum 



allexi 



(allectum) 



capio, -ere, to take 
facio, -ere, to do, make 
jacio, -ere, to throw, cast 
flaclo, I entice] 
allicio, -ere, to allure 
[specio, I see] 
aspicio, -ere, to look 
cupio, -ere, to wish, desire 
fodio, -ere, to dig 
f iigio, -ere, to flee or fly 
parlo, -ere, to bring fdrth 

quatio, -ere, to shake 
rapio, -ere, to snatch away 
sapio, -ere, to be wise 

39. The Yerb facere, to do, make, has for its Passive fio, f actus 
sum, fieri, to be made, become (see 86). Its Imperative is fac, do. 

The same rule applies to those Compounds of facto which retain 
a, as: patefacio, I open; Pass, pateflo, I am opened; Imperat. patefac, 
open. The Compounds of facio with Prepositions change a to I, and 
form the Passive and the Imperative regularly, as: interficio, I kill; 

s. interflcior; Imperat. interfice. 

(See Exercises 9, 10, p. 50.) 



aspexi 




aspectum 


cupivi 




cupitum 


fodi 




fossum 


fugl 




(fugitum) 


peperi 




partum 


Put. 


Part. 


parituriis 


(wanting) 


quasstim 


rapui 




raptum 



saplvi, sapfli (wanting) 



40. 



Yerbs ending in do, to. 
Perfect in si, Supine in sum. 



claudo, -ere, to shut, close 




clausi 


clausum ] 


clivido, -ere, to divide, sepa\ 


rate 


dlvisi 


divisum 


laedo, -ere, to violate, hurt 




laesi 


laesum 


liido, -ere, to play 




liisi 


lCisum 


plaudo, -ere, to applaud 




plausi 


plausum 


rado, -ere, to scrape 




rasi 


rasum 


rodo, -ere, to gnaiv 




rosi 


rosum 


trudo, -ere, to thrust - 




trusi 


trusum 


vado, -ere, to go 




(wanting) 


(wanting) 


41. With 


Reduplication: 




cado, -ere, to fall 




cecidi 


casum 


caedo, -ere, to fell 




cecldi 


caesiim 


pendo, -ere, to weigh 




pependi 


pensum 


tendo, -ere, to spread 




tetendi 


tensum & tentum 


tundo, -ere, to thump 




tutudi 


tiisum & tunsum 



9 — 



credid! . 


creditum 


vendid! 


venditum 


condidi 


conditum 


edidi 


editum 


perdid! 


perditfim 


reddidi 


redditum 


tradidi 


traditum 



42. Compounds of dare with monosyllabic words pass over into 
the Third Conjugation. 

credo, -ere, to believe 

vendo, -ere, to sell 

condo, -ere, to build 

edo, -ere, to give out, publish 

perdo, -ere, to ruin 

reddo, -ere, to give back, make 

trado, -ere, to deliver 

(See Exercises 11, 12, p. 50.) 

43. Perfect in I, Supine in sum, 

[cando, I burn] 
accendo, -ere, to kindle 
cado, -ere, to forge 
edo, -ere, to eat (79) 
[fendo, I fend] 
defendo, -ere, to defend 
mando, -ere, to chew 
prehendo, -ere, to seize 
seando, -ere, to climb 
fundo, -ere, to pour; to rout 
verto, -ere, to turn 

4:4z. Various Ii 

cSdo, -ere, to yield 
findo, -ere, to split, cleave 
scindo, -ere, to cut 
meto, -ere, to reap 
mitto, -ere, to send 
pando, -ere, to spread 
peto, -ere, to seek 
sido, -ere, to sit down 
sisto, -ere, to stop 

See Exercises 13, 14, p. 51.) 

Verbs ending in "bo, po. 
45. Verbs in bo, po take si in the Perfect, turn in the Supine; 



accendi 


accensum 


cudi 


cusiim 


edi 


esum 


defend! 


defensiim 


mandi 


maiisnm 


prehendT 


prehensum 


scandi 


scansiim 


fudi 


fusum 


verti 


verstini 


ularities : 

cessi 


cessum 


fidi 


fissiini 


scidi 


scissum 


messui 


messuiu 


misi 


missuin 


pandi 


passum 


petivi, petil 


petitiim 


sedi 


(wanting) 


Stltl 


statiim 



at the same time b before 

nuptdm. 

gliibo, -ere, to peel 

nubo, -ere, to marry 

seribo, -ere, to write 



s and t becomes p, as: nubo, nupsi, 



(glupsT) 

nupsi 

scrips! 



gluptum 

nuptiim 

scripttim 



— 10 



carpo, -ere, to pluck, crop carpsi 

repo, -ere, to creep, crawl repsi 

scalpo, -ere, to carve scalps! 

sculpo, -ere, to chisel sculpsi 

serpo, -ere, to creep serpsi 

46. Irregular: 

accumbo, -ere, to recline at table accubui 

blbo, -ere, to drink ' bibi 

rumpo, -ere, to break rtipi 

st repo, -ere, to make a noise strepui 

lambo, -ere, to lick Iambi 

scabo, -ere, to scratch scab! 



(See Exercises 15, 16, p. 51.) 



carptum 
reptum 

scalptiim 
sculptum 
(serptum) 

accubitum 

(bibitum) 

ruptiim 

strepitiim 

(lambitum) 

(wanting) 



47. 



Verbs ending in co, g-o (g"uo), quo, ho, cto. 
c, g", q, and h with s become x, 
g-, h, and q before t become c. 
duc-o — dux! = dues! rego — rectum = regtum 

reg-o — rexi = regsi traho — tractvim == trahtiun 

coqu-o — cox! = coqsl coquo — coctum =? coqtum 

trah-o — traxi = tralisi 



48. 



Perfect in si, Supine in turn. 



cingo, -ere, to gird, surround 
[fligo, -ere, to strike 
affligo, -ere, to dash 
jungo, -ere, to join 
plango, -ere, to beat, lament 
rego, -ere, to rule, govern 
sugo, -ere, to suck 
tego, -ere, to cover 
tingo (tinguo), -ere, to stain 
ungo (unguo), -ere, to anoint 
[stingiio, 1 put out] 
exstinguo, -ere, to put out 
traho, -ere, to draw 
veho, -ere, to carry 
dico, -ere, to say, tell, cad 
diico, -ere, to lead 

The Imperatives of dlcere, to say; ducere, to lead, are: die, due; 
Compounds follow the simple Verbs: educ, praedic. 
c6quo, -ere, to cook, bake coxi coctum 



cm xi 


cinctum 


flixi 


flictum] 


afflixi 


afflictum 


junxi 


junctum 


planxi 


planctum 


rexi 


rectum 


SUXl 


suctiim 


texi 


tectum 


tinxT 


tinctum 


unxT 


unetum 


exstinxi 


exstinctum 


traxi 


tractum 


vexi 


vectum 


dixi 


dictum 


duxi 


ductum 



11 — 



49. The Supine is irregular: 
tingo, -ere, to fashion finxi" 
pingo, -ere, to paint pinxi" 
stringo, -ere, to bind strinxi 
flg.o, -ere, to fix fixi 

50. Present strengthened by t: 
flecto, -ere, to bend tiexi 



fictum 
pictum 
strictum 
fixum 

flexum 



nexi, nexui nexum 



pexi 
(wanting) 



pexum 

(wanting) 



pars am 
punctum 
tactuni 
pactum 

panctiim 



nee to, -ere, to tie 

pecto, -ere, to comb 

plecto, -ere, to beat (only Passive) 

51. The Supine is wanting: 
ango, -ere, to torment, vex anxi 
ningo, -ere, to snow ninxi 
clango, -ere, to clang (wanting) 

(See Exercises 17, 18, p. 52.) 

52. With Reduplication: 
parco, -ere, to spare peperci" 
pungo, -ere, to pierce, sting pupiigi 
tango, -ere, to touch tetigi" 
pango, -ere, to bargain pepigi 
pango, -ere, to strike, drive panxi 

53. With lengthened Stem-vowel. 

Many Consonant-stems with short stem-syllable take I in the Per- 
fect, before which the stem-vowel is lengthened, and a becomes e\ 
ago, -ere, to drive, do 
frango, -ere, to break 
lego, -ere, to read 

colligo, -ere, to collect 

dlllgo, -ere, to love 

intellego, -ere, to understand 

neglego, -ere, to neglect 
Ico, -ere, to strike 
vinco, -ere, to conquer 
linquo, -ere, to leave 

relinquo, -ere, to leave (behind) 

54. Perfect in si, 
mergo, -ere, to dip in, plunge 
spargo, -ere, to scatter, sprinkle 
vergo, -ere, to verge 



egi 


actum 


fregi 


fractum 


leg! 


lectiim 


collegi 


collectum 


dilexi 


dilectum 


intellexi 


intellectilm 


neglexi 


neglectiim 


Ici 


ictum 


V1C1 


vietum 


liqui" 


(wanting) 


reliqui 


relictiim 


Supine in 


sum. 


mersi 


mersum 


sparsi 


spars una 


(wanting) 


(wanting) 



(See Exercises 19, 20, p. 52.) 



12 



55. 



Verbs ending in lo, mo, no, ro\ 
Perfect in si, Supine in turn. 



como, -ere, to adorn 
demo, -ere, to take away 
promo, -ere, to take out 



compsi comptiim 

denipsi demptum 

prompsl promptum 

sumpsi sumptum 

[temno, I despise'] 

contemno, -ere, to despise contempsi contemptum 

56. According to the Analogy of the 2d Conjugation. 



sumo, -ere, to take 



alo, -ere, to nourish 


alui 


altum, alitiiiri 


colo, -ere, to till; worship 


colm 


cultuiu 


consulo, ere, to counsel 


consului 


consultum 


molo, -ere, to grind 


molm 


molitiini 


occulo, -ere, to conceal 


occuliii 


occultum 


fremo, -ere, to growl 


fremiii 


fremitiini 


gemo, -ere, to groan 


gemuJ 


gemitiim 


tremo, -ere, to tremble 


tremiii 


(wanting) 


vomo, -ere, to vomit 


vomili 


vomitum 


gigno, -ere, to beget 


genu! 


genitiim 


pono, -ere, to place 


posui 


positiini 


excello, -ere, to excel 


(wanting) 


(icanting) 


57. With 


Reduplication. 




cano, -ere, to sing 


c eel ni 


cantxim 


curro, -ere, to run 


cucuni 


cursiim 


fallo, -ere, to cheat 


fefelli 


falsum 


pello, -ere, to drive (away) 


pepuii 


pulsiim 


(See Exercises 21, 22, p. 52.) 




58. Perfect in vi. 




cerno, -ere, to see, discern 


(crevi) 


(cr6tum) 


lino, -ere, to smear 


levT (livi) 


litum 


si no, -ere, to let 


S1V1 


sitiim 


sperno, -ere, to despise 


sprevi 


spretum 


sterno, -ere, to strew 


stravi 


stratum 


sero, -ere, to sow, plant 


s5vi 


satum 


sero, -ere, to join 


seriii 


sertum 


desero, -ere, to forsake 


desertii 


desertum 


t^gp, -ere, to rub, wear out 


trivi 


tritum 


59. Various Irregularities: 




vello, -ere, to pluck, pull 


velli (vulsi) 


vulsiim 


premo, -ere, to press 


press! 


presstim 



— 13 — 



emo, -ere, to buy eml 

gero, -ene, to carry on gessi 

uro, -ere, to burn ussi 

verro, -ere, to sweep verri 

quaero, -ere, to seek, desire quaesivi 

acquiro, -ere, to acquire acquisivi 

fero, ferre, to bear (84) tuli 

furo, -ere, to rage (wanting) 

tollo, -ere, to lift, take away sustuli 

(See Exercises 23, 24, p. 53.) 

Verbs ending in so, xo, sco. 



60. viso, -ere, to visit 



depso, -ere, 
pinso, -ere, 
texa 



to knead 
to pound 



ere, to weave 



vlsi 
depsul 
pinsui 
texiii 



emptum 
gestuni 
ustiim 
versum 

quaesitum 
acquisitum 
latum 

(wanting) 
sublatum 



(wanting) 
depstiim 
pinsitum 
textum 



61. According to the Analogy of the 4th Conjugation. 



arcesso, -ere, to summon 
capesso, -ere, to lay hold of 
facesso, -ere, to accomplish 
lacesso, -ere, to excite 
incesso, -ere, to fall upon 



arcessivi 
capessivi 
facessivi 
lacessivl 



arcessitum 
capessitum 
facessitum 

lacessitum 



incessivi (-1) (wanting) 



62. cresco, -ere, to grow crevi cretum 
nosco, -ere, to (learn to) know novi notum 

cogaosco, -ere, to know cognovT cognitum 

pasco, -ere, to graze pavi pa stum 

quiesco, -ere [ . . quievT quietum 

requiesco, -eref requievi requletum 

suesco, -ere, to become used suevi suetum 

consuesco, -ere, to be accustomed consuevi consuetum 

compesco, -ere, to restrain corapescui (wanting) 

disco, -ere, to learn didlci (wanting) 

posco, -ere, to demand poposcT (wanting) 

(See Exercises 25, 26, p. 53.) 

Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation. 

63. In the Fourth Conjugation the Regular Forms of the 
Principal Parts are these: 

Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. Perfect. Supine. 

-16 -ire -ivi -Itum 

audio audlre, to hear audivl auditum 



— 14 — 



64. The following Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation vary 
from the usual mode of formation: 

farcio, -ire, to stuff 
fulcio, -ire, to support 
haurio, -ire, to draw 
sancio, -ire, to sanction 
sarcio, -ire, to mend 
sentio, -ire, to feel, perceive 
sepelio, -ire, to bury 
venio, -ire, to come 

invenio, -ire, to find out 
vincio, -ire, to bind 
saepio, -ire, to hedge in 
salio, -ire, to leap 
amicio, -ire, to clothe 
pario, -ere, to bring forth (3d Conjugation) 

aperio, -ire, to open 

reperio, -ire, to find 

(See Exercises 27, 28, p. 54.) 

Deponent Verbs. 

65. More than half of all Deponents in the language are of the 
TIBST CONJUGATION and all of them are regular. 



farsi 


fartum 


fulsi 


fultiim 


hausi 


haustiim 


sanxi 


sanctum, sancitiim 


sarsi 


sartiim 


sensi 


sen siim 


sepelivi 


sepultum 


veni 


ventuni 


inveni 


inventum 


vinxi 


vinctum 


saepsi 


saeptum 


salui 


saltum 


(wanting) 


amictum 


ugation) 




aperui 


apertum 


repperi 


repertum 



66. SECOND CONJUGATION 
Pres. Ind. & Inf. 

fateor, ^eri, to confess 

confiteor, -eri, to confess 

diffiteor, -eri, to disavow 
medeor, -eri, to cure 
misereor, -eri, to have pity 
reor, -eri, to think 

67. THIRD CONJUGATION. 



Perfect, 
fassus sum 
eonfessus sum 
(wanting) 
(wanting) 

miseritus, misertus sum 
ratus sum 



fruor, -I, to enjoy 
fungor, -i, to discharge 
gradior, -I, to step 
labor, -l, to glide, roll on 
loquor, -I, to speak 
morior, -i, to die 
nitor, -I, to stay one's self on 
patior, -I, to suffer 



fruitus & fructus sum 

functus sum 

gressfls sum 

lapsus sum 

locutus sum 

mortuils sum — F.ParimSriturus 

nisiis & nixus sum 

passus siim 



15 — 



amplector, -I, to embrace 
queror, -i, to complain 
sequor, -i, to follow 
utor, -I, to use 
revertor, -i, to turn back 
adipiscor, i, to obtain 
expergiscor, -T, to awake 
Irascor, -i, to grow angry 
naneiscor, -I. to get 
nascor, -i, to be born 
obliviscor, -i, to forget 
paeiscor, -T, to strike a bargain 
pascor, -l, to feed 
proficiscor, -i, to set out, start 
ulciscor, -i, to avenge 

-i, to feed upon, eat 



vescor 

68. FOURTH CONJUGATION, 

assentior, -iri, to assent assensiis sum 

mStior, -iri, to measure 
ordior, -iri, to begin 
experior, -iri, to try, exercise 



amplexiis sum 

questtis sum 

seeiitus sum 

usus sum 

reverti, Active — Part, reversus 

adeptus sum 

experrectus sum 

(Iratiis sum) — iratiis, angry 

nactiis & nanctus sum 

natus sum— Fut. Part, nascituriis 

oblltus sum 

pactiis sum 

pastiis sum 

profectiis sum 

ultus sum 

(wanting) 



opperior, -iri, to await 



Pres. Ind 



t, to rise, arise 

orior oreris 

orimiir orimini 
Imperf. Subj. orirer or orerer 

Fut. Part, oriturus, -a, -um 



( oi 



mensus sum 
orsus sum 
expertus sum 
oppertils sum 
ortiis sum 

oritur 

oriuiitur ! 

Gerundive, oriundiis, 



> 3d Conjugation. 



a, -um 



Semi-Deponents and Neutral Passives. 

69. Some Yerbs which form their Perfect like Deponents, are 
called Semi-Deponents, as: 

audeo, -ere, to dare ausus sum, / dared 

gaudeo, -ere, to rejoice gavisus sum, / rejoiced 

soleo, -ere, to be wont solitus sum, I icas wont 

fido, -ere, to trust fisus sum, I trusted 

70. Some Active Yerbs have a Perfect Passive Participle with 
Active meaning, viz.: 

ceno, -are, to dine cenatus, having dined 

prandeo, -ere, to breakfast pransus, having breakfasted 

poto, -are, to drink potus, having drunk 

juro, -are, to swear juratus, having sworn 



— 16 — 

71. Again, a few Active Verbs have a Passive meaning; they 
are sometimes called Neutral Passives, viz.: 

vapulare, to be flogged; venire (venum ire, to go to sale), to be sold. 

Derivative Verbs. 

72. Inceptives (Inchoatives) end in sco and denote the 
beginning of an action. They are of the Third Conjugation. When 
formed from Verbs they are called Verbal Inceptives. Most of 
them want the Supine, but take the Perfect of their Primitives; 
others take the Perfect and Supine of their Primitives. 

73. With, the Perfect of their Primitives: 
aresco, -ere, to become dry ami 

areo 

calesco, -ere, to become warm caltii 

caleo 

senesco, -ere, to grow old senui 

seneo 

74. With the perfect and Supine of their Primitives : 
exardesco, -ere, to take fire exarsi exarsum 
ardeo 

obdormisco, -ere, to fall asleep obdormivi obdorruitum 

dormio 

revivisco, -ere, to revive revixi revictum 

vivo 

75. Those Inceptives which are derived from Nouns or Adjec- 
tives are called Denominatives; most of them want the Perfect and 
Supine. 

Wanting Perfect and Supine, 
aegresco, -ere, to fall sick plumesco, -ere, to get feathers 

aeger, sick pliima, a feather 

dltesco, -ere, to grow rich puerasco, -ere, to become a 

dives, rich piler, a child [child 

With the Perfect in til. 
maturesco, -ere, to ripen (maturus, ripe) maturui 

nlgresco, -ere, to become black (niger, black) nigral 

76. Frequentatives end in are or itare, and denote & forcible 
or repeated action; they are derived either from Supines in sum or 
turn, as: 

dlco, I say dictum dictare, to dictate 

habeo, I have habitum habitare, to have frequently 

curro, / run cursum cursare, to run about 



— 17 — 

or from the Present of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Conjugations, as: 
clamo, I cry clamare clamitare, to cry out aloud 

lateo, I am hid latere latitare, to lie hid 

ago, I do agere agitare, to drive 

77. Desideratives denote desire or tendency. They are formed 
by changing urus of the Future Participle into urio, and are of 
the 4th Conjugation. Only a few are in common use: 

esurio, -ire, to be hungry, from edo, esurus 
moriturio, -ire, to wish to die, from morior, mSrituriis. 
(See Exercises 31, 32, p. 55.) 

Irregular Conjugation. 

78. A few Verbs are Irregular in the Conjugation of the 
Present and the forms derived from it. These are: 

esse, to be; posse, to be able; edere, to eat; velle, to be willing, 
to wish; nolle, to be unwilling, not to wish; malle, to be more 
willing, to prefer, have rather; ire, to go; quire, to be able; nequire, 
not to be able; ferre, to bear, carry, endure; fieri, to become, or be 
made, to happen. 

For the Conjugation of esse and posse see I. 113—117. 

79. edo, -ere, edi, estim, to eat, regular of the 3d Conjugation, 
has also some contracted forms similar to those of the corresponding 
tenses of the Verb esse, but always with e long before s; viz.: 

Present Indicative. Impeefect Subjunctive. 







ederem 


essem, I should eat 


edis 


es, thou eatest 


ederes 


esses, thou wouldst eat 


edit 


est, he eats 


ederet 


esset, he would eat 






ederemus 


esseimis, we should eat 


editis 


estis, you eat 


ederetis 


essetis, you would eat 






ederent 


essent, they would eat 



Imperative. 
Singular. Plural. 

Pres. ede es, eat thou edite este, eat ye 

Fut. edito esto, thou shalt eat editote estote, ye shall eat 

edito esto, he shall eat 

Infinitive. 

edere esse, to eat 

Passive, editur estur, is eaten — ederetur, essetdr, should be eaten 



— 18 



80. nolo is compounded of non and volo, and malo of magis 
volo. The Perfects are voliii, nolm, malm; the Supines are want- 
ing; likewise, the Imperatives of velle and malle are wanting, and 
the Participle of malle. 

Present. 

Indicative. 

/ am willing, unwilling, more willing. 

ma' 15 



vo' 15 

vis 

vuJt 

vo' lu mils 

vul f tis 

vo' hint 



no' 15 
non vis 
non vult 
no' lu miis 
non vul' tis 
no' lunt 



ma' vis 
ma' vult 
ma' lii miis 
ma vul' tis 
ma' lunt 



Subjunctive. 

I may be willing, unwilling, more willing. 

v£' lim no' lim ma' lim 

ve' lis no' lis ma' lis 

vS' lit no' lit ma' lit 

ve II' mus no II' miis ma II' mus 

ve II' tis no II' tis ma II' tis 

ve' lint no' lint ma' lint 



Imperat Sing. 
Plur. 



noli, nolit5 

nOlite, nolitote, nolunt5 

All the rest are formed regularly from the Principal Parts: 
Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Imperf. volebam vellem 
nolebam nollem 
malebam mallem 



Infin. Perf. voluisse 
noliiisse 



Perfect. 



Pluperf. 



voliii 
noliii 
malm 

voliieram 
noliieram 
malueram 



voltierim 
noliierim 
maluerim 

voliiissem 

noluissem 
maluissem 



Part. 



Gerund. 



maluisse 

volens 
nolens 



volendi, volendo 

nolendi 



Put. Perf. voluero 
n5luer5 
maliiero 



19 — 



81. The Verb ire, to go, 
of the Fourth. Conjugation. 

the forms derived from it. 



in most of its parts has the endings 
It deviates only in the Present and 



Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. 


Perfect. Supine. 


eo, Ire, to go 


IvI Itum 


Indicative. 


Subjunctive. 




Present. 


£' o, I go 


e' am, I may go 


is 


e' as 


It 


e'at 


V mm 


ea' mus 


l'tlS 


e a' tis 


e' unt 


e' ant 




Imperfect. 


V bam, / was going 


r rem, I should go 


V bas 


V res 


l'bat 


I'ret 


I ba' mus 


I re' mus 


I ba' tis 


1 re' tis 


V bant 


r rent 




Future. 


/ shall go 


I may be about to go 


I' bo 
I 1 bis 
V bit 


Itu'rtts, ( 8lm 

-a, -urn I s ? 

' (sit 


I' bi mus 

r bi tis 

V bunt 


itu'ri, ( si ;^ s 

-ae,-a ] s ! tis 
( sint 




Imperative. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


Pres. I, 170 


r te, go ye 


Put. V to, thou shalt go 


I to' te, ye shall go 


V to, he shall go 


e un' to, they shall go 



Gen. 
Dat. 

Ace. 
Abl. 



Participles. 
Pres. i' ens, Gen. e un' tis, going 
Fut. I tti' rus, -a, -urn, being about to go 
Gerund. Supine. 

e* un' di, of going 

£ un' do, for going 

e un' dilm, going V turn £ . 



£ un' do, by going 



I'tu ) 



20 



82. The Compounds of eo are conjugated in the same way. But 
usually they drop the v of the Perfect, as: redn for redlvl, &c, and 
contract the i i of the Perfect Infinitive and of the Pluperfect Subjunctive 
into I, as: redisse for redl(v)isse, &c. Examples are: 

intereo, -ire, to perish redeo, -ire, to return 

praetereo, -ire, to pass by transeo, -ire, to pass over 

(See Exercises 33, 34, p. 55.) 

83. qne*o quire, to be able quivi quitum 
nequeo nequlre, not to be able nequivi nequitum 

are conjugated like ire, to go (81)] they are, however, usual only 
in the Present Indicative and Subjunctive. 

84. Pres. Ind. & Pres. Inf. Perfect. Supine, 
fero ferre, to bear tuli latum 

is irregular in the following forms only: 

Active. Passive. 

Present, 

fe' ro, I bear fe' ror, I am borne 

fers fer' ris 

fert fer' tur 

fe' ri mus fe' ri mtir 

fer' tis fe ri' mi ni 

fe' runt fe run' tur 



Sing, f^r, bear thou 
" fer' to, thou shalt bear 
11 fer' to, he shall bear 

Plur. fer' te, bear ye 
u fer to' te, ye shall bear 
1 1 fe run' to, they shall bear 



Imperative. 

fer' re 



be thou borne 
fer' tor, thou shalt be borne 
fer' tor, he shall be borne 

fe ri' mi ni, be ye borne 

fe run' tor, they shall be borne 



All the rest are formed regularly from the Principal Parts. 

85. Compounds of fero are conjugated like the simple Verb. 
adfero adferre, to afford attuli ad latum 

aufero auferre, to carry away abstuli ablatum 

confero conferre, to bring together contuli collatum 

differo differre, to defer distuli dilatum 

effero efferre, to carry out extuli Slatum 

infero inferre, to carry into intuli zllatum 

praefgro praeferre, to prefer praetuli praelatum 

refero r^ferre, to bring back rettulT, retuli relatum 



21 



860 Pres. Ind. & Pres. M, Perfect. 

fio, fieri, to become factus sum 

fio is used as the Passive of facia The compound tenses are formed 
regularly from facio, as: factus sum, factus eram, &c. The rest are 
as follows: 



Indicative. 


Subjunctive. 




Present. 


fl' o, / become 


fi' &m, I may become 


fis 


fi' as 


fit 


fi'at 


fi' mtis 


fi a' mus 


fi'tis 


fi a' tis 


fi' iint 


fi' ant 




Imperfect. 


fi e' bam, I became 


fi' e rem, I should become 


fi e' bas 


fi' e res 


fi e' bat 


n f e ret 


fi e ba' mus 


fi e re' mus 


fi e ba' tis 


fi e re' tis 


fi e' bant 


fi' e rent 




Future. 


fi' am, I shall become 


(wanting) 


fi' es 




fi'et 




fi e' mtis 




Jfi e' tis 




fi'ent 




Pres. Infin. fi' S rl, 


to become 



87. The Compounds of facio with Prepositions change a into i, 
and form the Passive regularly, as: 

interficio, i* kill interficior, I am killed 

But when compounded with words other than Prepositions, facio 
retains its a, and uses fio as its Passive, as: 

mansuefacio, / tame mansuefio, Ibecome tame 

liquefacio, / make liquid liquefio, / melt 

The accent remains the same as in the simple Verbs, thus: 
mansuefa'cis, thou tamest. 

(See Exercises 35, 36, p. 56.) 



_~ 22 — 

Defective Verbs. 

88* Defective Verbs want certain parts. 

coepi, I have begun memini, I remember 6dT, I hate 

are in use only in the Perfect and the tenses derived from it. To 
coepi, / have begun, incipio, / begin, serves as a Present, memini, 
I remember, and odi, I hate, are Present in sense; hence in the Plu- 
perfect and Future Perfect they have the sense of the Imperfect 
and Future, novi, / know (Perf. of noseo, / learn to know), and 
consuevi, / am wont (Perf. of consuesco, I accustom myself), are 
also Present in sense. 







Indicative. 






Perf. 


/ have begun 


/ remember 




/ hate 




coe' pi 


me' ml ni 




6'di 




coe pi' sti 


me mi ni' sti 




o di' sti 




coe' pit 


me' mi nit 




o'dit 




coe' pi mus 


me mi' ni mus 




o' di miis 




coe pi' stis 


me mi ni' stis 




o di' stis 




coe pe' runt 


mS mi ne' runt 




o de' runt 


Pluperf. 


coe' pe ram, &c. 


me mi' ne ram, 


&c. 


6' de ram, &c 


Fut. Perf. 


coe' pe ro, &c. 


me ml' ne ro, &c. 


0' de ro, &c. 






Subjunctive. 






Perf. 


coe' pe rim, &c. 


me mi' ne rim. 


&c. 


6' de rim, &c 


Pluperf. 


coe pis' sem, &c. 


me mi nis' sem, 
Impekative. 


&c. 


o dis' sem, &< 




(wanting) 


me men' to 
me men to' t£ 

Infinitive. 




(wanting) 


Perf. coe 


pis' se 


me mi nis' se 





dis' se 


Fut. coep tii rus es' se 


(wanting) 


o su' rus es' se 



Participles. 
Perf. coep' tus, -a, -urn (wanting) 

Fut. coep tii' rus, -a, -urn (wanting) 



(o f siis, -a, -urn) 
6 sii' riis, -a, -iim 



Passive, coep' tiis, -a, -um sum, I have begun (used with the Pass. 
Infinit.) 



23 



89. ajo, I say, say yes, affirm — inquam, I say, quoth I — fan, 
to speak 
Pbes. Subj. Imp. Ind. Pres. Ind. Perf. Ind. 
aje'bain 



Pees. Ind. 
a' jo 
a' is 

a' it 



a' jas 
a' jat 



a' junt 
Perf. Ind. 
a' it 



a'jant 



a je' bas 
a je' bat 
aje ba' mus 
a je ba' tis 
aje' bant 



Pres. Ind. 
in' quam 
in' quis 
in' quit 
in' qui mus 
in' qui tis 
in' qui iint 

Imp. Ind. 



in qui' sti 
in' quit 



in qui' stis 



Fut. Ind. 



Participle. 
a' jens, affirmative 



in qui e' bat 
Imperat. 
in' que, in' qui to 



in' qui 6s 
in' qui et 



inquam, say, is used only in direct quotations, as the English quoth 

Besides the Infinitive fan, to speak, mark: 
Pres. fatiir, he speaks Imperat. fare, speak thou 

Fut. fabor, i" shall speak Gerund, fandi, of speaking 

fabitur, he will speak fando, for speaking 

Perf. fatiis sum, / have spoken, &c. Supine, fata, to speak 
Participle, (fantis, fantl) infans, speechless 
Gerundive, fandus, -a, -iim, to be spoken of 

) 90. a/ ve sal' ve, sal ve' bis, hail thou! va' le \fare- 
a ve' te sal ve' te, hail ye! 
a' ge a' gl te, come 



va le' te" J well 
a' pa ge, be gone 



91. 



ce' d5 cet' te, give 
To these may be added: 



quae' so, I beseech 
quae' su mus, we beseech 



fo' rem, I should be 
fo' res, thou shouldst be 
fo' ret, he should be 
fo' rent, they should be 
fo' re, to be about to be 



Impersonal Verbs. 
92. The following Verbs signifying personal conditions are 
absolutely impersonal: 

Infinitive, 
decere 
dedecere 
libere 



Present, 
decet, it becomes 
dedecet, it is unbecoming 
libet, it pleases 



Perfect, 
decuit 
dedecuit. 
libuit or libitum est 



™ 24 — 

Present. Infinitive. Perfect, 

licet, it is lawful, allowed licere liemt or licitum est 

liquet, it is clear liquere liciiit 

, miseret, it excites pity misererS miseritum (-turn) est 

oportet, it is needful oportere oportiiit 

piget, it grieves pigere pigmt or pigitum est 

paenitet, it causes sorrow) paeniterS paenitiiit 

piidet, it shames pudere puduit or puditum est 

taedet, it wearies taedere pertaesum est 

93. Yerbs describing phenomena of nature are almost in- 
variably impersonal in virtue of their meaning: 

plait, it rains fulgurat ) u %ftfeBg 

nmgit, it snows fulminat \ 

grandmat, it hails lucesclt, it dawns 

tonat, it thunders vesperascit, evening comes on 

(See Exercises 37, 38, p. 56.) 



CONSTBUCTTONS or SYNTAX. 

Agreement of the Predicate. 

94. A Sentence is composed of Subject and Predicate: The 
Subject, a noun (or a word having the value of a noun) namcc 
that of which something is asserted; the Predicate, a verb, ex- 
presses that which is asserted of the Subject. 

95. The Subject of the sentence is in the Nominative Case, 
as : arbor viret, the tree is green. 

96. The Verb agrees in Person and Number with its Subject, 
as: ego valeo, si vos valetis, I am well if you are well. 

97. Participles in compound tenses agree with the Subject in 
Number, Gender, and Case, as: castra capta sunt, the camp was 
taken. 

98. When the Predicate consists of the Yerb sum with an Adjec- 
tive, the Yerb sum agrees with the Subject in Number and Person, 
and the Predicate Adjective in Number, Gender, and Case, as: 
vera® amicitiae sempiternae sunt, true friendships are ever- 
lasting. 



— 25 — 

99. "When the Predicate consists of the Yerb sum with a Sub- 
stantive, the Predicate Substantive agrees with the Subject in Case, 
and if it has different forms for different Genders, in Gender and 
Number also, as: 

usus est magister, experience is a teacher 
historia est magistra, history is a teacher 

100. The Predicate of two or more Subjects is in the Plural 
Number : 

vita et mors sunt jura naturae life and death are laws of nature 

101. As to the Gender of an Adjective Predicate referring to 
two or more Subjects mark the following: 

When the Subjects are of the same Gender, the Predicate Adjec- 
tive is of that Gender, as: Corinthus ec Carthago a Romanis dirutae 
sunt, Carthage and Corinth were destroyed by the Romans. When 
the Genders are different, the Predicate Adjective is Masculine, if 
the Subjects are things with life; and Neuter, when they are things 
without life; as: pater et mater rnortui sunt, father and mother are 
dead; honores et vietoriae fortulta sunt, honors and victories are 
accidental things. 

102. If the Nominatives are of different Persons, the Verb 
takes the first Person rather than the second, and the second rather 
than the third, as: tu et Tullia valetis, you and Tallia are well. 

(See Exercises 39, 40, p. 57.) 

Agreement of Attribute and Apposition. 

103. The most usual Attribute of a Substantive is an Adjective; 
it agrees with its Substantive in Number, Gender, and Case. 

101. One Substantive placed after another to explain it, is by 
Apposition in the same Case, and when practicable, in the same 
Gender and Number, as: usus, magister egreglus, experience, an 
excellent teacher; historia, magistra egregia, history, an excellent 
teacher. 

Agreement of Pronouns. 

105. A Relative or Demonstrative Pronoun agrees with its 
Antecedent in Gender, Number and Person; but the Case depends 
on the clause in which it stands, as: arbores serit agricola, quarum 
fructus ipse numquam adspiclet, the husbandman plants trees the 
fruit of which he himself will never see. 

106. With Antecedents of different Gender, or of different Per- 
sons, the Pronoun conforms to the rule for the Predicate (see 101, 
102), as: pueri et mulieres, qui capti erant, the boys and women 



_ 26 — 

who had been taken prisoners; ego et tu, qui eodem anno nati 
sumus, you and I who were born in the same year. 

Questions. 

107. Questions in Latin are generally introduced by some 
interrogative word or particle. 

108. The Interrogative Particles are: 

ne, num, nonne, utrum, an. 
Of these ne asks merely for information; it cannot stand by 
itself, but is joined to any emphatic word, usually the Verb, which 
then comes first in the sentence; it is not translated, as: 

audisne vocem patns? do you hear my father's voice? 

109. When a negative answer is expected, num is used, which 
stands at the beginning of the sentence and is likewise not trans- 
lated, as: 

nuni vespertilio avis est? is the bat a bird? 

110. With noil, ne forms a special interrogative particle 
nonne, not; the answer expected is yes, as: 

nonne lectio huj us libri te de- does not the perusal of this book 
lectat? delight you? 

111. Double or Alternative Questions have the following 
forms: 

utrilm, whether. . an, or. . 

ne, " . . an, " . . 

....... "'" .. an, ".. 

utrum domi fuisti an in schola? ) 7 , ,\ 

, . e . ,. • i i o f have you been at home or in 
domme luisti an m schola? V , - 

domi fuisti an in schola? ) 

(See Exercises 41, 42, p. 57.) 

Uses of Cases: i. As governed by Prepositions. 

112. The following Prepositions are used with the Accusative: 

ad, to, at, toward, contra, against, opposite to 

adversiis, adversum, against, erga, toward, unto 

toward extra, without, beyond 

ante, before * infra, under, beneath 

apud, at, with, near inter, between, among 

circa, circum, around intra, within 

circlter, about, near , juxta, near, beside 

cis, citra, on this side of gb, for, gn account of 



-r- 27 — 

pengs, in the power z?f secundum, after, next to, accord- 

per, through, by, during ing to, along 

pone, behind (rare) supra, above 

post, after, behind trans, across, over, beyond 

praeter, past, beside, except ultra, beyond, on the further 

prope, near side of, past [poned) 

propter, on account of, close by versus, toward (always post- 

7^" To be learned by heart. "^^ 

ad, adversus and adversum, 
apud, ante, circa, cireum, 
cis and citra, circiter, 
contra, extra, erga, intra, 
also inter, juxta, infra, 
post, 6b, penes, pone, per, 
praeter, propter, prope, supra, 
trans, secundum, versus, ultra. 
(See Exercises 43, 44, p. 58.) 

113. Prepositions which are used with the Ablative: 

a j de, from, down from, of, about 

ab yfrom, away from e, ex, from, out of 

abs ) prae, for, before, in comparison 

absque, without, but for with 

clam, without the knowledge of pro, for, instead of 

coram, in presence of sine, without 

cum, with tenus, as far as, up to 

_^g^*" To be learned by heart. "Hg^ 

a, ab, abs, cum, de, 
coram, pro, ex, e, 
tenus, sine, prae. 

114. Prepositions with the Accusative and Ablative, but 
strictly with a difference of meaning: 

in, into, in; sub, under; subter, beneath; sup&r, above. 
in and sub, when followed by the Accusative, indicate motion 
to, when by the Ablative rest in, & place. 

115. The Genitive is used with the Prepositional Ablatives 

causa, on account of and gratia, for the sake of which commonly 
follow their Genitive, as: honoris gratia, for honor's sake. The 
Possessives agree with these Ablatives, as: mea, tua, sua, nostra, 
vestra causa, for my, thy, his, &c. sake. 

(See Exercises 45, 46, p. 58,) 



— 28 



Uses of Cases: 2. As governed by Adjectives. 

Genitive with Adjectives. 

116. Adjectives denoting Desire, Knowledge, Recollection, Par- 
ticipation, Mastery, Fullness, and their Opposites, take the Genitive: 



cupicliis, eager, desirous 

stiidiosiis, devoted to 

peritus, skillful in 

inschis j 

nescius y ignorant 

ignarus ) 

mem or, mindful 

immemor, unmindful 



expers, without share in 
compos, capable, master of 
impos, not in possession of 
impotens, unable or powerless 

to control 
plenus, full 
particeps, sharing in, partaker 

of, endowed with 



rationis et orationis expertes, devoid of reason and speech. 

Dative with Adjectives. 

117. Adjectives denoting Likeness, Fitness, Friendliness, Near- 
ness and the like, with their Opposites, take the Dative: 



acceptus, acceptable 
amicus, friendly 
lnimicus, unfriendly, opposed 
aptus,.opZ, suitable 
carus, dear 
communis, common 
dulcis, agreeable 
faeills, easy 
difficilis, difficult 
gratus, pleasing 
ingratiis, unpleasant 
gravis, burdensome 
canis similis lupo est 



jucundus, agreeable 
injucundus, disagreeable 
molestus, troublesome 
necessarius, necessary 
odiosus, hateful 
par, equal, a match for 
dispar, unlike 
salutaris, beneficial 
similis, like 
dissimilis, unlike 
turpis, disgraceful 
titilis, useful 

a dog is similar to a wolf 
lire is next akin to smoke 



flamma fumo est proxima 

Ablative with Adjectives. 

118. The following Adjectives take the Ablative: 

dignus, worthy fretus, trusting, relying 

indignus, unworthy contentus, satisfied 

alienus, strange, foreign, takes the Ablative with or without a, &b. 
vir patre dignissimus a man most worthy of his father 

alienum a vita mea foreign to my life 

(See Exercises 47, 48, p. 59.) 



— 29 — 

Uses of Cases: 3. As Object of Verbs. 
Genitive. 

119. Verbs of Reminding, Remembering, Forgetting take the 
Genitive: 

admonerS \ meminisse ) 

commonere V to remind reminiscl > to remember 

commonefacere ) recordarl ) 

oblivisci, to forget 

120. Verbs of Reminding, with the Accusative of the Person, 
are followed by the Genitive of the Person or Thing to which the 
attention is called, as: 

te veteris amicitiae admoneo, I remind you of our old friendship. 

121. Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting take the Genitive if a 
Person, and either the Genitive or Accusative, if a Thing is remem- 
bered or forgotten, as: 

memini vivorum I am mindful of the living 

animus meminit praeteritorum the mind remembers the past 
oblivisci nihil soles nisi injurias you are wont to forget nothing 

except injuries. 

122. Verbs of Accusing, Convicting, Condemning and Acquit- 
ting, with the Accusative of the Person, take the Genitive of the 
Charge. 

accasare \ coarguere ) fo convict 

' 4~ ~™™ «t.~~^ convincere) 



mcusare 

. - -,- w >• w accuse, c nary a , _ w . M , _ - 

msimulare ( clamnare ) to condemn, find 

argiiere ) condemnare) guilty 

arcessere ) tQ mmmon absolvere, to acquit 

reuru facere I 

honestam familiam sceleris ar- you accuse an honorable family 
guis of crime 

allquem levitatis convincere to convict one of levity. 

123. Verbs of Condemning and Acquitting may also take the 
Ablative of the charge and the punishment, as: damnare capitis 
or capite, to condemn to death, and always take the Ablative of 
the fine; multare, to mulct, punish, is always construed with the 
Ablative. 
Camillus decern millbus damna- Camillus was fined 10,000 

tus est 
Manlius virttitem filli morte Manlius punished the valor of 
multavit his son with death. 



— 30 — 

124. Verbs of Valuing are joined with the Genitive when the 
value is expressed in an indefinite manner, as: magni aestimare, to. 
value highly; pluris esse, to be of more account 

125. With the Impersonal interest (and sometimes also with refert), 
it concerns, interests, it is the interest of , it is of importance for, 
the Genitive is used to denote the Person or Thing concerned. 

126. This Genitive seems to be governed by causa understood; 
hence, instead of the Genitive of the Personal Pronoun, the Ablative 
Singular feminine of the Possessives mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra is 
used with these Verbs, as: mea interest, / am concerned; with 
omnium, however, nostrum and vestrum must be used: omnium 
nostrum interest, it concerns all of us. 

127. Certain Impersonal Verbs take the Person who feels in the 
Accusative, and the Exciting Cause in the Genitive, or if a Verb, in 
the Infinitive, viz.: 

miseret, it excites pity pudet, it shames 

paenitet, it causes sorrow taedet ) .. „,-„_>„ ..v 

* „ WA . /, . . . w ^t it wearies, tires 

piget, it disgusts, grieves pertaesum est t 

The Persons are expressed as follows: 

miseret me, I pity paenitet me, lam sorry, repent 

miseret te, thou pitiest piget me, / am grieved at, dis- 

miseret eum, he pities gusted with 

miseret nos, we pity pudet me, I am ashamed 

miseret vos, you pity taedet me ) lam weary, 

miseret eos, they pity me pertaesum est) tired 

me stultitiae meae pudet I am ashamed of my folly 

non me paenitet vixisse / am not sorry for having lived. 

128. The Genitive may be used as a Predicate with the Verbs 
esse and fieri to denote that to which something belongs or to which 
something is peculiar. In English the words part, property, duty, 
business, are commonly supplied. Instead of the Genitives of Per- 
sonal Pronouns the Neuter Possessives: nieum, tuum, &c, are used. 

sapientis est pauca loqui it is the part of a wise man to 

speak little 
haec domus est Caesaris this house is Caesar *s 

inentiri non est meum to lie is not my way. 

(See Exercises 49, 50, p. 59.) 



— 31 — 

Dative. 

129. Many Intransitive Verbs of Advantage or Disadvantage, 
Pleasing or Displeasing, Bidding or Forbidding ', such as: prodesse, 
to do good; nocere, to do harm; indulgere, to favor; parere, oboe- 
dire, to obey; maledicere, to curse; pareere, to spare; studere^fo 
devote one's self; obtrectare, to decry; invidere, to envy; medSri, to 
heal; nubere, to marry, take the Dative, thus: 

probus invidet nemlni the upright man envies no one 

non parcam operae I will spare no pains. 

130. Among the most notable Exceptions are: 

&**. . \ to help, assist «*** to be wanting 

adjuvare 1 ' jubere, to order 

aequare, to be equal vetare, to forbid 

which govern the Accusative. 

131. The Dative is used with esse to denote the Possessor, 
the thing possessed being the Subject. 

When so used it is commonly translated by to have; niihi nomen 
est, means my name is or / am called; the proper name is put 
either in the Nominative or the Dative, as: 
est mihi domi pater I have a father at home 

puero nomen est Carolus (CarOlo) the boy's name is Charles. 

132. Certain Verbs take the Dative to denote the Purpose or 
End, as: dono dare, to give as a present, and often at the same 
time another Dative of the person for whom or to whom. Such are: 

esse, to be mittere, to send habere, to hold 

«.w . ( to become, accipere, to receive vertere, to interpret, 

\ turn out venire, to come turn (against) 

dare, to give relinquere, to leave ducere, to count 

■ exemplo est formica the ant is (for) an example 

malo est hominibus avaritia avarice is an evil to men. 

(See Exercises 51, 52, p. 60.) 

Accusative. 

133. The Accusative is used after the Impersonals: decet, it 
becomes; dedecet, it is unbecoming, as: oratorem irasci dedecet, it 
is unbecoming in an orator to be angry. 

134. Verbs of Naming r , Making \ Taking, Choosing, Showing 
admit two Accusatives of the same person or thing. Such are: 

appellare, nominare, vocare, dlcere, to name or call 

arbitrary existimare, habere, putarS 5 to regard, consider, think 



_ 32 — 

jiidicarg, to judge 
facere, efficere, reddere, to make 
crearS, eligere, to elect; designare, to appoint 
se praebere, se praestare, to show, offer one's self. 
Neronem senatus hostem judi- the senate declared Nero an 
cavit enemy. 

135. The Double Accusative is turned into the Double Nomi- 
native with the Passive, as: Nero a senatu hostis judicatus est. 

136. docere, edocere, to teach; celare, to conceal from, take 
two Accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing. 

Dionyslus Epaminondam musi- Dionysius taught Epaminon- 

cam doc flit das music 

non te celavi sermonem I did not conceal from you the 

conversation. 

137. The Passive of docere or edocere with the Nominative of the 
person and the Accusative of the thing is almost never used, but is 
replaced by discere aliquid ab aliquo. 

138. Yerbs signifying to ask, to demand, to request, to inquire 
take two Accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing: 

poscere \ tQ ask drare \ to ask, rogare \ iQ mk 

Mglt j^l \ demand r6 & *? \ ™ trmt r inte rrogare I ^ 

postulare) petere ; beseech quaerere ) 

posce deos veniam ask favor of the gods 

me sententiam rogavit he asked me my opinion. 

139. But to this there are many Exceptions. We may also say: 

poscere or ilagitare allquid ab aliquo. 
We always say: postulare or petere aliquid ab aliquo; 
quaerere aliquid ab, ex, or de aliquo . 
(See Exercises 53, 54, p. 60.) 

Ablative. 

140. The Ablative is used with the Deponent Verbs: 

utor, -l, to use potior, -Iri, to make one's self 

frtior, -I, to enjoy master of 

fungor, -I, to discharge vescdr, -I, to feed 

and their Compounds: 
abutdr, -I, to abuse defungor, -I, to discharge 

perfruor -i, to enjoy fully perfungor, -I, to fulfil 

utar vestra benignitate, I will avail myself of your kindness; 

vescimur bestiis, ive live upon animals. 



— 33 — 

141. optis est, there is needy it is needful, necessary, takes 
the Dative of the Person who is in want, and the Ablative of the 
Thing wanted (Impersonal Construction); but the Thing wanted 
may be the Subject and opus est (sunt) the Predicate (Personal 
Construction). 

opus mihi est libro I want a book 

liber mihi opus est a book is what I want 

opus mihi est iibris / want books 

libri mihi opus sunt books are what I want 

142. The Ablative of Price is used with: 

em erg i aestlmare, to value 

redimere >■ to bay locarS ^ . , ^ 

mercarl i collocate* ) 

vendere, to sell (Pass, venire) condiicere, to hire 

llcere, to be for sale esse, stare, constare, to cost 

patriam auro vendidit he sold his country for gold 

equus mihi talento stetit the horse cost me a talent. 

143. General Value or Cost is expressed by the following 
Ablatives : 

magno, at a high price plurimo, at a very high price 

parvo, at a low price minimo, at a very low price 

nihilo, for nothing 

144. Verbs of Filling and Depriving, of Plenty and Want 
take the Ablative. 

to abound to need 

abundare egere 

rSdundare indigere 

affluere cargre 

America abundat lacubus et flu- 
minibus 
non egeo medicma 

145. Verbs signifying to remove, abstain, set free, take the 
Ablative with or without the Prepositions ex, de, ab; but with 
persons a Preposition (usually ab) must be used. 

arcere, to keep off pellere, expellere, to drive 

abstmere, to refrain Hberare, to set free 

excludere, to shut out levare, to relieve 

(See Exercises 55, 56, p. 60.) 



to fill 


to deprive 


explere 


orbarg 


complSre 


privarS 


implere 


spoliare 


America abounds in lakes and 


rivers 




I do not need medicine. 



— 34 — 

Relations of Time and Place. 

I. Time. 
146. Time when is expressed by the Ablative of words de- 
noting time, such as: tempus, aetas, ver, aestas, &c, as: Hannibalis 
milltes vere convenerunt, HannibaVs soldiers assembled in spring. 

14:7. Time how long is put in the Accusative, as: 

Appius caecus multos aimos fuit, Appius was blind many years. 

The Preposition per may be used to denote from beginning to 

end, as: est mecum per totum diem, he is with me the livelong day. 

148. Time how long before the present moment is expressed by 
abhinc with the Accusative, as: abhinc sex menses, six months ago. 

149. Distance of time how long before or after is expressed by 
the Ablative with ante or post following: 

paucis diebus ante, a few days before, 
paucis diebus post, a few days afterward. 
The Accusative can also be employed, but then the Preposition 
precedes, thus: ante, post paucos dies. 

150. Time within which is expressed by the Ablative or by 
intra with the Accusative, as: 

Agamemnon vix decern annis Agamemnon in ten years 
(intra decern annos) unam hardly took one city, 
cepit urbem 

151. Time for how long is expressed by in with the Accu- 
sative, as: 

Phaeton currum paternum in Phaeton asked his father's char- 
diem rogavit iot for a day. 

152. The Question how old? is answered in different ways: 

By natus (born) with the Accusative, as: puer decern annos 
natus est, the boy is ten years old; 

By the Genitive of Quality, as: Hamilcar secum duxit filium 
Hannibalem annorum novem, Hamilcar took with him his son 
Hannibal 9 years of age; 

By agere, to pass, with annus and an ordinal number, as: quar- 
tum annum ago et octogesimum, / am 83 years old. 

Older and younger are expressed by major and minor with 
following Ablative, as: 
major quinque et triginta annis, older than 35 years. 
(See Exercises 57, 58, p. 61.) 



— 35 — 

n. Space and Place. 

153. The Accusative of Extent in Space accompanies Verbs, 
Adjectives and Adverbs in answer to the questions how long, how 
wide, how high, how deep? as: fossa pedes trecentos longa,a ditch 
300 feet long. With Substantives the Genitive of duality is used, 
as: colossus centum viginti pedum, a coloss of 120 feet (in height j. 

154. The place in which is in the Ablative with in; the place 
from which, in the Ablative with ex, and the place to which, in the 
Accusative with In or ad; as: in urbe, in town; ex Italia, from 
Italy; in Americam, to America; ad urbem, to town. 

155. The place in which is in the Ablative without a Prepo- 
sition with nouns when qualified by totus or cunctus, and with loco, 
locis when qualified by Adjectives, as: tota Graecia, in all Greece; 
multis locis, in many places. The way by which is put in the 
Ablative, as: via Appia profectus est, he set out by the Appian way, 

156. In like manner the Prepositions are not used with the 
names of Towns and small Islands. 

In answer to the question whither? names of towns and small 
islands are put in the Accusative Case, as: Romam venit, he came 
to Rome. 

In answer to the question whence? the names of towns and small 
islands are put in the Ablative Case, as: Roma cessit, he retired 
from Borne. 

In answer to the question where? the names of towns and small 
islands, if of the first or second Declension and in the Singular, 
are put in the Genitive Case, as: Romae mansit, he remained at 
Rome. But if the names are of the Plural Number or belong to 
the third Declension, they are put in the Ablative Case, as: Ba- 
bylone mortiius est, he died at Babylon. 

157. The following words are used like names of towns with- 
out a Preposition: 

rus, into the country domum, home 

riire, from the country domo, from home humo, from the ground 

run, in the country domi, at home hum!, on the ground 

doml militiaeque, at home and in the field 

belli domique, 'in war and in peace. 
(See Exercises 59, 60, p. 62.) 



. — 36 

Ablative in Special Constructions. 

158. The Ablative of Cause designates that by which, by 
reason of which, because of which, in accordance with which 
something is, or is done, as: Dei providentia mundus administratur, 
the world is governed by God's providence. In the Passive con- 
struction, however, the Person or Living Agent by whom any 
thing is done is put in the Ablative with a, &b, as: a Deo mundus 
administratur, the world is governed by God. 

159. The Ablative is used to denote the Means or Instrument 
by which any thing is effected, as: Pyrrhus laplde interfectus est, 
Pyrrhus was hilled by a stone. The person considered as means 
or instrument is expressed by per with the Accusative, as: Caesar 
certlor factus est per legatos, Caesar was informed by (means of) 
ambassadors. 

160. That in respect to which, or in accordance with which 
any thing happens, or is done, is denoted by the Ablative of Limi- 
tation, as: aurum cetera metalla pondere superat, gold surpasses 
in weight the rest of the metals; nostro more, according to our 
custom. 

161. The Ablative with an Adjective is used to denote Qua- 
lity, as: Cicero magna fuit eloquentia, Cicero was (a man) of great 
eloquence. The Genitive may be used in the same way, and must 
be used to define measure, number, time, space, as: fossa quindecim 
pedum, a ditch of 15 feet 

162. The Ablative of Manner answers the question how? It 
is used with the Preposition cum when it has no Adjective, with or 
without cum when it has an Adjective, as: Miltiades summa aequitate 
res constituit, Miltiades settled the affairs with the greatest fairness; 
cum voluptate aliquem audire, to hear some one with pleasure. But 
words of manner: niodo, rati one, more, via, in (such) a manner, &c. 
never take ciim. 

163. The Ablative of Measure is used to denote the Degree of 
Difference, especially with Comparatives, as: turris viginti pedibus 
altior erat quam murus, the tower was (by) twenty feel higher than 
the wall. Mark the expressions: multo, much; paulo, little; altero 
tanto, twice as much; quo. .eo, the. .the. 

164. The Ablative of Comparison may be used with the 
Comparative, instead of quam, than, with the Nominative or Accu- 
sative, as: films melior est patre, the son is better than his father. 

(See Exercises 61, 62, p. 62.) 



— 37 — 

Use of Tenses. 

1 65. The use of the Tenses corresponds, upon the whole, pretty 
closely in Latin and in English. The principal points of difference 
are the following: 

166. The Perfect has two different uses. As the Perfect De- 
finite it denotes an action as now completed, and is rendered by the 
English Perfect with have, as: Graecas literas senex didici, I have 
learned Greek in my old age. As the Historical Perfect it denotes 
an action as completed in past time, when no reference is to be 
made to the time of other events, as: Caesar exercitum finlbus Ita- 
liae admovit, Rubiconem transiit, Romam et aerarium occupavit, &c, 
Caesar advanced with his army to the frontiers .of Italy, passed 
the. Rubicon, took possession of Rome and the treasury. 

167. While the general statement is given by the Historical 
Perfect, the particulars of the action (situations, manners, customs) 
are in the Imperfect, as: Verres in forum venit; ardebant ociili, 
Verres came into the forum; his eyes were blazing. 

168. The Present is regularly used with dam, while, though 
the time referred to is past, as: dum haec aguntur, Caesari nuntia- 
tum est, while this is going on, word ivas brought to Caesar. 

169. The Historical Perfect is regularly used with postquam, 
posteaquam, after; ubi, ut, simulac, ubi primuin, ut primum, as 
soon as. The English translation is often the Pluperfect, as: post- 
quam adspexi, illico cognovi, after I had looked at it, I recognized 
it immediately. 

170. The Future Perfect is used with much greater exactness 
in Latin than in English, as: ut sementem feceris, ita metes, as you 
sow, so shall you reap. 

(See Exercises 63, 64, p. 63.) 



Sequence of Tenses. 



171. Tenses, in regard to their connection, are divided into two 
classes: 

Principal, including the Present, both Futures and the Perfect 
Definite; 

Historical, including the Imperfect, the Historical Perfect and 
the Pluperfect. 



quid facias, what you are do- 
ing 

quid feceris, what you have 
done, what you have been 
doing, what you did 



— £8 _ 

172. The Tense used in any Subjunctive Clause is governed by 
the Tense of tae Yerb upon which it depends. "When depending 
upon a Principal Tense, the Present Subjunctive is used for con- 
temporary action, and the Perfect Subjunctive for antecedent action. 

Principal Clause. Dependent Clause. 

Present. cognosco, 1 am finding 

out 
Future. cognoscam, / shall find 

out 
Fut. Perf. cognovero, / shall have 

found out (shall knoiv) 
Perf. Defin. cognovi, / have found 

out (I know) 

173. When the Subjunctive Clause depends upon an Historical 
Tense, the Imperfect Subjunctive is used for contemporary action, 
and the Pluperfect Subjunctive for antecedent action. 

Principal Clause. Dependent Clause. 

Imperf. cognoscebam , / was r quid faceres, what you were 

finding out \ doing 

Pluperf. cognovereLm,Ihadfound | quid fecisses, what you had 
out (I knew) I done, had been doing 

C quid facerent hostes, what the 
Hist. Perf. Caesar cognovit, Caesar ' enemy was doing 

found out 1 quid fecissent hostes, what the 

I enemy had done 

174. The Future Tenses are wanting in the Subjunctive. After 
a Future or Future Perfect, their place is supplied by the Present 
or Perfect Subjunctive; after the other Tenses by the Active Peri- 
phrastic Subjunctive, Present or Imperfect; as: 

cognoscam, quid facias, I shall find out what you are doing; 
cognovero, quid feceris, I shall have found out what you have done; 
cognosco, quid facturus sis, lam finding out what you will do; 
cognoveram, quid facturus esses, / had found out ivhat you would do. 
(See Exercises 65, 66, p. 63.) 

. The Imperative. 

175. The Present Imperative denotes that an action is to be 
performed at once, as: si quid in te peccavi, ignosce, if I have 
sinned against you, forgive me. 

The Future Imperative is used where there is a distinct relation 
to future time, as: regio imperio duo sunto, there shall be two officers 
with royal power. 



— 39 — 

176. The regular negative of the Imperative is ne, which is, 
however, in classical Latin only found with the Future Imperative. 
Instead of the Positive Imperative, the third person of the Present 
Subjunctive may be employed, as: amet, let him love; instead of 
the Negative Imperative the second person of the Perfect Subjunc- 
tive or the third person of the Present Subjunctive with ne may 
be employed, as: ne transieris Iberum, do not cross the Ebro; ne 
amet, let him not love. 

177. Instead of the simple Imperative several Imperative 
Phrases are common: 

cura ut, take care that \ , ..* cave ne, beware lest { each with 
fac tit, cause that > ^ « j. cave, beware ) the Subj. 

fac, do ) noli, be unwilling, with the Inf. 

The Infinitive. 

178. The Infinitive is really a Verbal Noun which governs the 
case of its Verb and is modified by Adverbs and not by Adjectives, 
as : diligenter legere librum, the careful reading of a book? 

179. The Infinitive may be used as the Subject of a Yerb, as: 
numquam est utile peecare, to do wrong is never useful, or as the 
Object, as: vincere scis, Hannibal, victoria uti nescis, how to win 
victory, Hannibal, you know; how to make use of victory you 
know not 

(See Exercises 67, 68, p. 64.) 

Gerund. 

180. As the Infinitive is used as a Verbal Noun in the Nomi- 
native and Accusative cases, so the Gerund is used in the remaining 
cases, viz: 



Nom. 


scribere est utile 


writing is useful 


Gen. 


ars scribendi 


the art of writing 


Dat. 


scribendo adfiii 


I was present at the writing 


Ace. 


scribere disco 


I learn to write 




ad scribendum utilis 


useful for writing 


Abl. 


scribendo discimus 


we learn by writing. 



The Gerund governs the same case as the Verb, as: 

ars scribendi epistulam the art of writing a letter 
cupidus te audiendi desirous of hearing you 

injurias ferendo by bearing wrongs 

ad beate vivendum for living happily 

parendo legibus by obeying the laws. 



— 40 ~ _ 

Gerundive. 

181. The Gerundive of Verbs governing the Accusative is fre- 
quently used instead of the Gerund in the following manner: 

The Accusative is put in the same Case as the Gerund ; 
The Gerund is then changed into the Gerundive; 
The Gerundive is made to agree with the Substantive in Gender, 
Number and Case; thus: 

Gerund. Gerundive. 

Gen. scribendl epistulam scribendae epistulae 

Dat. scribendo epistulam scribendae epistulae 

Ace. ad scribendum epistulam ad scribendam epistulam 
Abl. scribendo epistulam scribenda epistula. 

(See Exercises 69, 70, p. 64.) 

Accusative with the Infinitive. 

182. *The Accusative with the Infinitive is used like the 
English Objective with the Infinitive in -such sentences, as: hoc 
verum esse scimus, we know this to be true. In English we might 
also say: We know that this is true, but Latin permits only of the 
Infinitive Construction. 

183. The Accusative with the Infinitive may be the Subject 

of the sentence. The Predicate is either a Noun or Adjective with 
est, or an Impersonal Yerb, as: certum est liberos a parentibus 
amari, it is certain that children are loved by their parents. 

The most common phrases under this rule are: 
certum est, it is certain constat, it is agreed, it is evident 

verum est, it is true oportet, there is need, ought 

notum est, it is known traditum est, it is handed down, 

veri simile est, it is probable there is a tradition 

184. The Accusative with the Infinitive is used as the 
Object of Verbs of perceiving and declaring, such as: 

negare, to deny intellegere, to understand, 

narrare, to relate putare, to consider, think 

sentire, to feel, perceive viclere, to see 

dicere, to say sperare, to hope 

testari^ to testify scire, to know 
arbitrari, to be of opinion, be- nesclre, not to know 

lieve docere, to teach 



— 41 — 

Examples are: 
aves videmus construere nidos we see that birds build nests 
nemo negabit se esse mortalem no one will deny that he is mortal. 

185. Yerbs followed by the Accusative and Infinitive are 
especially those of wishing and desiring, as: 

volo, I wish ciip to, I desire sino, I permit 

nolo, I do not wish jubeo, Ibid patior, I suffer 

mak3, Hike better veto, I forbid 

discipulum me haberi volo, non doetorem, / wish to be taken for 
a learner, not for a teacher. 

186. To translate such clauses as are introduced in English by 
the Conjunction thai, and require in Latin the Accusative with the 
Infinitive 

take no notice of that; 

translate the English Nominative following that by the Latin Accusative; 

translate the English Verb by the Latin Infinitive. 

The Future Infinitive is often expressed by fore or futurum 
esse tit — necessarily so when the Verb has no Supine, as: 
credo fore ut pluat / believe it will rain 

credebam fore ut plueret I believed it would rain. 

(See Exercises 71, 72, p. 65.) 

Participles. 

187. The Participles are more frequently used in Latin than 
in English and may have the value 

of a Relative, as: divitiae semper duraturae, riches which ic ill 

last forever; 
of while, when, after, as: Plato scribens mortuus est, Plato 

died while writing; 
of if, as: mendaci homini ne verum quidem dicenti credlmus, we 

do not believe a liar, even if he speaks the truth; 
of since, because, as: cantus olorinus recte fabulosus habetur 

nunquam auditus, the swaivs song is justly regarded as fabu- 
lous, because it has never been heard; 
of thougJi, although, as: oculus se non videns alia cernit, the 

eye, though not seeing itself, sees other things; 
of to, in order to (expressing a purpose), as: Scipio in Africam 

trajecit Carthagmem deleturas, Scipio crossed over info 

Africa to destroy Carthage. 



— 42 — 

188. The Participle with a negative (non, nihil) is often best 
rendered 

by without and a Participial Noun, as: multi homines vitupg- 
rant libros non intellectos, many men find fault with books 
without understanding them. 

189. The Passive Participle is often used in Latin where the 
English idiom requires a Verbal Noun, as: Tarentum captiim, the 
taking of Tar ent; ab urbe condita, from the building of the city; 
ante Christum natum, before the birth of Christ 

(See Exercises 73, 74, p. 65.) 

Periphrastic Conjugation. 

190. The Periphrastic Conjugation is formed by combining 
the tenses of esse with the Future Participle (Active), as: ama- 
turus sum, I am about to love; and with the Gerundive (Passive), 
as: amandus sum, I ought to be loved. 

191. The Active Periphrastic Conjugation denotes intention 
or being on the point of doing something, as: scripturus sum,/ 
purpose to write, or / am about to write. The Passive Peri- 
phrastic Conjugation expresses necessity or propriety, as: parentes 
amandi sunt, parents ought to be loved; the person by whom is put 
in the Dative, as: parentes liberis amandi sunt, parents ought to be 
loved by their children. 

192. The neuter of the Gerundive with est, erat, etc., is used 
impersonally if what is said holds good of people in general, as: 
vivendum est, we or you must live. 

But the person by whom may also be added in the Dative, thus: 
mihi scribendum est, I must or should write 
tibi scribendum est, thou must or shouldsl write 
ei scribendum est, he must or should write 
nobis scribendum est, ive must or should write 
vobis scribendum est, you must or should write 
eis scribendum est, they must or should write. 
(See Exercises 75, 76, p. 66.) 

Ablative Absolute. 

193. A Noun or Pronoun with a Participle is used in the 
Ablative Case absolutely to express some accompanying circum- 
stance or condition of the action. 



±3 

The Ablative Absolute may be translated by the English Nominative 
Absolute which is a close equivalent; but, as a rule, the same 
change of form is required as in translating Participles in general. 
(See 187.) 

Examples are : 
Nuraa Pompilio reg- Numa Pompilius reigning. When Numa 
nante Pompilius was reigning. In the reign 

of Numa Pompilius. 
Tito imperante In the reign of the emperor Titus. 

Caesare interfecto Caesar being, having beem murdered. 
When Caesar had been murdered. 
After the murder of Caesar. 

An Adjective, or another Noun may take the place of the Parti- 
ciple, as: 
Xerxe rege Xerxes being king. 

natura duce Nature being the leader. Under the 

guidance of nature. 
nolentibus nobis While toe are unwilling. Against our 

will. In spite of us. 
patre invito While father is, was unwilling. Against 

father's ivill. 

194. The want of a Perfect Active Participle in Latin is fre- 
quently supplied by the Ablative Absolute with the Passive Parti- 
ciple, thus: 

,_ ( The city being taken, Caesar returned 
Caesar, nrbe capta, rednt j Having taken ih ^ % Caesar returned. 

See Exercises 77, 78, p. 66.) 

The Supine and its Equivalents. 

195. The Former Supine (in vim) is used after Verbs of motion to 
express the purpose of the motion; it has an Active meaning, as: 

venlo te rogatum / come to ask you. 

196. The Latter Supine (in u) has a Passive meaning; it is used 
only with a few Adjectives denoting ease or difficulty, pleasure or 
displeasure, right or wrong; with the nouns fas, right, nefas, 
wrong; sometimes with opiis, need, as: 

quid est tarn jucundum audltu ? what is so agreeable in hearing? 



44 — 

197. The Former Supine, as an expression of purpose, is not very 
common, its place being supplied in various ways. Thus the sen- 
tence: 

The Carthaginians sent ambassadors to sue for peace, 
may be rendered: 

Supine. Carthaginienses legatos miserunt pacem petitum. 

Gerundive w. ( C. legatos miserunt ad pacem petendam. 
ad, causa ( 0. legatos miserunt pacis petendae causa. 
Fut. Part. C. legatos miserunt pacem petituros. 

ut w. Subj. m C. legatos miserunt, ut pacem peter ent. 
qui w. Subj. C. legatos miserunt, qui pacem peterent. 

198. The use of the Latter Supine is confined to a few Yerbs, as: 
dictu, to tell; factii, to do; audita, to hear; vlsu, to see. With facilis, 
difflcills, jucundus, the construction of ad with the Gerund is more 
common, as: res est facilis ad cognoscendnm (cognltu), the thing is 
easy to know. 

(See Exercises 79, 80, p. 67.) 

The Subjunctive. 

199. Dependent Subjunctive Clauses may be classified as 
follows: 

Conjunctive Clauses introduced by Conjunctions, 

Relative " " " Relatives, 

Indirect Questions u u Interrogative words, 

Subjunctive after Conjunctions. . 

200. tit, that, governs the Subjunctive: 

I. When it means so that (often rendered by to, so as to), to 
express a result; its negative is lit non, so that not. It is used 
after such words as tarn, Ita, sic, adeo, so; talis, such; tantiis, so 
great, and after Yerbs denoting it happens, it remains, accidit, 
restat, and the like, as: Atticus ita vixit, ut Atheniensibus carissimus 
esset, Atticus so lived that he was very dear to the Athenians. 

II. When it means that, in order thai (often to be translated by 
to, in order to)-, its negative is ne, that not, lest. It expresses pur- 
pose and is regularly used with Yerbs denoting purpose or intent, 
as: oro te ut dillgens sis, I entreat you to be diligent 



— ±5 

III. When it means granted that, to express a concession; its 
negative is ne; as: ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas, 
granted that strength fails, still the iviil should be approved. 

IV. With Yerbs of fearing, ne is translated that, and lit, that 
not; timeo, ne veniat, / am afraid that he will come (it is my pur- 
pose that he shall not) — timeo, ut veniat, lam afraid that lie will 
not come (it is my purpose that he shall). 

201. The Ablative quo (= fit eo, that thereby), in order that, 
so that, is used with Comparatives, as: ager aratur, quo meliores 
fructus edere possit, afield is plowed that it may yield better fruit. 

202. quominus, that, .not, is used after expressions of hin- 
dering where also ne maybe used, as: nihil obstat quominus scri- 
bam, nothing hinders me from writing. 

203. quin, but that, but that.. not, is used with negative ex- 
pressions, as: nemo est quin hoc videat, there is no one but sees 
this, and after negative expressions implying doubt, omission, and 
the like, as: non dublto quin clomi sit, / do not doubt that he is at 
home. 

204. The Conjunctions of Comparison: 

tamquam, quasi, velut si, perinde ac si, as if, take the 
Subjunctive, as: me adspicitis quasi monstrum sim, you look at me 
as if I were a monster. 

205. The Subjunctive is used in conditional wishes with 
dummodo, dum, niodo, if only, provided, as: oderint dum me- 
tuant, let them hate if they only fear. The negative is ne. 

200. The Concessive Conjunctions 

licet, ut, cum, though, suppose, whereas 
quamvis, quantunivis, however much 
take the Subjunctive, while 

etsT, tametsi, quamquani, although 
regularly take the Indicative. 

Examples: Yitia mentis, quamvis exigua sint, in majus exce- 
dunt, defects of the mind, no matter how slight they be, go on in- 
creasing. — Quamquam intellegunt, tamen numquam dicunt, though 
they understand, they never speak. 

207. Causal cum, meaning as, since, takes the Subjunctive, 
as: quae cum ita sint, perge, since these things are so, proceed. 
— Temporal cum, meaning when, at the time ivhen, takes the 



— 46 ^~ 

Indicative of all the tenses, as: ager cum multos annos quievit, 
uberiores fructus eflferre solet, when a field has rested many years, it 
usually produces a more abundant crop. — Historical cum, meaning 
when, as, takes the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive, involving 
cause as well as time, as: cum Caesar Anconam occupasset, urbem 
reliquimus, when Caesar had occupied Ancona, we left the city. 

208. There are three classes of Conditional Sentences: 

I The condition is represented as a fact: si with the Indicative 
in both clauses: 
si Deus est, aeternus est if there is a God, he is eternal 

II. The condition is represented as possible or likely to be real- 
ized: si with Present or Perfect Subjunctive in both clauses: 

si quis ita agat, imprudens sit if anybody were to act thus, he 

would not be wise. 

III. The condition is represented as contrary to fact: si with 
Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive in both clauses: 

facerem, si possem I should do it if I could. 

(See Exercises 81—84, p. 68.) 

The Subjunctive after Relatives. 

209. The Subjunctive is used in Relative Sentences: 

To denote purpose or motive; qui = ut eg'6, lit tu, tit is, etc., as: 

missi sunt delect! cum Leonida, picked men were sent with 

qui Thermopylae occuparent Leonidas to take possession 

of Thermopylae. 
To denote the cause on account of which, or the hindranpe in spite 
of ivhich; qui = cum eg'6, ciim til, cum is, etc. (often with fit, 
utpote, as; quippe, namely), as: 
o virum simplicem, qui nos nihil guileless man ivho hidest 
celet! nothing from us! 

After general expressions of existence and non-existence, as: 
est qui [ there is, there are habeo quod, I have to 
sunt qui S some who reperiuntur qui, persons are 

nemo est qui, there is none to found, who 

nihil est quod, there is nothing 
sunt qui censeant una animum cum corpore interire, there are 
some who believe that the soul perishes together with the body. 

After dignus, indig-nus, idoneus, aptus, as: 
indignus es, cui fides habeatur, you are unworthy of being believed, 
(See Exercises 85, 86, p. 69,) 



— 47 — 

Subjunctive in Indirect Questions. 

210. The Subjunctive is used in such questions as are de- 
pendent upon some word in the former part of the sentence (Indi- 
rect Questions) . 

The words: ubi fuisti? where have you been? 
are a Direct Question, with the Verb in the Indicative: in the sentence: 
die mihi ubi fueris, tell me where you have been, 

the same words are an Indirect Question, and the dependent Verb is in 
the Subjunctive Mood. 

qualis sit animus ipse animus the mind itself knows not what 
nescit the mind is 

quis ego sim me rogitas? do you ask me who lam ? 

Indirect Questions have the same particles as the direct, num and 
ne, corresponding to whether in English. 

Indirect Disjunctive Questions. 

quaero utrum verum an falsum sit "| 

quaero verumne an falsum sit I / ask whether it is true or 

quaero verum an falsum sit false 

quaero verum falsumne sit J 

When the interrogative particle is omitted in the first member, 
ne may stand in the second, but only in Indirect Questions. 

Or not in Indirect Questions is necne, as: dii utrum sint, necne 
sint, quaeritur, the question is whether there are gods or not. 
(See Exercises 87, 88, p. 69.) 



— 48 



Paet Second. 

parallel exercises 

ON THE FOREGOING LESSONS. 

ETYMOLOGY (Continued). 
Declension. — Gr. 1—22. 

1. Vita parentum filiis et filiabus cara est. Bonus pater- 
familias diligentiam 1 et parsimoniam amat. Tria pondo auri 
non sunt graviora quani tria pondo plumarum 2 . Tyranni 3 per- 
petilo 4 insidias 5 metuunt. Noctu plerlque homines domi sunt. 
Multi homines divitias amant, pauci virttitem. 

^diligence ^feather Hyrant Constantly Hreachery 

2. Good health is more desirable 1 than great riches. Sol- 
diers like the life of the camp. Diligent boys are the joy and 
delight of (their) parents and teachers. My father's letter 
was very pleasing to me. The cares of a good father of a 
family are great. Truth loves the light (and) falsehood 2 
darkness. 

Joptabills, -S 2 mendaciiim.j -i 

First Conjugation. 

Gr. 23—25. 

Rule. Cause, Manner, and Instrument are put in the Ablative. 

3. Nattira dedit agros, ars humana aedificavit urbes. 
Bques equum calcari et freno domuit. Aethiopem 1 lavare 
supervacuus 2 labor est. Attus Navius 3 augur 4 cotem novacula 5 
secuit. Julius Caesar 6 totam Galliam 7 domuit 8 . Athenienses 
a Lacedaemoniis 9 contra Persas adjuti sunt. Postquam 10 to- 
niiit, aer purus 11 et saltiber 12 esse solet 13 . 

l an Ethiopian ^needless, in vain 3 Attus Navius, proper name 4 augur 
*razor G Julius Caesar, proper name ^Gaul ^subjugate 9 1 Lacedaemonian 
l0 after ll pure ^salubrious &is wont 



— 49 — 

Rule. Time how long is in the Accusative. 

4. We tame wild beasts by hunger and blows. Alexander 
the Great subjugated a great part of Asia. How many years 1 
has the Roman empire stood? God has given (to) us a short 
life. Tamed lions are rare. If riches afford happiness, avarice 
is the first virtue. Lycurgus 2 had prohibited 3 the use of gold 
and silver by law. 

Accusative 2 Lycurg"us, -I 3 veto, ar§ 

Second Conjugation. 
Gr. 26—35. 

5. Post 1 bellum decern annorum Graeci urbem Trojam de- 
leverunt. Senatus 2 servitutem abolevit. Multi parentes vitia 
liberorum indulgentia 3 auxerunt. Discipuli a magistris docen- 
tur. Pueri manere jussi sunt, sed non manebunt. Pastor fu- 
gavit 4 lupum, qui unam ovem momordera/t. Si visus es a 
nullo, tamen Deus te vidit. 

l after 2 the senate ^indulgence 4 to put to flight 

6. Pains are increased by impatience 1 . Poverty has taught 
men many useful arts. How long 2 will your brother stay in 
Virginia 3 ? Six months 4 . Who destroyed the city (of) Car- 
thage 5 ? Scipio 6 . The father wept over 7 the death of (his) son. 
Some 8 people have never laughed. Sheep are shorn once or 9 
twice every year. 

^mpatientia, -ae 2 quamdm 3 Virgin!a, -ae 4 Acc. 5 Carthag§, -Inls 
6 Scipio, -onis 7 de, with Ab'ative 8 quldam 9 vel 

Third Conjugation. 
Verbs ending in uo, vo. — Gr. 36. 37. 

7. Danublus 1 orientem, Rhenus 2 septentrionem versus 3 
fluit. CuilTbet hommi quaedam beneficia a deo tribuuntur. 
Hodie 4 , amici, optimas induite vestes 5 : est natalis patris pa- 
triae. Nemo Justus esse potest, qui mortem, qui dolorem, qui 
egestatem 6 metuit. Justus est is, qui suum culque tribuit. 
Interdum per 7 tres continues 8 dies pluit. 

^Danube 2 Bhine ^toward; versus takes the Ace; it is put after the word it 
governs; here orientem , ♦ septentrionem -Ho-day ^clothing 6 want yor e con« 
tinwus 



• ~ 50 — 

8. Knives are sharpened with a whetstone. Brave sol- 
diers do not fear death. This medicine 1 will lessen your pain. 
The beaver builds a wonderful 2 house. Some 3 insects live one 
day 4 only. King Arganthonius 5 lived 120 years 4 . The deeds 6 
of some men do not agree with 7 (their) words 8 . 

imediclna, -ae 2 mlrific\is, -a, -iim 3 quidam 4 Accus. 5 Argautlio- 
nms, -i 6 factHxn ? -i 7 cum, w. Abl. 8 verbiiiTi, -I 

Yerbs ending in 10. — Gr. 38. 39. 

9. Prudens est is, quern facmnt aliena 1 pericula cautum. 
Quid faciet is homo in tenebris, qui nihil 2 timet nisi 2 testem 3 et 
judicem? Elephantum ex 4 mure facis, amice. Quo plura ho- 
mines habent, eo plura cupiunt. In magno magni capiuntur 
flu mine 6 pisces. Testudmes 6 pariunt 7 ova 8 avium ovis similia. 

l of others 2 nothing but ^witness 4 of 5 river Hortoise Ho lay 8 egg 

10. Death snatches away young men as well as 1 old men. 
The drones are killed by (ab) the bees. In the sea and in the 
rivers innumerable 2 fishes are caught every year. The more 
a miser has, the more he desires. Nobody will dig the earth 
with 3 golden mattocks. We call him wise whom the dangers 
of others make cautious. 

it.im. .quam 2 innumerabiils, -e 3 Abl. 

Verbs in do, to. — Gr. 40 — 42. 

11. Pueri Romani, sicut 1 nostri, pila 2 et trocho 3 luserunt. 
Solis cursus 4 annuus 5 divlsus est in quattuor partes: in ver et 
aestatem et autumnum et hiemem. Bonus dux bonum reddit 
comitem 6 . Caesar, ille clarissimus imperator Romanus, etiam 
librum grammaticum 7 edidit. Quod quisque sperat 8 , facile 9 
credit. 

Hike 2 ball 3 hoop ^course 5 y early ^follower "grammar (book) Ho hope 
for ^easily 

12. The year is divided into spring, summer, autumn 
(and) winter. Agesilaus 1 , king of the Spartans, sometimes 
played with 2 his children. Romulus founded the city (of) 
Rome. The hunters have spread (their) nets. I have read 
your letter which our friend had delivered to me, Th§ Greeks 
founded many cities in Italy and Sicily, 

JAgesilaiis, <~I 2 cum, w. Abl, 



— 51 — 
Gr. 43. 44. 

13. Carthaginienses 1 frustra 2 a Romanis pacem petive- 
runt. Boves cornibus, canes dentibus, aves rostris et ungulis 3 
se defenciunt. Plebs Roruana magnam vim 4 frumenti ex agro 
Tarquiniorum 5 in Tiberim 6 fudit. Scipio 7 Numantiam 8 open- 
bus 9 clausit. Cimbri 10 et Teutoni 11 complexes exercitus 12 Ro- 
manos fuderant. Aves super 13 arbores sidere solent 14 . 

1 Carthaginian Hn vain *claw ^quantity Hhe Tarquinians 6 7%er "Scipio 
^Xumantia ^military works l0 Cimbrians u Teutons u army ^on top of * 4 are ac- 
customed 

14:. The moon sends the light which she receives from 1 the 
sun (in)to 2 the earth. Horses defend themselves with (their) 
hoofs 3 , dogs and other animals with (their) teeth, bulls* with 
(their) horns. Truth defends itself. Ten thousand (of) Athe- 
nians routed more than 5 a hundred thousand (of) Persians. 
The riches of others kindle the envy of the miser. 

! a. with the Abl. ^n. with the Ace. 3 ungula, -ae 4 taur\is, -I 5 amplms, 
more than 

Verbs ending in bo, po. — Gr. 43. 46. 

15. Octavia 1 , Augusti 3 soror, nupsit Antonio. Simulac 3 
epistulani 4 seripsero, ambulabo 5 . Dareus 6 in fuga 7 aquam tur- 
bidam 8 bibit; numquam jucundms 9 biberat. numquam enim 10 
sitiens 11 biberat. Cicero librum de 12 officiis 13 scripsit. Quid 
agis 14 , carissime? Scribo, ut 16 vides. Quid scribis? Litteras 
ad patrem scribo. Corpora animalmm serpentium sunt mollia 16 . 

l Octavia 2 Augustus 3 as soon as 4 letter Ho take a walk 6 Dareus ^flight 
Zmuddy 9 more deliciously l( for n tchen thirsty 12 on ^duiy 14 /o do l5 as l6 soft 

Rule. Time when is in the Ablative. 

16. Horses crop the grass. Many men can neither 1 read 
nor 1 write. The boys have already 2 plucked the cherries 3 ; in 
autumn 4 we shall pluck the fruit 5 of all the trees. Men drink 
water, wine (and) milk 6 . Some men have never drunk wine. 
The art of writing was known to the Phenicians. Cicero wrote 
many letters to his friend Atticus 7 . 

1 neqt3e..neque 2 jam 3 ceras-um, -1 4 Abl. without prepos. 5 pomS,, -orum, 
siac, lactis "AttTcus, -5 



— 52 — 

Verbs ending in co, go (guo), quo, ho, cto. — Gr. 47 — 51. 

17. Si nos non ipsi regemus, regemur ab alfis. Insula est 
terra aqua cincta. Apud Romanos fur 1 dicebatur homo trium 
litterarum. Pisces squamis 2 tecti sunt. Curae nos sollicitant 3 
anguntque. Adulescentes praeceptis senum ad virtutem du- 
cuntur. Nobilis 4 equus umbra 5 virgae 6 regetur. 

Hhief Hcale Ho disturb 4 noble ^shadow 6 switch 

18. God rules the destinies 1 of men. It is God who rules 
this whole world. Bias 2 , one of 3 the .seven wise men 4 , said: I 
carry my all 5 with me 6 . In winter the banks 7 of rivers are joined 
by ice 8 . Precepts lead, examples draw. It is difficult to rule 
the minds of men. The ox draws the cart 9 , not the cart the ox. 

1 fat'Q.m, -x 2 Bia,s, -airtis 3 ex, w. Abl. 4 sapiens, -txs 5 omnia mea 
6 mecum 7 rlpa, -ae 8 geltx, -Us (Abl.; 9 currtLs, -Us 

Gr. 52—54. 

19. Quid egisti, amice? Epistulam scripsi. Caeci 1 sunt 
oculi, cum 2 animus alias res agit 3 . Athenienses Aristldem 4 , 
civem omnium justissimum, in exsiimm egerunt 5 . Tarquinius 
Superbus rex foedus 6 cum Latinis 7 icit. Marcellus 8 primus 
Hannibalem 9 acie 10 vicit. Gades 11 , ultima urbs Hispaniae, ocea- 
num 12 tangit. Romani milites neque sacris neque profanis 13 
aediflciis 14 Carthagmis pepercerunt. 

l blind 2 when Ho be intent on 4 Aristides 5 to drive Hreaty 1 Latin ^Mar- 
cellus ^Hannibal l0 battle u Cadiz u ocean ^profane 14 building 

20. I was reading, you were writing, your brother was 
painting. We break and overcome all diseases by abstinence 1 . 
The general Duilius 2 held 3 the first naval 4 triumph 5 . Diony- 
sius 6 , the tyrant 7 of Syracuse 8 , led 3 (his) life in constant 9 jear 10 . 
Danger will never be overcome without 10 danger. In summer 
the streets 12 are sprinkled with water. 

Jabstinentisij-aeCAbl.) 2 DuIlTiis, -i 3 ago, -er6 4 maritimixs, -a, -ixm 
StrTumplrCLs, -1 6 Dionysi"iis, -I 7 tyranniis, -I 8 Syracusae, -ariim 9 per- 
pettiils, -a, -Hnx 10 metiiSj -Us ^sine, w. Abl. ^via, -ae 

Yerbs ending in 15, mo, no, ro. — Gr. 55 — 57. 

21. Caesar pecuniam publicam 1 ex aerario 2 prompserat. 
Caesar a militlbus quoque pecuniam mutuam 3 sumpserat 3 . Ari- 
stldes Atheniensis inter omnes integritate 4 excellebat. Jure 6 ix 



53 

contemnuntur, qui nee sibi nee aliis prosimt. Qui bonam 
famam 6 contemnit, conteranit virtutem. Morbis quoque natura 
quasdam leges posuit. 

ipublic treasury 3 mutuum sumere, to borrow ^integrity ^justly deputa- 
tion; bona fama, a good name 

22. Not all the fields, which are tilled, are fruitful. The 
Egyptians worshipped the dog and the cat 1 as 2 gods. The 
larger beasts are caught, the smaller (ones) despised by 3 lions. 
A fire is nourished by its own ashes 4 . In spring the nightingale 
sings during 5 the whole night 6 . We worship one God. 

. tfells, - 2 ut 3 a, w. Abl. 4 Abl. without prepos. spgr, w. Ace. 6 nox, noctis 

Gr. 58. 59. 

23. Numa, secundus Romanorum rex, nullum bellum ges- 
sit 1 . Argus 2 centum ociilos gerebat (had). Res familiaris 3 
quaeri debet labore et parsimonia. Filii non semper patrum 
vestigia 4 premunt 6 . Veteres Germani 6 vinum ad se importari 7 
non siverunt. Britanni olim frumenta non serebant, sed lacte 
et carne 8 vivebant. 

Ho carry on 2 Argus ^property ^footstep 5 vestig!a premere, to walk in the 
footsteps 6 German " l to import 8 Abl. to be translated by on 

24:. My grandfather had planted many trees with his own 
hand. (Abl.) When 1 father sends 2 money, we shall buy these 
very useful books. Socrates always sought after 3 truth. God has 
not a body; for this reason 4 , though 6 he is everywhere, he can 
nowhere 6 be seen. Very many wars have been carried on by 
the Romans. 

Jcum 2 Translate: shall have sent Squaero, -ere, to seek after 4 idcirco 5 et3l 
6 nusquam 

Verbs ending in so, xo, sco. — Gr. 60 — 62. 

25. Homines dum 1 docent, discunt. Quid heri egistis? 

Scripsimus et didicmius fabulam 2 , quam magister dictaverat 3 . 

Semper coglta, primam esse virtutem compescere linguam 4 . 

Araneae 5 retia texunt tenuissima. Omnes, qui in GraecTam 

iter fecerunt, Athenas viserunt. Non scholae, sed vitae di- 

scimus. 

^whilst 2 fable 3 to dictate Hongue 5 spider 



6 



— 54 — 

26. Without 1 air neither plants can grow nor animals live. 
Even 2 without a master vices are learned. Below 3 the earth 
the bones of the dead repose. You will learn the Latin 4 lan- 
guage in a short time 5 , boys, if you are 6 diligent and attentive. 
In the most ancient 7 times Egypt was visited by 8 no stranger 9 . 

JsTne, w. Abl. 2 etiam 3 sub, w. Abl. 4 Latiniis, -a, -iim 5 brevl tempore 
6 Translate: if you will be 'antlquxis, -a, -iim 8 a, w.Abl. 9 peregriniis, -i 

Fourth Conjugation. 

Gr. 63. 64. 

27. Lex erat apud Romanos: Nemo in urbe sepelitor. In? 
numerae 1 artes ab hominibus inventae sunt. Apes et formlcae 
victum 2 comportant 3 memores hiemis venturae. Olim capti 
reges et duces catenis 6 vincti sunt. Alexandri Magni jussu 1 
sepulcrum 7 Cyri 8 apertum est. Optima praecepta vitae ex 9 
sacris libris hauriuntur. 

Hnnumerable 2 food Ho collect 4 captive 6 chain 6 by order igrave 8 Cyrus 
Q from 

28. Alexander the Great opened the grave of Cyrus. Of 
all the Romans Trajan 1 alone was buried within 2 the city. 
Spring opens the rivers and lakes to navigation 3 . The time 
of death will come, and quickly 4 indeed 5 . Letters were in- 
vented by the Phenicians. The enemies were conquered and 
bound with chains. 

^rajan-us, -i 2 intra, w. Ace. 3 navlgati5, -onis 4 celeriter 5 qui<tem 

Deponent Verbs. 

Gr. 65—68. 

29. Hannibal optimum ratus est, bellum cum Romanis in 
ipsa Italia gerere. Impares 1 nati sumus, pares 2 moriemur, 
aequat 3 omnes sepulcrum. Qui duos lepores sequitur, neutrum 
capit. Quam multi indigni 4 sunt luce 5 , et tamen 6 dies oritur. 
Apud veteres Germanos pedites proeliabantur inter equites. 

^unequal ^equal Ho level ^unworthy 5 The Abl. to be translated by of 
Nevertheless 

30. A good conscience will everywhere accompany an up- 
right mail aia4 comfort him in adversity. A good man suffers 



all misfortunes 1 for 2 his country. When 3 we die, only the body 
dies, not the soul. Spring follows winter. The greatest evils 
have arisen from 4 avarice. Most birds awake when 5 the sun 
rises. 

^alamitas, -atis 2 pro, w. Abl. 3 sl 4 ex, w. Abl. 5 cum 

Semi- Deponents and Derivative Verbs. 

Gr. 69—77. 

31. Fruraenta autumno seruntur et aestate sequentis anni 
maturescunt. Avus meus in publicis muneribus 1 senuit. 
Magna 2 puerorum multitudo 2 per 3 prata cursabat. Caesar vir- 
tuti militum in omnibus rebus fisus est. Hie puer mendacti 
causa 4 vapulavit. In schola legimus historiam viri, qui in 
monte obdormlvit et post viginti annos revixit. 

Office 2 a very great number ^through 4 in consequence of; causa is put after 
the word it governs, here mendacii, lying 

32. A mouse does not trust to one hole 1 . This servant 2 
has been flogged most undeservedly 3 . Some animals are ac- 
customed to dwell both 4 in 6 the water and 4 on 5 the land. 
Nothing dries quicker 6 than a tear 7 . In consequence 8 of the 
cold 9 , grain 10 ripens later 11 in Germany 12 than in Italy. 

'antrum, -i 2 serv\is, -I 3 immeritissimo 4 et..et 5 in, w. Abl. 6 cTtius 
7 lacrima, -ae 8 propter, w. Ace. Angora,, -\irii 10 frumenta, -oirum 
H senus 12 Germania<, -ae 

Irregular Verbs, 
gdere, velle, nolle, malle, Ire. — Gr. 78—82. 

33. In Aegypto brassica 1 propter 2 amaritudmem 3 non estur. 
Malumus pauperes esse et probi, quam divites et improbi. 
Vulpes vult fraudeni, lupus agnum 4 , femina laudem 5 . Pueris 
in scholam euntlbus dare solebant Romani custodes 6 . Nudus 7 
in hanc terram veni, nudusque redlbo. Noli oblivisci, quan- 
tum 8 parentibus debeas. Noli me tangere. 

l cabbage 2 on account of ^bitterness 4 lamb upraise 6 custodian ''naked 
6 how much 

34. Merchants 1 prefer to dwell near 8 the market 3 . A full 
belly 4 wlU not (nolo) study 5 wUlipgly^ If W§ wisk to be happy^ 



— 56 — 

we must be contented with our lot 1 . After death the body 
perishes, the soul will never perish. The seasons go and 
return, but never 8 to me returns day.^ Death will pass by 9 
nobody. 

Jmercator, -oris 2 apud, w. Ace. 3 foriim, -I 4 vent<Sr, -x*Is 5 studSo, 
-er6 6 libenter iwith our lot, Abl. 8 numquam 9 praeterSo, -irS 

queo, nequeo, fero, fio. — Gr. 83—87. 

35. Animalla magnam utilitatem 1 afferunt 1 hominibus. 
Aristippus 2 servo, qui pecumam ferebat onereque premebattir, 
dixit: Abjice 3 , quod nimium 4 est, et fer, quod ferre potes. 
Onus, quod bene fertur, leve fit. Principio 5 rerum Deus dixit: 
'Fiat lux', et lux facta est. Si dillgens esses, labores tibi 
faciles fierent. 

Ho do service 2 Aristippus Ho throw away Hoo much beginning, Abl. to 
denote time when 

36. Not every field which is sown yields 1 fruits. Aristides 
bore poverty most patiently 2 . Virtue and learning*ire riches 
which no thief can carry away. Fish cannot live without 
water. Every burden becomes lighter by patience 4 . In winter 
time (time of winter) the days become shorter, and the nights 
longer. Without light there cannot be (any) colors. 

tferre 2 pat!entissime 3 doctrIna>, -ae 4 patientia, -ae 

Defective and Impersonal Verbs. 

Gr. 88 — 93. 

37. TTva, inquit vulpes, nondum 1 mattira 2 est, nolo acer- 
bam 3 sumere. Quis foret egenus 4 , si divites semper pauperum 
meminfssent? Salvete amlci, jamdudum 5 vos exspectavi 6 . 
Tempus, inquis, praeterit; erras 7 , inquam, tempus manet; nos 
praeterimus. Pluit et ningit, non poterimus ambulare. Non 
licebat vinum femrnis Romanis bibere. 

l not yet ^ripe 5 sour 4 needy 5 a long time G to wait for 7 to be mistaken 

38. It thunders and lightens, we shall stay at home. To 
no one it is allowed to break 1 the laws of his country. Ele- 
phants hate the mouse most 2 among all animals, God is the 



_ 57 — 

author 3 of all things; therefore 4 , you will say, he is also the 
author of evils. You are mistaken, I say, for men have turned 6 
blessings 6 into 7 evils. It seldom s thunders in winter, and it 
snows seldom in summer. 

J violo. -arS 2 niaxime 3 auctoi\ -oris 4 ergo 5 verto^ -&*•© 6 bona, 
-oru-ixL an, w. Ace. 8 raro 

CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX. 
Agreement of the Predicate. Questions. 

Gr. 94—102. 

39. Somnus est imago mortis. Maximum animal terrestre 
est elephantus. Leges sunt optimae patronae 1 civium. Roma 
omnium Italiae populorum vietrix fuit. Tu et frater tuus 
epistulas ad me scripsistis. Pater et ego fratresque pro 2 patria 
arma tulimus. Pater et mater mihi carissimi sunt. Vita 
rustica 3 parsimoniae, diligentiae, justitiae magistra est. 

^protector ^for ^country life 

40. The lion is the king of quadrupeds and the eagle is the 
king 1 of birds. Pain, fear, labor, old age are troublesome to 
most men. The beginning and the end 2 are often very different. 
The walls and gates 3 of the city were destroyed by 4 the soldiers. 
Father and son died on the same day 5 . 

iTranslate: queen 2 flnls, - 3 porta, -ae 4 a, tv. Abl. 5 Abl. without prepos. 

Gr. 103 — m t 

41. Sol nobis minor apparet 1 quam est. Hispania postrema 
omnium provinciarum domita est. Socrates, cuj us sapientiam 
admiramur, ab Atheniensibus injuste 2 capitis 3 damnatus 4 est. 
Utrum major est sol quam terra, an minor? Audisne cantum 
avium? Ubi sunt, qui ante nos in mundo fuerunt? Romulus, 
qui Romam condidit, a pastore regis educatus erat 5 . 

Ho seem ^unjustly Ho death Ho condemn Ho oring up 

42. There is a God who rules this whole world. No animal 
which has blood can be without a heart. The worst friends 
are those who always praise us. What is the sun? The fixed 1 
star which is nearest to our earth. Is the sun or the moon the 
greater? Is not iron more useful than gold? Do we not owe 
the greatest thanks 2 to our parents ? 

Jfixxis, -a, -\im 2 gratTae, -arum 



—-58 — 

Cases with Prepositions. 
Gr. 112. 

43. Caelum, non animum mutant, qui trans mare migrant 1 . 
Pauci homines supra nonaginta annos vivunt. Ante meridiem 2 
curamus 3 negotia nostra, post meridiem ambulamus per prata 
et silvas. Homines divites prope urbem magnificas villas 
habent. Plurima Romanorum sepulcra propter viam Applam 4 
erant. Penes Deum imperium totlus mundi est. Non utilis 
est somnus post cenam. 

Ho migrate, remove 2 noon Ho attend to Hhe Appian way 

44. Physicians have remedies against diseases; against 
death they have no remedy. Fish swim through the water. 
The women commonly attend to the homes 1 and domestic 
affairs 2 , the men to the occupations without the house. A good 
judge will judge 3 according to the laws. There is a great 
variety of languages among men. The teacher praises these 
scholars on account of (their) diligence, he blames 4 those on 
account of (their) laziness. 

•domus. -us 2 res domestica 3 judTco, -arS 4 vTtupero, -ar6 

Gr. 113. 114. 

45. Magna cum voluptate cantum avium audimus. Fa- 
cilior est a virtute transltus 1 ad vitia, quam a vitiis ad virtu- 
tem. Caecus de coloribus judicare non potest. A bove majore 
discit arare 2 minor. Sine virtute nemo beatus est. Mors pro 
patria decora 3 est. Jucundum mihi est cum amlcis per cam- 
pos 4 et silvas ambulare. Non omnes fluvii, qui in hac terra 
sunt, in mare fluunt. 

l passage Ho plow ^glorious yield 

46. The Atlantic 1 ocean separates 2 America from Europe. 
The deeds of men do not always agree with (their) words. 
(Out) of all animals which live with us, dogs are the most 
faithful 3 . Nothing without great labor! A dog is small in 
comparison with an elephant, and large in comparison with a 
mouse. It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country. An 
upright life is the road into heaven. 

*Atlant!c-us, -&, -tim ^divldo, -£r£ TOeixs, ~& 



— 59 — 

Cases with Adjectives. 
Gr. 116 — us. 

47. Veteres Romani gloriae cupidissimi fuerunt. Ex 1 
Themistoclis tempore Athenienses peril issimi belli navalis 2 
fuerunt. Gallia plena erat civium Romanorum. Generi 3 hu- 
mane* culttira 4 agrorum salutaris 5 est. Amo veritatem, etiamsi 6 
mihi jucunda non est. Virtus vel 7 in hoste laude digna est. 
Quam multi luce indigni sunt, et tamen sol oritur. 

\from 2 naval warfare *race Cultivation ^beneficial G even if teven 

48. Human life is full of dangers. Men are often more 
desirous of riches than of wisdom. Caesar was most skilful in 
military affairs 1 . Nothing is so 2 like death as 2 sleep. Old age 
is troublesome to most men. To the unhappy man 3 time is 
very long, to the happy man very short. Flies are not less 
worthy of admiration 4 than elephants. 

! res militaris 2 tam..quam 3 infellx, -Ids 4 admiratio, -oixis 

Cases with Verbs. 

Genitive. — Gr. 119 — 128. 

49. Homines facilius beneficia quam injurias oblivisci so- 
lent. Tiberius 1 judices legum et religionis 2 admonebat. Ly- 
curgus maximos honores non divitum sed senum esse voliiit. 
Nostrum est parentes amare. Roscius 3 parricidii 4 accusatus 
quidem, sed hujus facinoris 5 omnium judicum sententiis 6 abso- 
ltltus est. Hommem inconstantem 7 saepissime paenitet primi 
consilii 8 . 

1 Tiberius 2 oath 3 Boscius 4 parricide 5 crime 6 omnTum judicum sententiis, 
by the unanimous decision of the judges ^inconstant Mesign 

50. He is a fool 1 who is ashamed of his parents, but 2 vir- 
tuous 3 parents are justly ashamed of their wicked sons. Miltia- 
des 4 was accused of treason 5 . Homer 6 was highly valued by (ab) 
Alexander the Great. The whole kingdom 7 of the Persians 
came 8 under Alexander's dominion. My conscience is of more 
account to me than the talk 9 of all men. 

tetultus, -i 2 at 3 probiis, -a, -xxn\ 4 Miltiades, -is 5 proditio, -onis 
^HSmerus, -I 7 reguum, -1 translate; became Alexander's ^serino, -onis 



— 60 — 

Dative. — Gr. 129—132. 

51. Facile omnes, cum valemus 1 , bona consilia 2 aegrotis 
damus. Filia Caesaris Pompejo 3 nupsit. Reae Silviae 4 , Nu- 
mitoris 5 filiae, duo erant filii, quorum alteri erat nomen Romu- 
lus, alteri Remus 6 . Pericles 7 agros suos rei publicae dono dedit. 
Omnes homines libertati student et condicionem 8 servorum 9 
oderunt. Spes vitae futurae miseris magno solatio 10 est. 

Ho be well ^advice *Pompey *Bea Silvia 5 Numilor 6 Bemus ^Pericles 
^condition 9 slave l0 consolation 

52. The soldiers spared neither women nor children. Old 
age is a disease which no physician can cure. The upright 
man envies nobody. Flowers have not always the same colors. 
Attalus 1 , a king of Asia, gave his kingdom to the Romans as a 
present. My name is Henry 2 . I have many books. Virtues 
bring 3 honor and glory to men. 

1 Attains, -I 2 Henric\is, -I 3 Translate: are for 

Accusative. — Gr. 133 — 139. 

53. Roman i Ciceronem patrem patriae appellaverunt. 
Providentia 1 divlna res futtiras nos sapienter celavit. Aquam 
a pumice 2 postulas. Persae tria 3 praecipue 4 liberos suos doce- 
bant, equitare 5 , jaculari 6 , vera 7 dicere. Paupertas hommem ad 
multas virtutes aptiorem facit. Romulus urbem, quam condi- 
derat, ex 8 nomine suo Romam vocavit. Ingenuum Veritas decet. 

^providence 2 pumice- stone Hhree things ^principally Ho ride Ho throw the 
javelin Uruth yrom ^gentleman 

54. Alexander founded in Egypt a city which from his 
own name he called Alexandria 1 . Anthony called his flight 
victory, because he had come off 2 alive 3 . Good boys conceal 
nothing from their parents. Modesty becomes as well 4 boys 
as 4 girls. Verres 5 demanded 6 from parents a price 7 for 8 the 
burial 9 of (their) children. 

Alexandria,, -ae 2 exeo, -ir5 3 viv\is, -a, --Tim. 4 tam..quam 5 Ver- 
res, -Is 6 poseo, -ere 7 pretiu.m, -I 8 pro, w. Abl. 9 sepultura, -ae 

Ablative. — Gr. 140—145. 

55. Nulla res carius constat, quam quae precibus 1 emitur. 
In inagnis et frequentibus 2 urbibus domus plurimo locantur. 



— 61 — 

Arion 3 nomlnis sui fama 4 omnes terras impieverat. Hiems ar- 
bores foliis spoliavit 5 . Corpdri animoque nonnumquam 6 recre- 
atione 7 opus est. Qui bona fruitur valetudme, non indiget 
mediclna. Boni assidulque 8 domini villa semper abundat lacte, 
caseo 9 , melle. 

Sprayers ^crowded ^Arion 4 glory Ho strip ^sometimes ^recreation Hn- 
dustrious 9 cheese 

56. Death releases 1 men from all cares. America 
abounds in gold. The sun fills the whole world with its light. 
There is need not of many books, but of good (ones). The old 
painters 2 used but 3 few colors. Most people will enjoy greater 
happiness in heaven than they have enjoyed upon 4 this earth. 
We cannot buy virtue and wisdom with gold. 

Ulbeio, -are 2 pictor, -oris 3 tantum (to be placed after the word to 
which it belongs; here, few) 4 in, w. Abl. 

Relations of Time and Place. 

Time. Gr. 146—152. 

57. Romulus duodeviceslmum annum aetatis agens urbem 
exiguam in monte Palatlno 1 condidit, Quot annos abhinc ars 
typographica 2 inventa est ? Xonnullae 3 aves per totum annum 
cantant, aliae nonnisi 4 quibusdam 5 anni temporibus. . Persae 
apud 6 Salamlna 7 , et Carthaginienses ad Himeram, eodem die 
victi sunt. Arganthonius ad impermm quadraginta annos 
natus accessit 8 , octoginta annos regnavit 9 , et centum et viginti 
vixit. 

^Palatine 2 ihe art of printing Home 4 only ^certain G ?iear ^Salamis 8 ad 
impermm accedere, to come to the throne 9 to reign 

58. My friend's father died about 1 twenty years ago. In 
autumn storks 2 migrate 3 to 4 other lands and return in spring. 
The city (of) Veii 5 was besieged 6 during ten summers and 
winters. Corinth 7 was destroyed by Mummius 8 , and Carthage 
by Scipio on the same day. Rome was founded in the 754th 
year before Christ 9 . The planet Saturn 10 completes 11 its course 
in nearly 1 30 years. 

^re 2 ciconia, -ae 3 migvS, -arS fin, w. Ace. 5 Veji. -oriim. 6 obsi- 
d£o, -er6 7 Corinthiis. -I 8 MummTiis, -I 9 ante Chr stum natum 10 stella 
SatnrnI u couficlo, -SrS 



i_ 62 — 

Space and Place. Gr. 153—157. 

59. Archias 1 poeta Antioehla 2 Romam venit. Hodie non 
cenabo domi. Quis te invitavit 3 ad cenam ? Avunculus 4 meus. 
Ubi ille nunc habitat? In domo conductitia 5 in Platea Lata 6 . 
Xerxes 7 eadem via, qua sex mensibus iter in Graeciam fecerat, 
triginta diebus in Asiam rediit. Justum 8 Nili incrementum 9 
est cubitorum 10 sexdecim. Hodie domi manebo. 

* ArcMas 2 Antioch Ho invite 4 uncle Rented 6 Broadway ? Xerxes ^regular 
^increase 10 cubit 

60. The trunk 1 of the elephant is seven or eight feet long. 
The sun does not always rise or set 2 in the same place. My 
uncle has determined 3 to pass 4 (his) life in the country. The 
largest libraries 5 were in former times at Alexandria and 
Pergamum 6 . The weary 7 sleep well even on the ground. The 
most famous oracle 8 of all Greece was at Delphi 9 . Marius 10 
died at his home an old man. 

proboscis, -IcLIs 2 occido, -ere 3 constituo, -ere 4 ago, -<$i^ 
5 bibliotheca;. -ae 6 Pergam"u.m, -i 7 fessu.s, -&, -iiin. 8 oraculu.rri, -x 
^Delphi, -oriiiii 10 Maritls, -I 



Ablative in Special Constructions. 

Gr. 158—164. 

61. Duarum civitatum civis esse nostro jure civlli 1 nemo 
potest. Voluptate capiuntur homines, ut 2 hamo 3 pisces. Quo 
debilior 4 est hostis, eo major est ignominia 5 , si ab eo vincimur. 
Multos cometas 6 non videmus, quod 7 obscurantur 8 radiis solis. 
Croesus 9 specie 10 quidem beatus fuit, re vera 11 autem 12 admo- 
dum 13 miser. Nullus patria locus tibi carior esse debet. 

l civil 2 as Vwok 4 weak ^disgrace ^cornet ^because Ho obscm*e 9 Crasus 
l0 appearance ^res vera, reality l2 yet ^very 

62. Friendships are known by affection 1 and love 2 . Alexan- 
dria was founded by Alexander the Macedonian. No one is 
dearer to me than my parents. The peacock is handsomer 3 
than other birds, not more useful. Birds are covered with 
feathers, quadrupeds with hairs 4 , fish with scales. The wise 



— 63 — 

man bears an injury with an even 5 mind 6 . My country is much 
dearer to me than life. 

taaritsls, -atls 2 amor, -oris 3 pulchex*, ~r&, -rilm 4 pil\is, -i 
5 aequu.s, -&, -"um 6 Abl. without prepos. 

Use of Tenses. 

Gl\ 165—170. 

63. Agesilaus, rex Lacedaemoniorum, cum liberis, quos 
magnopere 1 diligebat, interdum ludebat. Dum ea 2 Romani 
par ant 3 , jam Saguntum 4 summa vi oppugnabatur 5 . Hannibal 
postquam domo profugit 6 , Magonem 7 fratrem ad se evocavit 8 . 
Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos; tempora si fuerint 
nubila, solus eris. Caesar Pontico 9 triumpho trium verborum 
praetulit 10 titulum 11 : veni, vidi, vici. 

^greatly Hhese things Ho prepare 4 Saguntum Ho besiege Ho flee 7 31ago 
8 to summon ^Pontic; Abh to denote time when 10 to carry before "inscription 

64. The cowardly 1 soldier fled, as soon as he saw the 
enemy. After Hannibal had taken Saguntum, he raised 2 three 
armies; of 3 these he sent one into Africa; the second he left 
with his brother Hasdrubal 4 in Spain; the third he brought 5 
with himself into Italy. While Pompey was deliberating 6 , 
Caesar with the utmost 7 speed 8 approached 9 Rome. 

^gnavus, -a, -iim 2 comparo, -ai^e" 3 ex 4 Hasdrubal, -is 6 dfico, -ere 
6 consulto, -are 7 maximus, -a, -Hm 8 celerita/S, -a-tls 9 appropinquo, 
-arf 

Sequence of Tenses. 

Gr. 171—174. 

65. Non intellegunt homines, quantum vectlgal 1 parsi- 
monia sit. An 2 dives sit omnes quaerunt 3 , nemo an bonus. 
Tune 4 tarn pauca in schola didicisti, ut hoc nescias ? Tanta 
est stellarum multitudo, ut numerari non possint. Vita brevis 
est, etiamsi 5 supra 6 centum annos duret 7 . Die mihi quis mane 8 
quattuor, meridie duos, vespere 9 tres pedes habeat. 

Hncome Hf Ho ask 4 -ne, interrog. particle, not to be translated 5 even if 
6 over Ho last Hn the morning 9 at night 

The words which are to be expressed by the Subjunctive are underlined. 

66. Your father does not know where you have been. In 
former times it was a question 1 whether 2 the earth was round 3 . 



— 64 — 

We have two ears and one mouth that we may hear much 4 
and speak little 5 . Our ancestors often fought 6 that they might 
free 7 their country. There is no state that has not wicked 8 
citizens. 

JquaestiS, -onis 2 nura Srotundxis, -a,, -xim 4 multa, -orurn 
5 pauca, -oriim. 6 dimico, -arg 7 libero, -are 8 praviis, -a., -iim 

Imperative and Infinitive. 

Gr. 175—179. 

67. Imitare formlcam, quae etiam noctu operatur. Noli 
oblivisci, mi fili, quantum parentibus debeas. Proximus 1 esto 
bonis 1 , si non potes optimus esse. Et 2 monere et 2 moneri pro- 
prium 3 est verae amicitiae. Adsuesce 4 et dicere verum 5 et 
audlre. Plurimi cupiditates suas regere nescmnt, et tamen 6 
alios regere volunt. Nocere facile est, prodesse difficile. 

l next best %both and 3 ?nark Ho accustom one's self Hruth 6 ?iever- 

iheless 

68. Pray 1 and work 2 ! Philip, king of the Macedonians, 
used to say: Fight with silver weapons 3 and you will conquer 
every thing. To receive a benefit is to sell (one's) liberty. 
It is beautiful to speak the truth; it is more beautiful to hear 
(it) willingly. To lose a friend is the greatest of losses 4 . To 
dwell in the city is irksome 5 to him who has lbeejL accustomed 6 
to live in the country. • 

] oro, -arS 2 laboro, -are 3 tel"u.ni, -I ^tlamiriixii, -I 5 molestiis, -a, 
-finx 6 consuesco, -6r£ 

Gerund and Gerundive. 
Gr. i8o — 181. 

69. ParsimonTa est scientia vitandi 1 sumptus 2 supervacuos. 
Summa voluptas ex discendo capitur. Boves oneribus gestan- 
dis 3 non sunt idonei 4 . In magnete 5 mira vis inest attrahendi 6 
ferrum. Multi in equis parandis 7 adhibent 8 curam, in amlcis 
eligendis neglegentes 9 sunt. De eligendo genere 10 vitae delibe- 
rate 11 est omnium difficillima. 

Ho avoid ^expense 3 to carry ^proper b magnet 6 to attract "do get 8 to use 
^careless 10 a line ^deliberation 



— 65 — 

70. The art of writing was invented by the Phenicians. 
No age is too late 1 for 3 learning. The short time of life is long 
enough 3 to 2 live well and happily. The only 4 art of improving 5 
the memory is practice 6 . Night time 7 is more suited to sleep- 
ing than to studying. In reading we must imitate the bees. 
Brave soldiers are ready 8 to 2 meet 9 all dangers. 

Hoo late, seriis, -a, -iiixi 2 ad 3 satis 4 un"CLs, -a, -txiit. 5 augeo, -ere 
6 exercitatio, -onis 7 tempus nocturnum 8 parat"u.s, -a, -urn 9 subeo, 
-IrS 

Accusative with the Infinitive. 

Gr. 182 — 186. 

71. Historia narrat Romam a Romiilo conditam esse. 
Sentlmus calere 1 ignem, nivem esse albam, dulce mel. Verum 
est neminem in hac terra semper felicem esse. Facile intel- 
legi potest animum et audire et videre, non eas partes, quae 
quasi fenestrae 2 sunt animi. Vere dici potest magistratum 
esse legem loquentem, legem autem mutum 3 magistratum. 
Scio me mortalem esse. 

Ho be hot ^window 3 mute, dumb 

72. It is agreed among all writers 1 that Romulus was the 
first king of the Romans. We know that the sun is larger 
than the moon. Anaxagoras 2 denied that snow is white. All 
believe that the knowledge of future things is not very 3 useful 
to us. It is known that the Romans were often conquered by 
Hannibal. We see that the moon is sometimes eclipsed 4 by 
the shadow of the earth. 

'scriptor, -oris 2 Anaxagoras, -ae 3 parum, not very 4 obscuro, -are 

Participles„ 

Gr. 187 — 189. 

73. Alexander moriens anulum 1 dedit Perdiccae 2 . Solent 
pueri interdum ludentes imitari ea quae 3 maxime seria 4 sunt. 
Dives pauperem saepe juvare potest se ipsum non spolians 5 . 
Stellae nobis parvae videntur, immenso 6 intervallo 7 a nobis 
sejunctae 8 . Aranti 9 Cincinnato 10 nuntiatum 11 est eum dictato- 
rem 12 esse factum. Hephaestion 13 omnium amicorum carissi- 
mus erat Alexandro cum ipso pariter 14 educatus. 

l aring 2 Perdiccas Whose things which ^serious Ho rob Hmmense ^space s to 
separate Hoploio l0 Cincinnatus u tobringword ^dictator ^Hephaestion ^together 



— 66 — 

The words zukich illustrate the lesson are underlined. 

74. The master punishes the scholars who learn carelessly 1 . 
Plato 2 died, while writing, in the 81st year oi ( his) life. In day- 
time 3 we do not see the stars, because they are obscured by 
the light of the sun. Numa was made king in the forty first 
year after the founding of the city. Lions when satiated 4 and 
not provoked 5 are perfectly 6 harmless 7 . 

ineglegenter spigto, -onis 3 interdiu 4 satio, -arS 5 lacesso, -ere 
6 plane 7 innoxru.s, -a, -iim 

Periphrastic Conjugation. 

Gr. 190—192. 

75. Alexander Magnus imperio totlus orbis terrarum poti- 
turus erat. Moriendum certe est, at quo die moriendum sit 
incertum est. Discipulis Pythagorae 1 per quinque annos tacen- 
dum erat. Diligentes discipuli magistro laudandi sunt. Non 
scholae sed vitae disceudum est. Oculis magis habenda 2 
est fides quam auribus. Etiam post malam segetem serendum 
est. 

^Pythagoras 2 fidem habere, to trust 

76. A thief ought to be punished. Must we not 1 all die ? 
My father is on the point of setting out for 2 California 3 . Bees 
when 4 they are about to fly out 5 hum 6 very loudly 7 . A good 
book ought to be read a second time 8 . Virtue must be cultiv- 
ated that we may be able to live well and happily. Every 
scholar must learn that he may sometime be useful 9 to 
society 10 . 

Jnonne 2 m w. Ace. 3 Califorma, -ae 4 oum 5 evolo, -are 6 consono, -are 
'vehementer, very loudly 8 iterum, a second time 9 prosum, prodesse 10 societas, _ 
-atis 

Ablative Absolute. 

Gr. 193. 194. 

77. Vespasiano 1 regnante Hierosolyma 2 vastata 3 sunt. Py- 
thagoras Tarquinio Superbo regnante in Itallam venit. Lacri- 
mae 4 cadunt nolentibus nobis. Cessante 5 causa cessat effectus 6 . 
Appropinquante hieme hirundmes in terras calidiores 7 migrant. 



— 67 — 

Latrante 8 uno statim 9 et 10 alter latrat canis. Etiam sanato 
vulnere cicatrix 11 manet., Veteres Germani pellibus utebantur 12 
magna corporis parte nuda. 

1 Vespasian * Jerusalem 3 to demolish Hear Ho cease 6 ejf'ect ''warm Ho 
bark d at once 10 also ]1 scar 12 pellibus uti, to ivear skins 

78. When the cause of disease has been found out, the 
physicians think that the cure 1 has been found. After Troy 
was taken by the Greeks, Aeneas 2 came (in) to Italy. When 
the sea is calm 3 , it is easy to steer 4 a ship. A wise man haying 
l ost 6 all his goods remains rich, and that saying 6 of Bias is 
known: "I carry my all with me". When spring returns , the 
swallows return. 

^uratiS, -onis 2 Aeneas, -ae 3 tranquilliis, -a, -iim 4 guberno, 
-are 5 amitto,'-£re 6 dict-u.m, -1 

The Supine. 

Gr. 195—198. 

79. Mulieres spectatum 1 venmnt, venlunt spectentur ut 
ipsae. Hannibal — incredibile 2 dictu — biduo 3 et duabus noc- 
tibus Hadrumetum 4 pervenit 5 , quod distat 6 a Zama 7 circiter 
milta passuum 8 trecenta. Virtus difficilis inventu est; recto- 
rem 9 ducemque desiderat 10 ; vitia ettam sine magistro dis- 
cuntur. Scio multos ad me non gratulatum 11 , sed edendi et 
bibendi causa 12 venisse. 

Ho look (at) ^incredible Hwo days ^Hadrumetum Ho reach 6 lo be (distant) 
from 7 Zama 8 pace; mille passuum, a mile ^master 10 to require u to congra- 
tulate wfor the sake of 

80. Hannibal was recalled 1 to defend his native country. 
This book is very difficult to understand. Pears 2 ' are sweet to 
(the) taste. Merchants 3 go to market 4 either 5 to buy or 5 to 
sell various wares 6 . What is more beautiful to see than a 
tree in blossom 7 ? The ambassadors of the Gauls 8 came to 
Rome to ask aid. The shorter a narrative 9 is, the clearer 10 it 
is and the easier to understand. 

^Svoco, -arS 2 pirilm, -I 3 mercator, -oris 4 mercatiis, -ixs 5 aut. . 
aut 6 merx:, -els 7 florens, -tis 8 Gallils 3 -x 9 narratio, -onis 10 diluci- 
diis, -Si, -\jljjx 



— 68 — 
Subjunctive after Conjunctions. 

Gr. 199—204. 

81. Persarum reges voluptatis causa ita dividebant annum, 
ut hiemem Babylone 1 , in Media 2 aestatem agerent 3 . Avarus 
timet, ne bona sibi eripiantur 4 . Stultum est in luctu 5 sibi 
capillum 6 evellere 7 , quasi calvitio 8 maeror 9 levetur 10 . Socrates 
ita in judicio capitis 11 pro se dixit, ut non reus 12 , sed domlnus 
esse videretur judlcum. Demostheni non offecit 13 vitium 14 
linguae 15 , quoinmus summus evaderet 16 orator. 

1 Babylon 2 Media 3 to spend Ho take away b grief 6 hair n to pluck out 
^baldness bgrief l0 to lessen u trial for life, judicium capitis ^defendant 13 to 
hinder ^defect ^speech 16 to become 

82. It happens, I do not know how, that we see the faults 
of others more sharply than our own. The physician feared 
that you would not recover 1 from 2 this disease. There is no 
doubt 3 that God rules the world. The rain 4 hinders 5 (us) from 
walking. The fear at Rome was great that the Gauls would 
again come to Rome. Parents send their children (in) to 
school in order to learn something. 

^onvalesco, -€r© 2 ex 3 dubium noil est 4 pluviae, -artim 5 impe- 
dio, -Ir<5 

Gr. 205—208. 

83. Medici quamquam intellegunt saepe, tamen numquam 
aegris 1 dicunt, illo morbo eos esse morituros. Labora, dum 
potes, ut, cum imbecillus 2 eris, quiescas. Apelles 3 , pictor 
clarissimus, Alexandrum Magnum pinxerat equitantem. Rex 
imagmem minus laudavit quam merebatur. Cum autem equus 
Alexandri picto equo sic adhinmret 4 quasi verus esset equus, 
Apelles, o rex inquit, equus tuus artis pingendi peritior 5 quam 
tu esse videtur. 

l a patient 2 feeble 3 Apelles Ho neigh to 5 a better judge 

84. Physicians, if they could cure 1 all diseases, would be 
very happy. You will be sad if you are alone. Since the 
soul of man is immortal, it can in no manner 2 perish. Socrates 
although he was the most innocent of all men, nevertheless 
was accused and condemned. So live with men as if God saw 



— 69 — 

you; so speak with God, as if men heard you. If the masters 
of the house are not at home, danger more easily threatens 8 
(to) the houses. 

'medeor, -eri w. Dat. 2 rrallo modo 3 immineo, -er§ w. Dat. 

Subjunctive after Relatives. 
Gr. 209. 

85. Administrate 1 mundi nihil in se habet, quod repre- 
hend? possit. Famae ac fidei 3 damna majora sunt quam quae 
aestimari possint. Inventae sunt leges, quae cum omnibus 
una atque eadem voce 4 loquerentur. Bonum librum iterum 
atque iterum legas; sed multi libri non satis digni sunt, qui 
iterum legantur. Verba inventa sunt, non quae celarent, sed 
quae indicarent 5 veritatem. 

^government Ho find fault with ^credit ^language Ho reveal 

86. There is no speed which can be compared with the 
speed of the mind. There is no grief 1 which the length 2 of 
time may not assuage 3 . The old man plants trees to benefit 4 
the next 5 generation 6 . Nothing is so useful that it cannot 
become hurtful 7 by abuse 8 . There have been many found who 
were ready to give up 9 not only (their) money, but even life 
for their country. 

Molor, -oris 2 longinquitas, -a-tis 3 mollio, -ire ^Translate: which 
may benefit (prodesse w. Dat.) 5 alter, -si, -\iixi 6 saecultiiii., -I 'noxius^ 
-a, --dm 8 abusiis, -lis 9 profundo, -ere 

Subjunctive in Indirect Questions. 
Gr. 210. 2ii. 

87. Quis fait eloquentior 1 quam Demosthenes? Utrum 
animus immortalis est an simul cum corpore interibit? Quis 
hunc librum legit? Die, quis hunc librum legerit. Judices 
reos interrogare solent, quibus causis ad scelera 2 impulsi sint*. 
Non intellegunt homines, quam magnum vectigal parsimonia 
sit. Vix* dici potest, quot quantisque periculis vita hum an a 
circumdata sit. 

^eloquent *crime Ho drive ^hardly 



— 70 — 

88. It is uncertain how long the life of each of us will be. 
Is there one world or several 1 ? The question is 2 whether there 
is one world or several. Were you in school yesterday ? Tell 
me were you in school yesterday. I was. Will the physician 
ask a patient whether he wants to be healed ? Whether or 
not wisdom makes men happy is a question. Think how long 
winter is. The boy asks his father whether wolves are similar 
to dogs. 

^lures, -a. 2 quaeritur 



— 71 — . 



VOCABULARY 

TO THE FOREGOING EXERCISES. 

LATIN and ENGLISH. 

Note. Changeable parts of words are printed in bold-faced, type, 
60 as to indicate the manner of forming the Genitive and the Gender end- 
ings, and to show the principal parts of Verbs. 

The - simply added to a noun indicates that the Genitive is like the 
Nominative. 

(m.), (f.), (n.), (pi.) mean: masculine, feminine, neuter, plural, re- 
spectively. 



a, ab (with ablat), by, from 

abhinc, ago 

abjicio, ere, abject, abjectum., to 

throw away 
abol^o, -ex*<5, ab51evx, abSlxtrGLxix, 

to abolish 
absolve, -ere, absolvx, absolutiiiii, 

to acquit 
abstinentia, -ae (f.), abstinence 
abstinSo, -erS, abstinu.1, absten- 

triirix, to refrain 
abundo, -are", -avx, ~atiim., to 

abound 
abusiis, -lis (m.), abuse 
abator, -I, abacus sum, to abuse 
accedo, -ere, access!, accessiim, 

to approach; ad impSrium accedere, 

to come to the throne 
accendo, -erS, accendx. accensiim. 

to kindle 
acceptiis, -a, -ixiii, acceptable 
accipxo, -e^re\ accepl, acceptruiix. 

to receive 
accuse, -are, -avl -atum. to 

accuse 
acerb "lis, -a, -ixixi, sour 
acies, -ex (f.), a battle 
acquire, -ere, acquisxvx, acquisx- 

tiim, to acquire 
acrius, more sharply 
acuo, -ere, acui, acutixm, to shar- 
pen, whet 
Sd (with accus.), to 



adhib^o, -ex*S, -iix, -xtixxix, to' 

use; curani adhibere, to use care 
adhinnxo, -Ire, -xvx, -limnx, to 

neigh to 
adipiscor, -I, SdeptHs sum, to obtain, 

acquire 
adjuvo, -ar5, adjuvx, adjutitirx, to 

help, assist 
administratis, -oixxs (f.), government 
admiratio, -oixis (f.), admiration 
admiror, -arx,-atiis sum, to admire 
admodum, in a high degree, very 
admoneo, -ere, -Hx, -xt\xnx. to 

remind 
adolescens, -txs (m.), see adulescens 
adspicxo, -Sre, adspexx, adspec- 

ttiiix, to see 
adsuesco, -er5, adsuevx, adsue- 

txxxxx, to accustom one's self 
adulescens, -txs (m.), a youth, a young 

mail 
ad vers tim, adversus (w. ace), against, 

toward 
adversiis, -a, -um, adverse; res ad- 

versae, adversity 
aedificiixiTi, -x (n.), a building 
aedifico, -are, -avi, -atHm, to 

build 
aeger, -ra, -x*ilm., sick, ill; a patient 
aegrotiis, -a, -ixm, sick 
AegyptitLs, -i (m.), an Egyptian 
AegyptHs, -x (f.), Egypt 
Aeneas, -ae (m.), Aeneas, ancestor 

of the Bomans 



— 72 



aequo, arS, -avi, -atxim, to be 

equal, to level 
aequiis, -a, -ixixx, even 
aer, aeris (m.), the air 
aerariixxxx, -x (n.), a treasury 
aestas, -afcls (f.), the summer 
aestlmo, -ar6,-avi, -atxlm (exj, 

to estimate, to value (by); magni aesti- 

mare, to value highly 
aetas, -afcis (f.), an age 
Aethioj>s, -ot^Is (m.), an Ethiopian 
affero,-re, attHlx, allatiixix, to bring; 

utilitatem afferre, to do service 
Africa, -ae (f.), Africa 
agens, -'tis, passing; duodevicesTmum 

aetatis annum agens, in the ISth year 

of one's age 
ager, -x*x (m.), afield 
Agesilaxis, -x (m.), Agesilaus, one of 

the Spartan kings 
agnHs, -I (m.), a lamb 
ago, -ere, egx, actHm, to drive; do, 

hold; vitam agere, to pass one's life; 

hiemem, aestatem agere, to spend the 

winter, summer; alias res agere, to be 

intent on other matters; in exsilium 

agere, to drive into exile 
albHs, -a, -iim, white 
Alexander, -rx (m.), Alexander 
Alexandria, -ae (f.), Alexandria 
alienxis, -a, -xiiix, of others 
aliquando, sometime 
aliquls, -a, -od, -Id., some one, some 

thing 
alrixs, -a, -Hd., other, another 
alllclo, -ere, alleacl, allect7u.m, 

to entice 
&lo,-ere, alHx, aUtHm. or altHm, 

to nourish 
Alpes, -IHiix (pi. f.), the Alps 
alter, -a, -Urn, second, the other, next; 

alter o tanto, twice as much 
amaritudo, -Inls (f.), bitterness 
ambulo, -are, -a^rx, -atxim, to 

take a walk, to walk 
America, -ae, (f.), America 
amlclo, -Ire, (no perf.), amictiiiix, 

to clothe 
amicitia, -ae, (L), friendship 
amiciis, -I (m.), a friend 



amiciis, -a, -Hnx, friendly 

amitto, -ere, amisx, amissixiix, to 
lose 

amo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to love, 
like 

amor, -oris (m.), love 

amplector, -i, amplezxixxs sum, to 
embrace 

amplius, more, more than 

an, or, if 

Anaxagoras, -ae (m.), Anaxagoras, 
a Greek philosopher 

ango, -ere, anxx, (no sup.), to tor- 
ment, vex 

animal, -alls (n.),an animal; animal 
terrestre, a land animal 

animtxs, -x (m.), the mind, soul 

annon, or not 

annus, -x (m.), a year 

annuiis, -a, -txm, yearly 

ante (w. ace), before 

Antiochia, -ae (f.), Antioch 

antiqulis, -a, -xiixx, old, ancient 

Antoniixs, ~x (m.), Anthony, a Roman 
family name 

antritiix, -x (n.), a cave 

anullxs, -x (m.), a finger-ring 

Apelles, -Is (m.), Apelles, a distin- 
guished Greek painter 

aperlo, -xx^e, aperu.1, aperttxnx, to 
open 

apis, - (f.), a bee 

appareo, -ere, -xlx, -Itum, to ap~ 
pear 

appello, -are, -avi, -attxnx, to 
call 

Appiiis, -a, -xxxxi, Appian 

appropinquo, -are, -avx,-at7tLixx- 
to approach 

apttxs, -a, -ixiix ad, apt, suited, suit- 
able 

apud (w. ace), among, near 

aqua, -ae (f.), water 

aquila, -ae (f.), an eagle 

aranea, -ae (f.), a spider 

arbitror, -ari, -attis sum, to be- 
lieve, think, be of opinion 

arbor, -Is (f.), a tree 

arceo, -er£, -HI, (no sup.), to keep 
off, restrain 



— 73 



arcesso, -£x*e^ arcessivi, arcessx- 

tum, to summon 
Archias, -ae (m.), Archias, a Greek 

poet 
ard«5o, -erS, arsx, arsu.ni, to burn 
aresco, -er5, ariix, (no sup.), to (be- 
come) dry 
Arganthoniiis, -I (m.), king Argan- 
thoniiis 
argenteiis, -a, -iim, silver (adj.) 
argentum, -I (n.), silver, money 
argtio, -ere, argux, argiitu.ni. to 

argue, accuse 
Argils, -I (m.), Argus, a fabulous be- 
w ing, said to have had a hundred eyes 
Arioxx, -oxils (m.), Arion 
Aristides, -Is (m.), Aristides, re- 
^ nownedfor his integrity 
Aristippus, -i, (m.), Aristlppus 
arma, -oriim (pi. n.), arms 
aro, -are, -avx, -arum, to plow 
ajs, -tis (f.), an art 
Asia, -ae (f.), Asia 
assentior, -xx*i, assensiis sum, to 

assent 
assiduiis. -a, -iim, industrious 
at, but 

Athenae, -aruxn (pi. f.), Athens 
AthenTensIs, - (m.). an Athenian 
Atlanticiis, -a, -iim, Atlantic 
Attains, -i (m.), Attains, king of Per- 

gamos 
attentixs, -a, -iim, attentive 
Atticiis, -x (m ), Atticus, the intimate 

friend of Cicero 
attraho, -ere, attrazxii, attractiim, 

to attract 
Attixs NaviUs, ^1 -x (in.), Alius Xa- 

vius 
auctor, -oris (m.), an author 
audSo, -ere, ausils sum, to dare 
audio, -Ire, -ivx, -xtrum. to hear 
aufero, -re, abstu.il, ablatunx, to 

carry away 
augeo, -ere, auzxil, auctumufo in- 
crease; memoriam augere, to improve 
the memory 
augur, -Is (m.), an augur 
Augustiis, -x (m.), Augustus, the first 
emperor of Home 



aureus, -a,- -iiiix, of gold, golden 

auris, - (f.), the ear 

auru.ni, -I (n.), gold 

aut, or; aut. .aut, either, .or 

auteni (follows the first word in the sen- 
tence or clause), but, yet 

autumniis, -I (m.), autumn 

auxiliunx, -I (n.), help, assistance, 
aid 

avaritia, -ae (f), avarice 

avarus, -a, -urn, greedy; ava. us, 
-I (m.), a miser 

avis, - (f.), a bird 

avunculus. -I (m.), an uncle 

aviis, -x (m.), a grandfather 

13. 

Babylon, -Is (f.), Babylon 
beatixs, -a, -urn, happy, blessed 
bellunx, -I (n.), rear; bellum navale, 

naval warfare 
bene, well * 

beneficiiim, -I (n.), a benefit 
bestia, -ae (f.), a beast 
Bias, -axitls (m.), Bias, one of the 

7 wise men 
bibliotheca, -ae (f.), a library 
bibo. -ere. bibi, bibltum, to drink 
biduum, -i (n.), the space of 2 days 
bis, twice 
boniim, -I (n.), a good, possession, 

blessing 
bonus, -a, -um, good 
bos, bo vis (m.), an ox 
brassica, -ae (f.), cabbage 
brevis, -e, short 
Britanniis, -I (m.). a Briton 



cado, -ere, cecidi. casura, to fall 

caeciis, -a, -um, blind 

caedo, -ere, eecidi, caesuxn, to 

fell 
caelum, -i (n.), heaven, the sky, the 

open sky; pi. caell, -oriim (m.), 

Written also: coelum 
Caesar, -Is (m.>, Caesar 
calamitas, -atis (f.), misfortune 
calcar, -aris (n.), a spur 
caleo, -ere, -ixx, (no sup.), to be hot 



— 74 — 



calesco, -e>^, caltix, (no sup.)? to 

become hot 
calidixs, -a, -um, hot, warm 
California/, -ae (f.), California 
calvitiixxix, -x (n.), baldness 
campHs, -x (m.), afield 
canxs, - (m.), a dog 
cano, -ere, oecinx, cantHiix, to 

sing 
canto, -are, -avi, -atHm, to sing 
cantxis, -Us (m.), song 
capesso, -ere, capessxvx, capessx- 

ttxxix, to lay hold of 
capillixs, -x (m.), a hair 
capxo, -ere, cepl, captiiiix, to take, 

catch 
capxxt, -xtxs (n.), the head; capitis 

damnare, to condemn to death 
captHs, -a, -Um, captive 
careo, -ere, -Hi, -xtixixi, io need 
carTtas, -atxs (f.), affection 
£aro, carnis (f.), meat, flesh 
carpo, -ere, carpsx, carptuiix, to 

pluck, crop 
CarthagTniensis, -e, Carthaginian 
Carthago, -xxxxs (f.), Carthage 
carlis, -a, -Hnx, dear; carissime, my 

dearest 
casexts, -i (m.), a cheese 
castor, -oris (m.), Q> beaver 
castrixiix, -x (n.), a fort; castra, 

-orliiiy (pi. n.), a military camp 
catena, -ae (f.), a chain 
causa, -ae (f.), a cause; causa (abl.). 

in consequence, for the sake of 
cautlis, -a, -xxiix, cautious 
caveo, -ere, cavx, cautiixix, io be 

on one's guard, beware of 
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessixxix, to yield 
celeritas, -atxs (f.) ; speed 
celeriter. quickly 

celo, -are, -avx, -atixiix, to con- 
ceal from 
cena, -ae (f.), dinner, meal. Written 

also: coena 
ceno, -ax?e\ -avx, -atixxii, to dine; 

cenattxs, -a, -Hm. having dined. 

Written also: coeno 
censeo, -ere, censlix, censHm, to 

value, think 



centum, a hundred; centum milia, a 

hundred thousand 
cerasxxnx, -x (n.), a cherry 
cerno, -e>e, crevx, cretHnx, to see, 

discern 
certe, to be sure, certainly 
certHs, -a, -Hm, certain 
cesso, -arS, -a^x, -atH.nl, to cease 
Christixs, -x (m.), Christ 
cicatrix:, -Ids (f.), a scar 
Cicero, -oixxs (m.), Cicero 
ciconla, -ae (f.), a stork 
ciSo, -ex'S, civx, crtxxiix, to arouse 
Cimbri, -orUnx (pi. m.), the Cim- 

brians 
Cincinnatixs, -x (m.), Cincinnatus 
cingo, -8re, cinxx, cincttxnx, to 

gird, surround 
cinxs, -erls(m.), ashes 
circa (w. ace), around, near, about 
circiter (w. ace)> about, near 
circum (w. ace), around, about 
circumdo,-ax»e, circum dedi, circum- 

datHiix, to surround 
circumsto, -are, -stetx, (no sup.), 

to stand around 
cis (w. ace), on this side of 
citius, sooner, more quickly 
citra, (w. ace), on this side of 
clvxs, - (m.), a citizen 
clvitas, -atxs (f.), a state 
clamito, -are, -avi, -atixiix, to 

cry out aloud 
clango^ex'e^noperf. & sup.), to clang 
clarixs, -a, -xxiix, famous 
claudo, -ere, clausx, claus\xnx. to 

shut, close 
coargtio, -ere, -x, (no sup.), to convict 
coepx, -isse, coeptixixx, to have be- 
gun 
cogito, -are, -avx, -atxxni, to 

think 
cognosco, -ere, cognovx, cogni- 

tiiiix, to know 
colligo, -ere, collegx, collect7ti.ni, 

to collect 
colloco, -are, -avx, -atixiix, to let 
colo, -ere, colUx, cultixnx, to cul- 
tivate, worship; agrum coler^ to till 

ihrfiela] 



75 



color, -oris (m.), color 
comes, -Itis (m.), a follower 
cometes-ae (m.), a comet 
comTtor, -a»rl, -atiis sum, to ac- 
company 
commonefaclo,-^r5,-f eel, -fact-u.m, 

to remind 
commoneo, -ere, -iii, -rfcum, to 

remind 
communis, -e, common 
como, -ere, compsi, comptiini, 

to adorn 
comparo, -ar5, -avi, -atu.m, to 

get, to compare; exercitum compa- 
res, to raise an army 
compesco,-ere, compesciii,(no sup. ) , 

to restrain 
compleo, -ere, complevi, comple- 

tum, to fill up 
complures, -a or -la (pi.), several, 

very many 
comporto, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

collect 
compos, -otls, capable 
condemno, -are, -avl, -atiim, 

to condemn, find guilty 
condicio, -onis (f.), a condition 
condo, -ere\ condicLi, conditiiiii, 

to build, found 
conduco, -ere, conduxi, conduc- 

tiiixi, to hire 
conductitliis, -a, -iim, rented 
conficio, -er<5, confeci, confeetiini, 

to*complete 
conflteor, -eri, confessiis sum, to 

confess 
congruo, -erS, congrui, (no sup.), to 

agree 
coniveo, -ere, conlvi & conixi, 

(no sup.), to shut the eyes 
conscientia, -ae (f.), conscience 
consITiiim, -I (n.), counsel, design 
consolor, -ari, -atiis sum, to com- 
fort 
consono, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

hum 
constat, it is evident, it is agreed 
constituo, -ere, constittii, constitu- 

tiim, to determine 
consto,-are\constiti, (no sup. ) , to cost 



consuesco, -e^r«5, consuevi, consue- 

■fciiin., to accustom, to be accustomed <o 
consulo,-ere\consuliii,consul1:ii:m. 

to counsel 
consulto, -are, -avl, -atiim, to 

deliberate 
contemno, -ere, contempsi, con- 

temptiini, to despise 
contentiis, -a, -iim, contented 
contmuiis, -a, -iim, continuous 
contra (w. ace), against 
convaiesco, -er§, convaliii, (conva- 

lrtiini), to recover 
convinco,-er<5, convlci, convictiini. 

to convict 
copia, -ae (f.), abundance; copiae, 

-ariini (pi. f.), troops, forces 
coquo,-ere, coxi, coctiiin,fo cook, 

bake 
cor, cordis (n.), the heart 
coram (w. abl.), in presence of 
Corinthiis, -I (f.), the city of Corinth 
cornii, -lis (n.), a horn 
corpiis, -oris (n.), a body 
cos, cotis (f.), a grindstone, whetstone 
credo, -ere, credicii, creditiim., 

to believe 
creo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to cre- 
ate, make 
crepo, -ar^, crepiii, crepitiim., to 

creak, clank 
cresco, -ere. crevl, cretiim, to 

grow, increase 
Croesiis, -I (m.), Croesus, celebrated 
• for his riches 
cubitiim, -I (n.), a cubit 
ctibo,-are, cubiii, cubrtiini, to lie 

down 
cudo, -erS, cudi, cusiim, to forge 
culter, -ri (m.), a knife 
cultura, -ae (f.), the culture 
cum (w. abl.), ivith 
cum (conjunct.), when, at the time when, 

as, though, suppose, whereas, since 
cupTditas, -atis (f.), passion, desire 
cupidiis, -a, -iim., eager, desirous 
cupio, -ere, cupivi, ciipitiim, 

to wish, desire 
cura, -ae (f.), care 
curatio, -onis (f.), a cure 



76 



euro, -are, -avi, -atxiixx, to attend 

to 
curro, -ere, exxcurrx, cursxxixx, to 

run 
currxis, -xxs (m.), a cart 
curso, -are, -avi, -atxxxxx, to run 

about 
cursxis, -xls (m.), a course 
custos, -odis (m.), a custodian 
CyrCis, -x (m.), Gyrus 

damno, -are, -avi, -atxiixx, to 

condemn, find guilty; capitis damnare, 

to condemn to death 
damnxiixx, -i (n.), loss 
Danubixxs, -I (m.), the Danube 
Darexxs, -i (m.), Dareus, a Persian 

king 
de (w. abl.), of, from, on, concerning 
debeo, -ex^S, -xix, -xtxiixx, to owe; 

I ought, must, should; deberl, to be due 
deb ills, -e\ iceak 
decern, ten 

decet, it becomes; -ere, deciixt 
decorxxs, -a, -xxxxx, glorious 
dedecet, it isunbecoming; -ere\ dede- 

cxixt 
defendo, -ere, defendl, defensxxxxx, 

to defend, 
deficxo. -er&, defecx, defectxxxxx, to 

be wanting 
defungor, -x, defunctxis sum, to dis- 
charge 
deleo, -er<5, delevi, deletxiixx, 

to destroy 
deliberation -oxxis (f.), deliberation 
deliciae, -arxxrrx (pi. f.), delight 
Delphi, -or xxxxx (pi. m.), Delphi 
delta, - (n. indecl.), delta 
demo, -ere, dempsi, denrptxiixx, 

to take away 
dens, -txs (m.), a tooth 
Demosthenes, -Is (m.), Demosthenes 
depso, -ere, depsxix, depstxLxxx, to 

knead 
desero, -ere, deserxxx, desertxxxrx, 

to forsake 
desidero, -are, -avi, -atxxxxx, to 

require 



designo, -are, -avi, -atxiixx, to 

appoint 
dexxs, -x (m,), a god; Deus, God 
dico, -ere, dixx, dictxiixi, to say, 

tell, call 
dictator, -oris (m.), a dictator 
dicto,-are,-avi,-atxxni, to dictate 
dictxxixx, -x (n.), a saying 
dies, -ex (m. & f. in the sing., m. in 

the plur.), a day 
difficilxs, -e, difficult 
diffiteor,-erx, (no perf.), to disavow 
dignox*, -arx, -atus sum, to deem 

worthy 
dignxxs, -a, -xxxxx, worthy; laude dig- 

nus, praisewo7~thy 
diligens, -txs, diligent 
diligentia, -ae (f.), diligence 
dlligo, -ere, dllexx, dllectxxixx, to 

love 
dllucidxxs, -a, -xxxxx, clear 
dlmico, -are. -avi, -atxxxxx, to 

fight 
Dionysixxs, -x (m.), Dionysius, tyrant 

of Syracuse 
discipulxxs, -i (m.), a pupil, scholar 
disco, -ere, cixdicx, (no sup.), to 

learn 
dispar, -aris, unlike 
dissimilis, -e, unlike 
disto, -are, (no peri. & sup.), to be 

distant 
dives, -xtxs, rich 
divido, -ere, divisx, divisxxix*, to 

divide, separate 
dlvmxxs, -a, -xxxxx, divine 
dlvitiae, -arxxxxx (pi. f.), riches 
do, -are, declx, datxxxxx, to give 
doceo, -ere, doexxx, doctxxxxx, to 

teach 
doctrlna, -ae (f.), learning 
dolox*, -oris (m.), pain, grief 
domesticxxs, -a, -xxxxx, domestic 
dominxxs, -I (m.), a master, a lord 
domo, -are, domxxx, domxtxxxxx, to 

tame, to subjugate 
domxxs, -xxs (f.), a house; do ml, at 
home; domum, home; domo, from 
home 
donee, as long as, while 



— 77 — 



donuro, -I (n.), a gift, present; dono 

dare, to give as a present 
dormlo, -ire, -Ivi, -Itu.ro., to 

sleep 

dubru.ro., -I (n.), a doubt 

duco, -ere, duxl, ductu.ro, to lead, 
bring, to count 

Dmlius, -I (m.), Duilius 

dulcls, -e, sweet (to the taste) 

dum, while; if only, provided 

dummodo, if only, provided 

duo, -ae, -o, two 

duodevicesmruLS, -a, -uro, the eigh- 
teenth 

duro, -are. -avi, -atu.ro, to last 

dux:, duels (m.), a leader 

E. 

e(w. abl. and only before consonants). 

from, of out of 
edo, -ere, edl, esunr, to eat 
edo, -ere, edidi, editu.ro., to give 

out, publish 
educo, -are, -avi, -aturo,, to 

bring up, educate 
effectus, -us (m.), an effect 
efYTcIo, -ere, effeci, effecturo, to 

make 
egenus, -a, -u.ro., needy 
egeo, -ere, -ui, (no sup.), to (be in) 

need 
egestas, -atis (f.), want 
ego, I; ego met, I 
elementuro, -I (n.), an element 
elephantus, -I (m.) 5 an elephant 
elephas, -airtis (m.), an elephant 
eligo, -ere, elegl, electuro, to 

choose, elect 
eloquens, -tls, eloquent 
emo, -ere, emi, empturo, to buy, 

purchase 
eneco, -are. -avl, -atu.ro.; -ui, 

enectum. to slay 
enim, for 

eo, ire, ivi, Ttum, to go 
6pistoia,-ae) (f) mer 
epistula, -ae ) 

eques, -Itls (m.), a rider, horseman 
equito, -are, -a vi, -atu.ro, to ride 
equus, -1 (m.), a horse 



erga (w. ace), toward, unto 

eripxo, -ere, erTpui, erepturo, to 

take away [taken 

erro r are,-avi, -atu.ro, to be mis- 
esurlo, -ire, -Ivr, (no sup.), to be 

hungry 
et, and; et. .et, both, .and 
gtiam, even 

etianisl, even if, although 
etsl, although, though 
Europa, -ae (f.), Europe 
evado, -ere, evasi, evasu.ro, to be- 
come, turn out 
evello, -ere, evelli, evulsuro, to 

pluck out 
evoco, -are, -avi, -atu.ro, to 

summon 
evolo,-are,-a^^i,-aturo, to fly out 
ex (w. abl.), from, of 
exardesco, -ere, exarsi, exarsuro, 

to take fire [excel 

excello, -ere, (no perf. & sup*), to 
exclude, -ere, exclusi, exclusttro, 

to shut out 
exempluro, -i (n.), an example 
exeo, -Ire, -li, -I turn, to depart, 

come off 
exercitatlo, -ours (f.) , practice 
exercitus, -us (m.), an army 
exigiius, -a, -uro, small 
existimo, -are, -avx, -aturo, to 

regai^d, believe 
expello, -ere, expuli, expulsuro, 

to drive away 
expergiscor, -I, experrectus sum, to 

awake 
experxor, -Iri, expertus sum, to 

try, exercise 
expers, -tls, free, without share 
expleo,-ere,exple vr, expleturo., 

to fill 
explico,-are; -avx, -iii; -aturo, 

-xturo, to unfold 
exsiliuro, -I (n.), exile 
exspecto, -are, -avx, -aturo, to 

wait for 
exstinguo, -ere, exstinxx, exstinc- 

turu, to put out 
extra (w. ace), without 
exuo r er§, exux, exuturo, to put off 



78 — 



fabula, -ae (f.), a fable 

facesso, -ere, facesslvl, facessi- 

trixxxx, to accomplish 
facile, easily, readily 
facilxs, -e, easy 
facilius, more easily 
facinxis, -oris (n.), a crime 
facio,-ex , e,feci,fac"t"iirn., to make,do 
facfcxixix, -1 (n.), a deed 
fallo, -ere, fefelll, falsxixxx, to cheat 
fama, -ae (f.), reputation, glory; bona 

fama, a good name 
fames, -Is (f.), hunger 
familiarls, -e, belonging to the family; 

res familiar is, property 
farcio, -Ire, farsi, fartxxxxx, to stuff 
fas (indecl. n.), right 
fateor, -eri, fassxxs sum, to confess 
fatu.ni, -I (n.), destiny 
faveo, -ere, favi, fautilin, to favor 
fellcitas, -atis (f.), happiness 
felieiter, happily 
fells, -(f.), a cat 
felix, -Ids, happy, fortunate 
femina, -ae (f.), a female, woman 
fenestra, -ae (f.), a window 
fere, almost, nearly 
feriae, -ax^xxxxx (pi. f.), holidays 
fero, ferre, txxli, latixixx, to bear, 

carry; fructus ferre, to yield fruits 
ferrxiixx, -I (n.), iron 
ferxxs, -a, -xixix, wild 
ferveo, -ere, fervx & ferbxxl, (no 

sup.), to glow 
fessxxs, -a. -xxxxx, weary (of) 
f idells, -e, faithful 
fides, -el (f.), faith; fidem habere, 

to trust 
fldo, -ere, fisxxs sum, to trust 
flgo, -ere, fis:I, fizxixxixx, to fix 
filia, -ae (f.), a daughter 
fflixxs, -I (m.), a son 
findo, -ere, fidl, fissxixxx, to split, 

cleave 
n^go,-ere\finxI,fict;xxixx, to fashion 
finis, - (m.), an end 
flo, fieri, factus sum, to become, 

happen, be made 
fisus, -a, -vLxri, fixed 



flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, to ask 

flecto, -ere, flex:!, flexxxxxx, to bend 

fleo, -ere, flevi, fletxxxxx, to weep 

florens, -tis, flourishing; in blossom 

flos, -oris (m.), a flower 

flumen, -Ixxis (n.), a river 

fiuo, -ex^e, fluxx, fluxxxxxx, to flow 

fluvixxs, -I (m.), a river 

fodio, -<5x^, fodx, fossxxxxi, to dig 

foedxxs, -<5ris (n.), a treaty 

folTxxixx, -I (n.), a leaf 

forem, I should be 

formica j -ae (f.), an ant 

fortis, -e, brave 

forxxxxx, -I (n.), the forum, market 

fov^o, -ere, fovx, f otxxxix, to cherish 

frango, -ere, fregi, fractHm, to 

break 
frater, -i»Is (m.), a brother 
fraus, -cixs (f.), a fraud 
fremo, -ere, fremxxx, (no sup.), to 

growl 

frena, -ox^xxiii (pi. n.) ) , . ,, , .-. 
c _ - - w , , a bridle, a bit 

frenx, -oxnxxxx (pi. m.) ) 

frenxixxx, -I (n.), abridle 

frequens, -'tis, crowded 

fretxis, -a, -xxxxx, trusting, relying 

frico, -are, -xxx, -at xxxxx, frictxxxii, 
to rub 

fiigeo -ere, frizxix, (no sup. ) , to be cold 

frlgxxs, -oris (n.) : cold 

frugifer, -a, -xxxxx. fruit-bearing, fruit- 
ful 

frumentxxxix, -I (n.), corn; frumenta, 
-or xxxxx (pi. n.), grain 

fruor, -x, fiultxxs & fruotxis sum, 
to enjoy 

frustia, in vain 

fucxxs, -I (m.), a drone 

fuga, -ae (f.), a flight 

fugio, -ere, fugx, fugxtixixx, to flee 
or fly 

fugo, -are, -avi, -atixixx, to put 
to flight 

fulcio, -ire, falsi, fultxxxxx, to sup- 
port 

fulgSo, -ere, fulsx, (no sup.), to 
shine 

fulmino, -are\ -avi, -atxxm, to 
lighten 



79 



fundo, -&re\ fudl. fusilm, to pour: 

to rout 
fungoi*, -I, functus sum, to discharge 
fur, -Is (m.), a thief 
furo, -6re, (no perf. & sup.), to rage 
futuriis, -a, -Hm, about to be, future 



Gades, -IHm (pi. f.), Cadiz 

Gallia, -ae (f.), Gaul 

GallUs, -I (m.)i a Gaul 

gaudeo, -ere, gavisils sum, to re- 
joice 

gaudrum, -i (n.),joy 

gSlfi, -Us (a.), (icy) cold, ice 

gen-us, -eris (n.), a kind; race; genus 
vltae, a line of life 

GermanTa, -ae (f.), Germany 

GermanHs, -I (m.), a German [on 

gero, -ere, gessi, gestfim, to carry 

gesto* -are, -avx, -atum. to 
carry 

gigno, -ere, geniil, genltu-in. to 
beget, bring forth 

gloria, -ae (f.), glory, honor 

glubo, -ere, glupsi, glupttxiii, to 
peel 

gradlox*, -I, gressixs sum, to step 

GraecISt, -ae (f.), Greece 

Graecus, -a, -um, Greek 

gramen. -Iixls (n.), grass 

grammatictis.-a, -Um . r/ra m matfca 1 : 
liber grammatlcus. a gram mar 

gratia e, -arum, (pi. fV) thanks 

gratulor, -arl, -atHs sum, to con- 
gratulate 

gratils, -a, -Um, pleasing 

gravis, -e, burdensome 

guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
steer 

gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
taste 

H. 

habeo, -ere, -iil, -itum, to have, 
consider; fidem habere, to trust 

habito, -are, -a^I, -atum. to 
dwell, live 

Hadruraetum, -I (n.), Hadrumetum 

haereo, ^ere, haesi, haestim, to 
fcancj 



hamvis, -i (m.), a hook 
Hannibal, -Is (m.), Hannibal, a Car- 
thaginian general 
Hasdrubal, -Is (m.), Hasdrubal 
haurlo, -ire, hausi, haustum, to 
draw 
1 Henrlcils, -I (m.), Henry 
j HephaestTon, -onis (m.), Hephae- 

stion 
j herl, yesterday 
hie, haec, hoc, this (of mine) 
hiems, hiemis (f.), winter 
HTerosolyma, -orum (pi. n.), Jeru- 
salem 
Hlmeia, -ae (f.), Himera 
hirundo, -Iiils (f.), a swallow 
Hispania, -ae (f.), Spain 
historia, -ae (f.), history, a story 
hodie, to-day 

Homerus, -x (m.), Homer 
homo, -Ixils (m.), man; homines (pi. 
m.), people; men 
! honor, -oris (m.), an honor, office 

hostls, - (m.), an enemy 
i humanus, -a, -iim, human 
1 humus, -I (f.), soil; humo, from the 
ground; hiimi, on the ground 



ico, -ere, Ici, ictiim., to strike; foe- 

dus icere, to make a treaty 
idcirco,/or this reason, therefore 
Idem, eadem, idem, the same 
Tdonetis, -a, -Hm,fit, proper 
ignarus, -a, -urn. ignorant 
ignarus. -a. -iim, cowardly 
ignis. - (m.).fire 
ignominia, -ae (f.), disgrace 
ille, ilia, illUdL, that (yonder) 
imago, -Inls (f.), an image 
imbecilliis, -a, -iim, feeble, weak 
imbuo, -ere, irnbul, imbutum, to 

dip, dye 
Tniitor, -arl, -atus sum, to imitate 
immemor, -Is, forgetful, unmindful 
immensiis, -a, -iim, immense, im- 
measurable 
immeritissimo, most undeservedly 
imminSo, -ere, (no perf, & sup.), to 
threaten 



— - 80 



immortalls, -e, immortal 
impar, -arls, unequal 
impatientia, -ae (f.), impatience 
impedimentiim., -I (n.), a hindrance; 

impedimenta, -oiuim. (pi. n.), bag- 
gage 
impedio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itxim, to 

hinder 
impello, -ere, impuli, impulsHm, 

to drive 
imperator, -oris (m.), a general 
imperriiiri., -i (n.), empire; ad impe- 

rium accedere, to come to the throne 
impleo,-ere,imple^vi,implet"U.m, 

to Jill, fill up 
importo, -are, -avi, -atxim, to 

import 
impos, -otls, not in possession of 
impotens, -tis, unable 
improbiis, -a, -Hm, bad, wicked 
in (w. ace), into; (w.abl.), in, on, upon 
incertiis, -a, -iim, uncertain 
incesso, -ere, incessivi, incessl- 

-tUm, to fall upon 
inconstans, -tls, inconstant 
incredibills, -e, incredible 
incrementtiirL, -i (n ), increase 
incuso, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

accuse [reveal 

indico, -are, -avi, -atHm, to 
indi£eo,-ere, -ill, (no sup.), to need 
indigniis, -a, -iim, unworthy 
indulgentia, -ae (f.), indulgence 
indulgeo, -ere, indulsi, indurtiim., 

to indulge 
induo, -erS, indul, indutiim, to 

put on 
infra, below, under 
infelix, -Ids, unhappy 
ingenutis, -x (m.), a gentleman 
ingratvis, -a, -Hm, unpleasant 
Inimiciis, -a, -um, unfriendly 
initru.ni., -I (n J, a beginning 
injucundils, -a, -xiiix, disagreeable 
injuria, -ae (f.), an injury 
innocens, -tis, innocent 
innoxixis, -a, -Um, harmless 
innumerabills, -e 
innumeriis, -a, -iim 
inquam, I say, quoth I 



!■ innumerable 



insciUs, -a, -xxin, ignorant 

insectiiin, -i (n.), an insect 

insidiae, -arum (pi. f.), treachery 

insTmulo, -are, -avi, -atHm, to 
accuse, charge 

instar (n. indecl.), like, kind 

insula, -ae (i.), an island 

insum, inesse, inf til, to be in 

integritas, -atls (f.), integrity 

intellego, -ere, intellexil, intellec- 
trilm, to understand 

inter (w. ace), among, between 

interdiu, in day-time 

interdum, sometimes 

intereo, -ire, interii, inteiltHm, 
to perish 

interficio, -ere, interfeel, interfec- 
t-tLm., to kill 

interrogo,-are,-avl,-atii:m., to ask 

intersum. interesse, interful, to be pres- 
ent at; interest, it concerns, is of im- 
portance 

intervallUm., -I (n.), a space 

intra (w. ace), within 

invenio, -ire, invenl, inventHm, 
to find (out), invent, to devise 

invideo, -ere, invldi, invisu.ni., to 
envy 

invidia, -ae (f.), envy 

invito, -are, -avi, -atiim, to invite 

ipse, -a, -"unx, himself, herself, itself 

irascor, -i, -liatrus sum, to grow 
angry 

is, ea, id, that; he, she. it; ea, -orum 
(pi. n.), those tilings 

ita, thus, so 

Italia, -ae (f.), Italy 

itex*, ltxnerxs (n.), a journey 

iterum, a second time, again 



jacxo, -ere, jeel, jactrum, to throw, 

cast 
jaculor, -arl, -atus sum, to throw 

the javelin 
jam, already 
jamdudum, a long time 
jocils, -i (m.), a jest, joke; pi. joci, 

-oriim (m.) & joca. -orunx (n.), 



81 



jubeo, -er5, jussx, jussu.ni, to 

order 
jucunde, pleasantly, deliriously 
jQcundus, -a, -ixxix, agreeable 
judex:, -Ids (ru.), a judge 
judicium., -i (n.), a court; judicium 

capitis, a trial for life 
jiidico, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

judge 
Julius, -I (m.), Julius [ioi?i 

jimgo, -ere, junxix, junctum, to 
juio,-are,-avx. -atum., to swear; 

juratus, -a, -um, having sworn 
jus, juris (n.), right, law; jus civile, 

civil law; jure, justly 
jussu, by order 
justitia, -ae (f.), justice 
Justus, -a, -uxix, just, regular 
juvenls (without n.), young 
juvo, -are, juvx, jutum, to assist, 

help 
juxta (w. ace), near to, beside 



labor, -oris (m.), labor 
labox*, -I, lapsus sum, to glide 
laboro,-are,-avx, -atum,to rcork 
lac, lactis (n.), milk 
Lacedaemonius, -I (m.), a Lacedae- 
monian 
lacesso. -Sr§, lacessxvx, lacessx- 
tum, to excite, provoke 



lacrima, -ae 



(f.), a tear 



lacryma, -ae 

lacus, -us (m.), a lake 

lambo, -ere, Iambi, (lambltuxxx), 

to lick 
Latlnus. -a, -xxxxi, Latin 
latro, -are, -avi, -atuxxx, to bark 
latus, -a, -um, broad, icide 
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. to 

praise 
laus,-<lxs (f.), praise 
lavo. -are, lavi, lava-turn, (laxx- 

tum, lotum), to wash 
legatus, -i (m.), an ambassador 
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, to read 
leo, -ojxxs (m.), a lion 
lepus, -oris (m.), a hare 
levis, -e, light 



levo, -are, -avi, -atum, to lessen, 

relieve 
lex, legis (f.), a law 
lib enter, willingly 
liber, -ri (m.), a book; liber gram- 

maticus, a grammar 
llberi, -orum (pi. m.), children 
llbero, -are, -avi, -atum, to(set) 

free, release 
llbertas, -atls (f.), liberty, freedom 
liceo, -ere, -ux, -Itum, to be for 

sale 
ITceor, -eri, -xtus sum, to bid 
licet, though, suppose, whereas 
licet, -ere, -uxt, it is allowed 
ligo, -5nis (m.), a mattock 
lingua, -ae (f.), the tongue, alanguage; 

vitium linguae, a defect of speech 
linquo, -ere, liqux, (no sup.), to leave v 
littera, -ae (f.), a letter (of the alpha- 
bet); litterae, -aimm (pi. f.), an 

epistle 
loco, -are, -avi, -atum, to let 
locus, -i (m.), a place; pi. loci, 

-orum (m.), passages in books; 

loca, -orum (n.), places 
longinquitas, -atls (f.), length 
longus, -a, -um, long 
loquox*, -i, locutus sum, to speak 
luceo, -ere, luxx, (no sup.), to shine 
luctus, -us (m.), grief 
liido, -ere, lusx, lusuxxx, to play 
lugeo,-ere,lu:x:i, (no sup.), to mourn 
lumen, -Inis (n.), light 
luna, -ae (f.), the moon 
ltio, -ere, lux, luitum, to pay, 

atone for 

liio, -ere, lui, lutum, to wash 

lupus, -i (m.), a wolf 

luscmia, -ae (f.), a nightingale 

lux, lucis (f.), light 

luxuria, -ae \ fJf . , 

, ww- \ (f.), luxury 

luxuries, -ex ) " * 

Lycurgus, -i (m.), Lycurgus, the law- 
giver of the Spartans 

Macedo, -oxxxs (m.), a Macedonian 
maeror, -oris (m.), sorrow 
magis, more 



82 



magister, -rl (m.), ) ., , 

magistrate, jf.), I aieacher > master 

magistratiis, -us (m.), a magistrate 

magnes, -etls (m.), a magnet 

magnl, highly 

magnificxis, -a, -Hixx, splendid 

magnopere, greatly 

magnixs, -a, -Hnx, great, large, big 

Mago, -oixls (m.), Mago 

major, -iis, greater; major natu, 

older; majores, -u.m (pi. m.), the 

ancestors 
maledico, -ere, -dixx, -dictiiiix, 

to curse 
malo, mallS, mal-Ql, (no sup.), to be 

more willing, prefer, have rather 
malum., -I (n.), an evil 
malits, -a, -urn, bad 
mando, -ere, mandx, mansum, to 

chew [ing 

mane (n. indecl.), morning; inthemorn- 
maneo, -ere, mansx, mausilrrx, 

to stay, remain 
mantis, -lis (f.), the hand 
Marcelltis,-x (m.), Marcellus 
mare, -Is (n.), the sea, ocean 
maritmrus, -a, -uux, sea-, naval 
Mantis, -i (m.), Marius, seven times 

consul 
mater, *-ris (f.), mother 
materies, -el (f.), matter 
maturtis, -a, -Hm, ripe 
maturesco, -ere, maturux, (no sup.), 

to ripen 
maxime, most 

maximtis, -a, -uux, greatest 
medeor-eri, (no perf.), to cure, heal 
Media, -ae (f.), Media 
medicma, -ae (f.), medicine . 
medicus, -I (m.), a physician 
mel, mellis (n.), honey 
memmx, meminisse, to remember 
memor, -Is, mindful 
memor 1a, -ae (f.), memory 
mendaclum., -x (n.), a falsehood, lying 
mensls, - (m.), a month 
mercator, -oris (m.), a merchant 
mercatus, -Us (m.), a market 
mercor, -ari, -atHs sum, to buy 
mercor, -erx, -Itus sum, to deserve 



mergo, -er§, rnersx, merstim, to 
dip in, plunge 

meridies, -el (m.), midday, noon 

merx, -els (f.), ware 

metIoi^,-iri,mens\is sum,fo measure 

meto, -ere, messHI, messuux, to 
reap 

metuo,-ere, mettix, (no sup.), to fear 

metus, -us (m.), fear 

metis, -a, -Hill, my 

mico,-are, mictLx, (no sup.), to shine 

mlgro, -are, -avi, -atum, to mi- 
grate, remove 

miles, -Itis (m.), a soldier 

mille, a thousand; mllia, thousands 

Miltiades, -Is (m.), Miltiades 

mindr, -us, less, smaller 

minuo, -ere, minux, minutum. to 
lessen 

minus (adv.), less 

minficlls, -a, -uixx > , «■ , 

mirtLS, -a, -urn [ wonderful 

misceo, -ere, miscux, mixtuxix k 
mistum, to mix, mingle 

miser, -a, -Hm, wretched 

misereox*, -eri, miserltHs & miser- 
tiis sum, to have pity 

miseret, it excites pity ; miserere, mi- 
serltHm. & mTsertHm. est 

mitto, -ere, misx, missunx, to send 

modestia, -ae (f.), modesty 

modo, now, only, if only; modo ne, pro- 
vided only not 

modus, -I (m.), manner; nullo modo, 
in no manner 

molestus, -a, -unx, troublesome, irk- 
some 

mollio, -xx*e, -Ivi, -lturrx, to as- 
suage 

mollis, -e, soft, gentle 

molo, -ex*e, moltix, moll-turn., to 
grind 

moneo, -ere, -HI, -ItHux, to ad- 
vise, warn 

mons, -tls (m.), a mountain, mount 

morbus, -x (m.), a disease 

mordeo,-ere,inomordx,morsHxix, 
to bite 

morior, -x, mortutis sum, to die 

mors, -txs (f.), death 



83 



mortalls, -e\ mortal 

mortiiaxs, -a, -u.ua, dead 

movSo, -er§, movi. motxixax, to 

move 
mulcSo, -er5, mulsl, mulsHm, to 

soothe 
mulg&o, -ere, mulsl, mulsiixTx, to 

milk 
mulier, -xs, (f.),a woman 
multitudo, -Inls (f.), a multitude; 

magna multitudo, a very great number 
multo, much, far 
multixs, -a, -Um, much, many; 

multa, much 
Mummiixs, -x (m.), Mummius 
mundiis, -I (m.), the world 
munlis, -erxs (n.), an office 
murus, -1 (m.), a wall 
mils, muris (m.), a mouse 
musca, -ae (f.), a fly [change 

muto, -are, -avx, -atilm, to 
muttis, -a, -iixix, mute, dumb 
mutuils,-a, -Hxix, borrowed; mutuum 

sumere, to borrow 

IS. 

nam, for 

nanciscor, -x, nactHs & nanctils 

sum, to get 
narratio, -onis (f.), a narrative 
narro, -arS, -avi, -atum, to 

relate 
nascor, -I, natHs sum, to be bom 
natalxs, - (m.), a birthday 
nato, -ar5, -avx, -atHm, to swim 
natu, by birth; major natu, older; minor 

natu, younger; majores natu, one's 

elders 
natura, -ae (f.), nature 
natHs, -a, -Um, born; ante, post 

Christum natum, before, after Christ 
navalxs, -e\ naval 
navigatio, -onis (f.), navigation 
navxs, -(f.)i cl ship 
ne, not, ihat not, lest; granted that not; 

-ne (interrog. part.), whether, if 
nee, andnot, nor; nee. .nee, neither, .nor 
necessarrus, -a, -um, necessary 
necesse est, it must needs 
neon?, or not 



necto, -ere\ nexx & nex:u.I, ne- 

xum, to tie 
nefas (n. indecl.), wrong, forbidden 
neglegens, -txs, careless 
neglego, -£re\ neglexx, neglectrixm 

to neglect. Written also: negligere 
nego, -are, -avx,-at7iixii, to deny 
negotiUm, -i (n.), affair, business, 

occupation 
nemo, -Inls (m.), nobody, no one 
neo, -ere, nevi, netriim, to spin 
neque, and not; neque. .neque, neither. . 

nor 
nescxo, -Ire*, -xvx, -ItHnx, not to 

know 
nesciHsj -a, -aim, ignorant 
neutexvra, -rilm, neither of the two 
nihil, nothing; nihil nisT, nothing but 
Nllixs, -x (m.), the river Nile 
nTmrCLs, -a, -ixxix, too much, too great 
ningo^ex^, ninxx, (no sup.), to snow 
nisi, but 
nitox*, -x, nlsixs & nixUs sum, to 

stay one's self on 
nix, nivis (f.), snow 
nobilxs, -e, noble 
noc^o, -ex^S, -ui, -xtixm, to do 

harm, hurt 
noctu, at night 
nocturnlis, -a, -ixm, nightly; tem- 

pus nocturnum, night-time 
nolo, nolle, noltxx, (no sup.), to be 

unwilling, not to wish 
nomexi, -xxxxs (n.), a name 
nomino, -are\ -avl, -atlim, to 

call, name 
non, not, no 
nouaginta, ninety 
nondum, not yet 

nonne (interrog. part.), not, if not 
nonnisT, only 
nonnullx, -ae, -a, some 
nonnumquam, sometimes 
nosco, -Sre, novx, notixxix, tolearn 

to know 
noster, -x*a, -x*xxm, our 
notHs, -a, -Um, known 
nSvacula, -ae (f.), a razor 
nox, noctis (f.), the night 
noxms, -a, -tim, noxious, hurtful 



84 



nubilxis, -a, -xim, cloudy 

nubo, -ere\ nupsi, nuptxim, to 

marry {of the woman) 
niidxis, -a, -xim., naked 
nullxis, -a, -xim, no, none, not any, 

not one 
nuin (interrog. part.), whether, if 
Numa, -ae (m.), Numa, second king 

of Borne 
Numantia, -ae (f.), the city of Nu- 

mantia 
numero, -are, -avi, -atxim, to 

count 
numerxis, -I (m.), a number 
Numltox*, -oris (m.), Numitor, king 

of Alba 
numquam or nunquam, never 
nunc, now 

nundinae, -arum (pi. f.), market- 
day 
nunquam, never 
nuntio, -arS, -avi, -atiim., to 

bring word 
nuptiae, -arxim. (pi. f.), a wedding 
nusquam, nowhere 

O. 

o, ! oh 

ob (w. ace), on account of 

obdormisco, -ere, obdormlvl, ob- 

dormxtriim, to go to sleep 
obliviscor, -i, oblrtxis stim, to forget 
oboedio, -Ire, -ivl, -Itxim, to 

obey 
obscuro, -are, -avi, -atxim., &> 

obscure, eclipse 
obsidSo, -erS, obsedi, obsessxim, 

to besiege 
obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atxim, to 

decry 
occido,-ere, occidi, occasxim, to set 
occiilo, -erS, occulxil, occultxim, 

to conceal 
oceaniis, -I (m.), the ocean 
Octavia, -ae (f.), Octavia 
octo, eight 
octdginta, eighty 
oculxis, -i (m.), the eye 
odl, odisse\ to hate 
odiosxis, -a, -lira, hateful 



officio, -ere, offecl, offecttim, to 

hinder 
officixiirx, -I (n.), a duty 
olim, informer times, formerly 
omnis, -e, all, every; omnia, -Ixim. 

(pi. n.), all things, every thing; omnia 

sua, all one's property 
onxis, -ei^is (n.), a burden, load 
operox*, -ari, -atxis stim, to work, 

be busy 
oportet, it is needful, ought 
opperior, -iri, oppertxis stim, to 

await 
oppugno, -arSj -avi, -atxim, to 

besiege 
optabilis, -e, desirable 
optimxxs, -a, -xim, best 
opxis, -ei^is (n.), a work; opera (pi. 

n.), military works; opus est, there is 

need 
oraculxirn., -5 (n.), an oracle 
orator, -oris (m.), an orator 
orbis, - (m.), a circle; orbis terrarum, 

the world 
orbo, -are, -avl, -atxim, to de- 

prive 
ordior, -iri, orsxis sum, to begin 
oriens, -tis (m.), the east 
orior,-Iri, ortxis sum, to rise, arise 
orno,-are, -avi, -atxim, to adorn 
oro, -are, -avi, -atiim, to pray 
os, oris (n.), the mouth 
os, ossis (n.), a bone 
ovis, - (f.), a sheep 
ovtim, -I (n.), an egg 



paciscoi*, -I, pactxis sum, to strike a 

bargain 
paenitet, it causes sorrow; paenitxiit, 

paenitere. Written also: poenitet 
Palatlniis, -a, -iim, Palatine 
pando. -ere, pandi, passxlm, to 

spread 
pango, -ere, panxl, panctiim, to 

strike, drive 
pango, -ere, pepigl, pactHm, to 

bargain 
par, parts, equal; a match for 
paratxis, -a, -xim, ready 



85 



pared, -Sre, pSperci, parsu.ni, to 

spare 
parens, -tis (m. & f.), a parent 
parSd, -ere, -u.1, -xttixxx, to obey 
parid, ~<$x*e, peperl, partxixix, to 

bring forth; ova parere, to lay eggs 
parlter, together 

pard, -are, -avi, -atum, to pre- 
pare for, get 
parricidiixrtx, -i (n.), parricide 
pars, -tis (f.), apart 
parsTmonia, -ae (f.), frugality 
particeps,-ipls, sharing, partaker of 
partim, not very 

parvtis, -a, -iiixx, little, small 
pascd, -ere, pavi, pasttim, to 

graze, feed 
pascor, -i, pastils sum, to feed 
passxls, -Us (m.)j cl pace; mille pas- 

suum, a mile 
pastor, -oris (m.), a shepherd 
patefacld, -Sre, patefeel, patefac- 

tiliix, to open 
pater, -ris (m.), a father 
paterfamilias, patrisfamilias (m.), 

the father of a family 
patlenter, patiently 
patientia, -ae (f.), patience 
patior, -I, passils sum, to suffer 
patria, -ae (f.), one's country, one's 

native land, home 
patroniis, -i (m.), a protector 
paucl, -ae, -a, few, a few; pauca, 

-drxiiix (pi. n.), little 
paulo, little 
pauper, -Is, poor 
paupertas, -atis (f.), poverty 
paved, -ere, pavl, (nosnp.), to quake 

for fear 
pavo, -onis (m.), a pea-cock 
pax:, -ois*(f.) < peace 
pectd,-ex^e, pe:x:x, pexxxnx, to comb 
pecunia, -ae (f.), money 
pedes, -Itxs (m.), a foot- soldier 
pellis, - (f.), « skin 
pelld, -ex*e\ pSpuli, pulstixtx, to 

drive away 
pend&d, -er6, pSpendl, pensHiri, 

to hang [weigh 

pendd,-ere\ p&pendx, pensxxm. to 



penes (w. acc)> in the power of in the 

hands of 
per (w. ace), through, for, by, daring 
Perdiccas, -ae (m.), Perdiccas 
perdd, -ere, perdicLx. perdltixm., 

to lose, ruin 
peregrinHs. -I (to.), a stranger 
perfrudr,-!, perfVuctrixs sum, to enjoy 

fully 
perfungdx*, -I, perfunctxxs sum, to 

fulfil 
Pergamixixx, -x (n.), Pergamum 
Pericles, -Is (m.), Pericles 
perlculixnx, -x (n.), dinger 
peritHs, -a, -iliix, skillful; peritior, 

a better judge 
perpettio, constantly 
perpetuxis, -a, -xVm, constant 
Persa, -ae (m.), a Persian 
pervenld,-ix , e,perveni,pervent,ixrix, 

to reach 
pes, pedis (m.), a foot 
pesslmxis, -a, -Hxix, worst 
petd,-ere\pe1;x vi,petitixxix, to seek, 

ask; pacem petere, to su°for peace 
Philippxts, -x (in.), Philip, king of 

Macedonia 
Phoenix:, -ids (m.), a Phenician 
pictor, -dx»Is (m.), a painter 
piget, it grieves, it disgusts; pigerS, 

pigHIl: or pTgltixnx est 
pigritia, -ae (f.), laziness 
pila, -ae (f.), a ball (for playing) 
piltis, -x (m.), a hair 
pingd,-ere,pin:x:i, pictuxix, to paint 
pinsd, -Sx*e, pinsxix & pinsl, pinsx- 

tixixx, to pound, grind 
pirxtiix, -i (n.), a pear 
piscis, - (m.), a fish 
plane, perfectly 
plangd, -ere, planixx, planctixiix, 

to beat, lament 
plants, -ae (f.), a plant 
platea, (f.), a street 
Plato, -oixls (m.), Plato, a famous 

Greek philosopher 
plaudo, -ere, plausx, plausixixx, to 

applaud 
plebes, -Si ) (f.), the common people, 
plebs, -Is \ populace 



86 — 



plecto, erS, (no per f. &■ sup.) to beat 

plenxls, -a, -xim., full 

plerxque, pleraeque, pler&que, very 

many, most 
plerumque, commonly 
pluma, -ae (f.), a feather 
pltio, -ere, pltix, (no sup.), to rain 
plurlmixs, -a, -tirti, most; plurimo 

(pretio), at a very high price 
plus, pltiris, more; plures, -a or -la 

(pL), many, several, (opposed to 

firms); pltiris, dearer 
pluvia, -ae (f.), rain 
poeta, -ae (m.), a poet 
poma, -orixm. (pi. w.)., fruit 
Pompejiis, -I (m.), Pompey 
pondo (n. indecl.), in weight, pounds 
j)5ne (w. ace), behind [place 

pono, -ere, posixx, posltxxiix, to 
Ponticxls, -a, -xxxxx, Pontic 
populxxs, ~x (m.), a people, nation 
porta, -ae (f.), a gate 
porto, -are,-avi, -atxiiix, to carry 
posco, -ere, poposcx, (no sup.), to 

demand, to ask 
possum, posse, potui, to be able, can 
post (w. ace), behind, after 
postquam, after 
postremixs, -a, -tixix, last 
postulo, -are, -avi, -at vim, to 

require 
potior, -xx\l, -xtixs sum, to make 

one's self master of 
poto, -are, potavx, potxxm., to 

drink; potxis, -a, -tiro., that has 

drunk 
prae (w. abl.)> before, for, in compar- 
ison with 
praebeo, -erS, -xix, -xtixrix, to af- 
ford, give; se praebere, to show one's 

self 
praeceptxim, -i (n.), a precept 
praecipue, principally, especially 
piaeiero,-x*e,praetixlx,praexat;ixxxx, 

to carry before 
praesto,-are, praestlti, (no sup.), to 

afford; se praestare, to show one's self 
praeter (w. ace), past 
praeterSo, -ire, praetSrix, praeterx- 

trum, to pass by 



prand&o, -erS, prandx, pransHm, 

to breakfast; pransiis, -a, -ixixx, 

having breakfasted 
pratilm, -I (n.), a meadow 
praviis, -a, -xxxxx, wicked 
preces, -tixn (pi. f.), prayers 
prehendo, -ere, prehendx, prehen- 

sxxm, to seize 
premo, -Sre, pressx, pressxiixx, to 

press; vestigia premere, to walk in the 

footsteps 
pretixxxix, -x (n.), a price 
prlnixxs, -a, -xxnx, the first 
principlxxxxx. -x (n.), beginning 
prlvo, -are, -avi, -ataxixx, to de- 
prive 
pro (w. abl.), /or 
proboscis, -IcLIs (f.), the trunk of an 

elephant 
probiis, -a, -um, upright, virtuous 
proditio, -oxxxs (f.), treason • 

proelior, -ari, -atxxs sum, to fight 
profanils, -a, -tirix, profane 
proficiscor, -i, profectHs sum, to 

set out 
profugio, -ere, profugi, (no sup.), to 

flee 
profundo, -e^re, prof udi, proiusixxxx, 

to give up 
pi oinde ac si or quasi, as if 
promo, -Sre, prompsx, promp- 

xtuliix, to lake out 
prope (w. ace), near 
proprixis, -a, -xxxxx, oion, character- 
istic; proprium est, it is the mark 
propter (w. ace), on account of, in 

consequence of; close by 
prostim, prodesse, proful, to be useful, 

to do good, to benefit 
providentia, -ae (f.), providence 
provincta, -ae (f.) , province 
proximxxs, -a, -xxxxx, nearest, next; 

proximus bonis, next best 
prudens, -tis, prudent 
publicxxs, -a, -xxxxx, public 
pude^t, it shames; pudex^, pudixit: 

or puditlxxxx est 
puella, -ae (f.), a girl 
puer, -x (m.), a boy [fight 

pugno, -arS, -avx, -atHxxx, to 



87 — 



pulchSr. -x*a,-xnxxxi, beautiful, hand- » 
some 

pumex, -Ids (m.), a pumice-stone 

pungo, -ex*S, pUpugl, punctHm, 
to pierce, s ting 

punio, -Ire -ivl, -ltum, to pun- 
ish 

purHs, -a, -ttm, pure 

puto,-are, -avl, -atxxnx, to think, 
believe, consider 

Pythagoras, -ae (m.), Pythagoras, a 
celebrated philosopher 

Q. 

quadragesimixs, -a, -Hm, the fortieth 

quadraginta, forty 

quadrupes, -edis (m.), a four-footed 
animal, quadruped 

quaero, -ere, quaeslvx, quaesl- 
tum, to ask, to seek (after, for), de- 
sire; quaeritur, the question is 

quaestio, -onis (f.), a question 

quam, how, than 

quam dm, how long ? 

quamquam, although 

quarnvls, although, however (much) 

quantum, how much ? as much as 

quantum vis, however much 

quantHs, -a, -Hm, hoiv great ? 

quartHs, -a, -Urn, the fourth 

quasi, as, as if 

quatio, -er^, (no perf. & sup.), to 
shake 

quattuor, four 

-que (to be appended to the word), and 

queror, -I, questHs sum, to com- 
plain ■ 

qui, quae, quod, who, which, that; qui, 
he who 

quia, because 

quldam, quaedam, quiddam, quoddam, 
some one, a certain one, a kind of 

quidem, indeed 

quiesco, -ere, quievl, quietiim, 
to rest, repose 

qullibet, quaelibet, quidlibet, quodlibet, 
any one, every one, any thing you 
please 

quln, that not, but that, but that not 

qumquagesimixs, -a, -ixm, the fiftieth 



quinque, five 

quis, quid, who, what? 

quisque, quaeque, quidque, quodqu£, 

each one, every one, any one 
quo (w. compar.), the; quo. .eo, the. .the 
quo, that, in order that, so that 
quod, because, that 
quominus, that not 
qubque, also, too 
quot, how many? 
quotannls, every year 

R. 

radiils, -I (m.), a ray 

rado, -ere, rasl, rasum, to scrape 

rapxo, -ere, rapxil, raptixxxx, to 

snatch away 
raro, seldom 

rarHs, -a, -iim, rare 
Rea Silvia (-ae, -ae) f., Bea Silvia 
recordor, -arx, -atus sum, to re- 
member 
recreatiS, -oixxs (f.), recreation 
rector, -oris (m.), a master, ruler 
reddo, -er5, reddldLI, reddltiim, 

to restore, to make 
redeo, -Ir^, redil, redltHm, to 

return 
redimo, -ex^e, redeml, redemptHm, 

to buy, redeem 
redundo, -ar<5, -avl, -atHm., to 

abound 
refert, it concerns, matters 
reglna, -ae (f.), a queen 
regno, -»r©,-avl,-»tilm, to reign 
regnixm., -I (n.), a kingdom 
rego, -ere, rexx, recttxm, to rule, 

govern 
religio, -onfe (f.), an oath 
relinquo, -ere, rellqul, relictHm, 

to quit, leave (behind) 
remedixtixx, -I (n.), a remedy [ber 
reminiscor, -I, (no perf.), to remem~ 
Remits, -I (m.), Remus, the brother of 

Romulus 
reor, -en, ratixs sum, to think 
reperlo, -Ix*e\ repperl, reperttxixx, to 

find 
repo,-er&, repsl, reptixxxx, to creep, 

crawl 



— 88 



reprehendo, -ex*<$, reprehend!, repre- 
hensxxxxx, to find fault with 

requiesco, -ere, requiev!, requie- 
Itixixx, to rest, repose 

res, r&I (f.), a thing, matter; res pub- 
lic£, the commonwealth, state, repub- 
lic ; res vera, reality; res familiaris, 
property; res militaris, military affairs 

ret<S, -Is (n.), a net 

rexis, -5 (in.) t the defendant; reum fa- 
cere, to summon 

revertor, -i, revert! (active), to turn 
back 

revivisco, -Sre\ revix!, revictixm, to 
come to life again 

revoco, -arS, -avi, -atxxxxx, to 
recall 

rex, regis (m.), a king 

Rhenxis, -I (m.), the Rhine 

ridSo, -erS, risl, rlsxiiix, to laugh 

rlpa, -ae (f.), the bank (of a stream) 

rodo, -erS. rosl, rosxiixx, o gnaw, 
slander 

rogo, -arS, -avi, -atxxiix, to ask, 
beg 

Roma, -ae (f.), Rome 

Romaniis, -a, -urn, Roman 

Romulus, -I (m.), Romulus 

RoscTxis, -x (m.), Roscius 

rostrxxrrx, -i (n.), a beak; pi. rostra, 
-orxliix (pi. n.), a speaker's plat- 
form 

rotundxxs, -a. -xim., round 
•rumpo, -ex*&, rupl, ruptum, to 
break 

ruo, -Sre\ rui, rutum, to rush 
(forth) 

rus, runs (n.), the country, a farm, a 
field; run, in the country; rure, from j 
the country; rus, into the country 

rustictls, -a, -Hixx, country- 

S. 
sScer, -ra, -rixxii, sacred, holy 
saeculxxixx, -i (n.), a generation 
saepe, o/ten, frequently; saepius, oftener; 

saepissime, oftenest 
saepxo, -!re, saepsl, saepxruiri, to 

fence in, inclose [turn 

SSguntHm, -I (n.), the city of Sagun- 



sal, sails (m.), salt; pi. sales, -xxxxix ; 

witty sayings 
Salamxs, -Ixxxs (f.), the island of Sa- 

lamis (ace. SSlamlna) 
s&llo, -IrS, salxxl, saltHm, to leap 
saluber, -x*Is, -rS, salubrious 
salutarxs, -e, beneficial 
salve, hail 
sancxo, -Ix»e\ sanxii, sanctHm & 

sancxtxxm, to sanction 
sanguis, -Ixxxs (m.), blood 
sSno, -are, -avx, -atum, to heal 
sapiens, -txs, wise; (m.), a wise man 
sapienter, wisely 
sapientia, -ae (f.), wisdom 
sSpxo, -Sr<$, sapi-vi & sapHx, (no 

sup.), to be ivise 
sarcxo, -Ir6, sarsx, sartxxm, to mend 
sStio, -ar§, -avi, -atxxm, to 

satiate 
satis, enough 
SaturnHs, -I (m.), Saturn; SaturnI 

stella, the planet Saturn 
scabS, -Sre\ -I, (no sup.), to scratch 
scalpS, -<5x*e, scalps!, scalptuixx, 

to carve 
scandO, -Sx'S, scandx, seansixni, to 

climb 
scelxxs, -erxs (n.), a crime 
schola, -ae (f.), a school 
scientia, -ae (f.), a science, knowledge 
scindS, -ere, scidx, scissixm, to cut 
scio, -Ire, -Ivi, -xtixiix, to know 
Sclpio-, -oxxxs (m.), Scipio, a Roman 

noble name [write 

scribS, -erS, scrips!, scriptxxixx, to 
scriptor, -oris (m.), a writer 
sculpo, -Sre, sculps!, sculptHm, 

to chisel 
seco, -are, secxi!, sectUxxx, to cut 
secundum (w. ace), according to 
secundxxs, -a, -xxitx, the second 
sed, but 

sedecim, sixteen 

sed<5o, -ere, Fed!, sessxxixi, to sit 
segSs, -etxs (f.), a crop 
segnitia,-ae ) (t) slothfuln€ss 
segnTties, -ex ) 
sejungo-, -ere, sejunzs:!, sejunctxxirL, 

to separate 



89 — 



(n.), a grace 



semel, once 

semper, always, ever 

senatixs, -"CLs (m.)j the senate 

senectixs, -"litis (f.), old age 

s&nesco, -SrS, senixx, (no sup.), to 

grow old 
senex, -Is (m.), an old man 
sententi«i,-ae (f.), a sentence; opinion, 

sentiment; omnium judicum sententia, 

the unanimous decision of the judges 
sentio, -xr€, sensx, sensilxix, to 

perceive, feel 
sepello, -Ire, sepell"vx, sepultixxxx, 

to bury 
septem, seven 

septentno, -onis (m.), the north 
septingentesimixs, -a, -tinx, the seven 

hundredth 
sepulchrixrix, -I 
sepulcrixrrx, -i 
sepultura, -ae (f.), a burial 
sequor, -I, seculruLS sum, to follow 
serms, later 

seriixs, -a, -tLni, serious 
sermo, -onis (m.), a talk 
sero, -ere, serilx, sertilxix, to join 
sero, -erS, se-vx, satHm, to sow, 

plant 
serpo, -ere, serpsx, serptixm, to 

creep (of animals) 
seriis, -a, -11 m, too late 
servitttSj-iitls (f.), slavery, servitude 
servtis, -x (m.), a slave, servant 
sex, six; sexdecim, sixteen 
si, if, when 

file, in this manner, so 
Sieilia, -ae (f.), Sicily 
sicut, like 

sIdo,-ere\ sedx, (no sup.), to sii down 
silva, -ae, (f.), a wood, forest 
stmilxs, -S, like, similar 
simul, together, at the same time 
simulac, simulatque, as soon as 
sine (w. abl.), without 
sino, -erg, slvi\ sitixm, to let, 

suffer, permit 
sisto, -ere, stitx, statixxix, to stop 
sitiens, -tis, thirsty 
societas, -atis (f.), society 
6ocrates, -Is (m.), Socrates 



sol, -Is (m.), the sun 
solatium, -x (n.), a consolation 
sbl<5o,-ere, solitrixs sum, to be wont, 

accustomed, to use 
sollicito, -are, -avi, -atiim., to 

disturb 
solixs, -a, -xiiix, alone 
solvo, -ere, solvi, sblutTUXix. to 

(dis)solve, free 
somnixs, -I (m.), sleep 
sono, -are, sonUI, sonltixm, to 

sound 
soror, -oris (f.), a sister 
sors, -tis (f.), a lot 
spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparstLiri, to, 

cast, sprinkle 
Spavtanixs, -i (m.), a Spartan 
species, -ex (f.), appearance 
specto, -are, -avx, -atxxxxx, to 

view, to look to, at 
sperno, -5re, sprevx, sprettxiix, to 

despise 
spero, -are, -avx, -atixxrx, to 

hope for 
spes, spex (f.), hope [strip 

spolio,-ax^e,-a-vx, -atrtixix, to rob, 
spondeo, -ere, spopondx, spon- 

sixm, to pledge 
sptio, -ere, spux, sputiim, to spit 
squama, -ae (f.), the scale (of a fish) 
statlm, at once 
statuo, -ere, stattix, statutiiiix, to 

set, place 
stella, -ae (f.), a star; Saturn! stella, 

the planet Saturn 
sterno, -ere, stravx, stratixm, to 

strew 
sternuo, -<5x*e, sternux, (no sup.), to 

sneeze 
sto,-are, stetx, statHxix, to stand, 

to cost 
strepo, -ere, strepixx, strepltixxix, 

to make a noise 
stringo, -e^re, strinxx, strictHm., 

to bind 
struo, -erS, struxx, structUxxi, to 

build 
studeo, -er§, -ixx, (no sup.), to de- 
vote one's self, to study 
studiosxxs, -a, -Urn, devoted to 



— 90 — 



stultus, -a, -iim, foolish; stultiis, 

-I (m.), a fool 
suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum, to 

advise 
sub (w. ace), under, toward; (w. abl.), 

under, below 
suheo, -Ire, subil, subitum, to 

meet 
subter (w. ace), under, beneath 
Buesco, -ere, suevl, suetu.ni, to 

become used 
sugo, -ere, suxl, suctum, to suck 
sui, sib!, se, himself herself, itself 
sura, esse, fuT, to be; pluns esse, to be 

of more account 
summiis, -a, -um, utmost 
sumo, -erS, sumpsi, sump turn., 

to take; mutuum sumere, to borrow 
sumptus, -us (m.), expense 
6uo, -Sre, sui, sutum, to sew 
super (w. acc.)» over, above, on top of; 

super (w. abl.), concerning 
euperbus, -a, -um, proud 
siipervacuus, -a, --um, needless 
supra (w. ace), above, more than, over 
suus, -a, -tim, his, her, its, their 

(own); omnia sua, all one' s propeity 
Syracusae, -arum (pi. f.), Syracuse 



tacSo, -er§, -HI, -Itum, to be 

silent, still 
taedet, it wearies, tires; pertaesum 

est, taedere 
tarn, so; tarn, .quam, as well, .as 
tamen, however, nevertheless 
tametsT, although 
tamquam, as, as if 
tango, -ere\ tStigl, tactiim, to 

touch 
tantum,onfa/, but (to be placed after the 

word to which it belongs) 
tantiis, -a, -iim, so great 
Tarqiunlus, -I (m.), Tarquin, king of 

the Romans; Tarquinil, -or lira, 

(pi. m.), the Tarquinians 
tauriis, -I (m.), a bull 
tego, -5re, texl, tectum, to cover 
telum, -I (n.), a weapon 
tempus, -oris (n.), time; tempus 



anni, a season; tempus nocturnum, 

night-time; brevi tempore, in a short 

time 
tendo, -5rS, tStendl, tensum, to 

spread 
tenebrae, -arum (pi. f.), darkness 
ten«5o, -ere, tenul, tentum, to hold 
tenuis, -e, thin 
tenus (w. abl.), as far as, up to 
terg^o & tergo, -erS & ere, tersl, 

tersum, to wipe 
tero, -Sre, trrvl, tritum, to rub, 

wear out 
terra, -ae (f.), the earth, land 
terrestrls, -e, land- 
tertius, -a, -um, the third 
testis, - (m. & f.), a witness 
testor, -arl, -atus sum, to testify 
testudo, -Inis (f.), a tortoise 
Teuton!, -orum (m. pl.) } the Teutons 
texo,-ere, texul, textiim, to weave 
Themistocles, -Is (m.), Themistocles 
Tiberis, - (m.), the Tiber 
Tiberius, -I (m.), Tiberius, a Roman 

name 
timSo, -ere, -ul, (no sup.), to fear 
tingo, -ere, tinxi, tinctum, to stain 
tollo, -ere, sustull, sublatum, to 

take up, to take away 
tondSo, -erS, totondl, tonsum, 

to shear 
lono, -are, tonul, tonitum, to 

thunder 
torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortum, to 

torture 
torreo, -ere, torrul, tostum, to 

roast 
totus, -a, -um, whole, all 
trado, -ere, tradid.1, tradltum, to 

deliver; traditum est, it is handed 

down, there is a tradition 
traho, -ere, traxl, tractum, to 

draw 
Trajanus, -I (m.), Trajan, a Roman 

emperor 
tranquilliis, -a, -um, calm, tranquil 
trans (w. ace), across 
transeo, -Ire, transll, transltum. 

to cross 
transitus, -lis (m ), a passage 



91 



trecenti, -a, -ae, three hundred 
tremo, -ere, tremu.1, (no sup.), to 

tremble 
tres, tria, three; tri&, three things 
tribuo, -ere, trlbu.1, trlbuttim, to 

give, confer on 
triginta, thirty 
tristis, -e\ sad 

triumphtis, -I (m.), a triumph 
trochiis, -i (m.), a hoop 
Troja, -ae (f.), the city of Troy 
trudo,-Sre, trusl, trusu.ro., to thrust 
tu, thou, you 
tundo, -ere, ttitudi, tustirn., to 

thump 
turbidtis, -a, -tim, muddy 
turgSo.-ere, tuvsl, (no sup.), to swell 
turpis, -e, disgraceful 
tutis, -a, -tim, thy, your 
typographicHs, -a, -tim, of printing; 

ars topograph lea, the art of printing 
tyranntis, -i (m.), a tyrant 

XJ. 

ubi, where; ubi, tibi primum, as soon as 

ubique, everywhere 

ulciscor, -i, ulttis sum, to avenge 

ultimtis, -a, -tim, last, furthest 

ultra (w. accus.), beyond 

umbra, -ae (f.), a shade, shadow 

ungula, -ae (f.), a claw, hoof 

untis, -a, -tiro., one; only 

urbs, -Is (f.), a city 

urgeo, -ere, ursi, (no sup.), to urge 

uro, -ere, ussl, usttim, to burn 

ustis, -Us (m.), use 

ut, as; ut {w. subj.), in order thai, so 
that; suppose, granted that; tit non, so 
that not; ut primum, as soon as 

u tills, -e, useful 

utilitas, -atls (f.), service 

iitor, -I, ustis sum, to use; pellibus 
uti, to wear skins 

utrum, whether; titrum. .an, whether. . or 

uva, -ae (f.), a grape 



vado, -£r<5, (no perf. & sup.), to go 
vSleo, -ere, -til, -Ittiro, to be well 

vSletudo, -Irtls (f.), health 



vapulo, -are, -avi, -attiro, to be 

flogged 
varietas, -atls (f.), variety 
varitis, -a, -tim., various, different 
vasto, -are, -avi, -attim, to de- 
molish 
vectigal, -alls (n.), income 
vehementer, very loudly 
velio, -ere, vexl, vecttim, to carry 
Veil, -ortim (pi. m.), Veil 
vel, or, even 
vello, -ere, veil! (vulsl), vulstiro, 

to -pluck, pull' 
veltit si, as if 

venator*, -oris (m.), a hunter 
vendo, vendlcll, vendlttiro, -ere, 

to sell 
veneo, -Ire, venli, venlttim, to be 

sold (ventim-eo, I go for sale) 
venio, -xre\ venx, venttim, to come 
venter, -ris (m.), the belly 
venturtis, -a, -tim, coming 
ver, veris (n.), spring 
verber, -Is (n.), a blow 
verbtim, -1 (n.), a word 
vere, truly 

vergo, -6'rS, (no perf. & sup.), to verge 
veri simi'Is, -e, probable 
Veritas, -atls (f.), truth 
Yerres, -Is (m.J, Verves 
verro, -ere, verri, verstim, to sweep 
versus (w. ace. and following its case), 

towavd, -wavd; orientem versus, to- 

wavd the east 
verto, -gre, verti, verstim, to turn, 

to interpret; in fugam vertere, to put 

to flight 
vertim, -i (n.), the tvuth 
vertis, -a, -tim, true, real; res vera, 

reality 
vescor, -i, (no perf.), to feed, live 

up on 
Vespasiantis, -x (m.), Vespasian 
vesperi, in the evening, at night 
vester, -ra, -xnim, your 
vestes, -I tim (pi. f.), clothing 
vestigitim, -I (n.), a footstep 
veto, -are, vettix, vetlttim., to for- 

bid; prohibit 
vettis, -erxs, ancient^ old 



92 — 



vTH, -ae (f.), a road; street 

victox\ -oris (m.), } 

. . . ' _ « ' y a conqueror 
victrxx, -icis (f,), j * 

victoria;, -ae (f.), a victory 

victHs, -Us {m.),food 

video, -erg, vidx, visHnx, to see 

vld<5or, -eri, vlsils sum, to seem, 
appear 

vigintl, twenty 

villa, -a© (f.), a country-house 

vincxo, -IrS, vinxx, vinctlixix, to 
bind 

vinco, -er6, vlcx, victHnx, to con- 
quer, overcome 

vlnHrrx, -x (n.), wine 

violo, -arS, -avx, -atilxix, to break 
(a law) 

vtr, -x (m.),a man 

virga, -ae (f ), a switch, a rod 

Virginia, -ae (f.), Virginia 

virtHs, -Htls (f.), virtue 

vis (without genit.) (f.), force, power, 
violence; vires,-xiiixx (-pl.t.), forces, 
strength; magna vis, a great quantity 

vlso, -Sre\ vlsx, (no sup.), to visit 

vita, -ae (f.), life 

vitiiiixx, -x (n.), a vice, fault, defect 



vlto, -are, -avi, -atrixixx, to avoid 
vitupero, -UrS, -avi, -a/tilm, to 

blame 

vivo, -&re\ vixl, victilxix, to live 

vlvlxs, -a>, -Hxrx, alive 

vix, hardly 

v5co, -»rS, -avx, -artixxxx, to call, 
name 

volo, velle, vSlxix, (no sup.), to be wil- 
ling, wish, want 

voluptas, -atxs (f.) , pleasure 

volvo, -ex^e, volvx, volutixxix, to roU, 
turn 

vomo, -e\rS, vomixx, vomxtixxxx, to 
von tit 

voveo, -ex*tS, vovx, votHixx, to vow 

vox, vocis (f.), language 

vulnixs, -eris (n.), a wound 

vulpes, -is (f.), a fox 

Xerxes, -Is (m.), Xerxes, king of 

Persia 

Z. 
Zama, -ae (f.), Zama 
Zeuxxs, - (m.)., Zeuxis, a famous Gre 

cian painter 



— 93 — 



2. ENGLISH ANT) LATIN. 



Note. For the principal parts of verbs 
and the inflection of nouns and pronouns, 
see the Latin and English Vocabulary. 



A.. 



to be able, posse, quire; not to be able, 

ne quire 
to abolish, abolere 
to abound, abundare, affluere; redun- 

dare 
about, circiter, circa, fere 
above (prep.), super, supra 
abstinence, abstinentia 
abundance, copia 
abuse, abusus 
to abuse, abuti 
acceptable, accept us 
to accompany, comitari 
to accomplish, facessere 
according to, secundum 
on account of, ob, propter; to be of more 

account, pluris esse 
to accuse, accusare, arguere, incusare, 

insimulare 
to accustom one's self, assuescere; to be 

accustomed, solere, assuescere, con- 

suescere 
to acquire, acquirere 
to acquit, absolvere 
across, trans 
admiration, admiratio 
to adorn, ornare, comere 
adversity, res adversae 
to advise, monere, suadere 
Aeneas, Aeneas 
an affair, res 
affection, caritas 
to afford, praebere, praestare 
Africa, Africa 
after, post ; postquam 
again, iterum 

against, ad versus, adversum, contra 
an age, aetas 
Agesilaus, Agesilaus 



ago, abhinc 

to agree, congruere 

agreeable, jucundua 

it is agreed, constat 

aid, auxilium 

the air, aer 

Alexander, Alexander 

Alexandria, Alexandria 

alive, vivus 

all, totus, omnis; all one's property, om- 
nia sua; all things, omnia 

it is allowed, licet 

almost, fere 

alone, solus 

already, jam 

also, etiam, quoque 

although, etiamsi, etsi, tametsi, quam- 
quam, quamvis 

always, semper 

an ambassador, legatus 

Ajnerica, America 

among, inter, apud 

Anaxagoras, Anaxagoras 

the ancestors, majores 

ancient, vetus, antiquus 

and, et, ac, -que (appended); and not 
nee, neque 

an animal, animal 

to anoint, unguere 

another, alius 

an ant, formica 

Anthony, Antonius 

Antioch, Antiochia 

any one, any one you please, qui vis, 
quilibet; any thing you please, quid- 
libet, quodlibet, quidvis, quodvis 

Apelles, Apelles 

to appear, videri 

appearance, species 

to applaud, plaudere 

to apply, applicare 

to appoint, designare 

to approach, appropinquare 

apt, aptus 



94 - 



Archias, Archias 

Arganthonius, Arganthonius 

Argus, Argus 

Avion, Arion 

to arise, orlri 

Aristides, Aristides 

an army, exercitus 

around, circum 

to arouse, ciere 

an art, ars; the art of printing, ars typo* 
graphica 

as, ut ; as if, quasi, velut si, tamquam, 
proinde ac si ; as far as, tenus ; as 
long as, dum, donee; as soon as, ubi, 
ubi primum, ut primum, simulac, si- 
mulatque; as well as, tarn, .quam 

to be ashamed, pudere 

ashes, cinis 

Asia, Asia 

to ask, rogare, interrogare, quaerere, 
poscere, flagitare, petere 

to fall asleep, obdormiscere 

to assent, assentiri 

to assist, juvare, adjuvare 

assistance, auxilium 

to assuage, moll ire 

an Athenian, Atheniensis 

Athens, Athenae 

Atlantic, Atlanticus 

to atone for, luere 

Attains, Attalus 

attentive, attentus 

Atticus, Atticus 

to attract, attrahere 

Attus Navius, Attus Navius 

an augur, augur 

Augustus, Augustus 

an author, auctor 

autumn, autumnus 

avarice, avaritia 

to avenge, ulcisci 

to avoid, vitare 

to await, opperiri 

to awake, expergisci 

away from, a, ab, abs 

Babylon, Babylon 
bad, improbus 
baggage, impedimenta 



to bake, coquere 

baldness, calvitium 

a ball (for playing) , pila 

the bank (of a stream), ripa 

to strike a bargain, pacisci 

to bark, latrare 

a battle, the {line of) battle, acies 

to be, esse ; to be in, inesse 

a beak, rostrum 

to bear, ferre 

a beast, bestia 

to beat, plangere, plectere 

beautiful, pulcher 

a beaver, castor 

because, quod, quia 

to become, fieri, evadere 

it becomes, decet 

a bee, apis 

before, ante, prae 

to beg, rogare 

to beget, gignere 

to begin, ordiri; to have begun, coepisse 

a beginning, initium 

behind (prep.), pone, post 

to believe, credere, existimare, putare 

the belly, venter 

below, sub, infra 

to bend, flectere 

beneath, subter 

beneficial, salutaris 

a benefit, beneficium 

to benefit, prodesse 

beside, juxta 

to besiege, obsidere, oppugnare 

best (adj.), optimus 

beyond, ultra 

Bias, Bias 

to bid, liceri 

big, magnus 

to bind, stringere, vincire 

a bird, avis 

after the birth of Christ, post Christum 

natum 
by birth, natu 
a birthday, (dies) natalis 
a bit, frena, freni ; frustum 
to bite, mordere 
bitterness, amaritudo 
to blame, vituperare 
blessed, beatus 



95 



a blessing, bonum 

blind, caecus 

blood, sanguis 

a blossom, flos; in blossom, florens 

a blow, verber 

a body, corpus 

a bone, os 

a book, liber 

born, natus; to be born, nasci 

to borrow, mutuum sumere 

both, .and, et. .et 

a boy, puer 

brave, fortis 

to break, frangere, rumpere ; to break 
the laws, leges viol are 

to breakfast, prandere ; having break- 
fasted, pransus 

a bridle, frenum, frena (pi.) 

to bring, ducere ; to bring forth, parere; 
gignere ; to bring up, educare ; to 
bring word, nuntiare 

a Briton, Britannus 

broad, latus 

a brother, frater 

to build, aedificare, struere, condere 

a building, aedificium 

a bull, taurus 

a burden, onus 

a burial, sepultura 

to burn, ardere, urere 

to bury, sepelire 

to be busy, operari 

but, sed, autem; tantum; but.. that, but 
that not, quin 

to buy, emere, redimere, mercari 

by, a, ab 

C. 

cabbage, brassica 

Cadiz, Gades 

Caesar, Caesar 

California, California 

to call, appellare, vocare, nominare, di- 

cere 
calm, tranquillus 
a camp, castra (pi.) 
can, possum 
capable, compos 
captive, captus 
care, cura 



careless, neglegens 

to carry, ferre, portare, gestare, vehere; 
to carry on, gerere ; to carry away, 
au ferre 

a cart, currus 

Carthage, Carthago 

Carthaginian, Carthaginiensia 

to carve, scalpere 

to cast, jacere 

a cat, felis 

to catch, capere 

a cause, causa 

it causes sorrow, paenitet or poenitet 

cautious, cautus 

to cease, cessare 

certain, certus; certainly, certe; a cer- 
tain one, quidam 

a chain, catena 

to charge, accusare, arguere, insimulare 

to cheat, fall ere 

a cheese, caseus 

to cherish, fovere 

a cherry, cerasum 

to chew, mandere 

children, liberi 

to chisel, sculp ere 

to choose, eligere 

Christ, Christus ; before ChrisU ante 
Christum natum 

Cicero Cicero 

the Cumbrians, Cimbri 

Cincinnatus, Cincinnatus 

a circle, orbis 

a citizen, civis 

a city, urbs 

to clang, clangere 

to clank, crepare 

a claw, ungula 

clear, clarus, dilucidus 

to cleave, findere 

to climb up, scandere 

to close, claudere 

to clothe, amicire 

clothing, vestes (pi.) 

cloudy, nubilus 

cold (noun), frigus; to be cold, algere, 
frigere 

to collect, colligere, comportare 

color, color 

to comb, pectere 



96 



to come, venire; to come to life again. 

reviviscere; to come off, exire; to come 

to the throne, ad imperium accedere 
a comet, cometes 
to comfort, consolari 
common, communis 
commonly, plerumque 
the commonwealth, res publica 
to compare, comparare 
in comparison with, prae 
to complain, queri 
to complete, conficere 
to conceal, celare, occulere 
concerning, de 
it concerns, interest, refeH 
to condemn, damnare, condemnare; to 

condemn to death, capitis damnare 
a condition, condicio 
to confer on, tribuere 
to confess, fateri, confiteri 
to congratulate, gratulari 
to conquer, vincere 
conscience, conscientia 
in consequence of propter, causa 
to consider, habere, putare 
a consolation, solatium 
constant, perpetuus 
constantly, perpetuo 
content, contented, contentus 
continuous, continnus 
to convict, coarguere, con vincere 
to cook, coquere 
Corinth, Corinthus 
corn, frumentum 
to cost, stare, constare 
counsel, consilium 
to counsel, consulere 
to count, numerare; to count it a praise, 

laudi ducere 
the country, rus; one's (own) country, 

patria; from the country, rure; in the 

country, ruri; into the country, rus; a 

country house, villa 
a course, cursus 
a court, judicium 
to cover, tegere 
coward(ly), ignavus 
to crawl, repere 
to creak, crepare 
to create, creare 



credit, fides 

to creep, repere, serpere 

a crime, faeinus, scelus 

Croesus, Croesus 

a crop, seges 

to crop, carpere 

to cross, transire 

crowded, frequens 

to cry out aloud, clamitare 

a cubit, cubitum 

to cultivate, exercere, colere 

a cure, curatio 

to cure, mederi 

to curse, maledicere 

a custodian, custos 

to cut, secare, scindere 

Cyrus, Cyrus 

X>. 

danger, periculnm 

the Danube, Danubius 

to dare, audere 

Dareus, Dareus 

darkness, tenebrae 

to dash, affligere 

a daughter, filia 

a day, dies; in day-time, interdiu 

dead, mortuus 

dear, carus; my dearest, carissime 

death, mors 

a decision, sententia 

to decry, obtrectare 

a deed, factum 

to deem worthy, dignari 

a defect, vitium 

to defend, defendere 

the defendant, reus 

in a high degree, admodum 

to deliberate, consultare 

deliberation, deliberatio 

deliciously, jucunde 

delight, deliciae 

to deliver, tradere 

Delphi, Delphi 

delta, delta 

to demand, poscere 

to demolish, vastare 

to deny, negare 

to depart, exire 

to deprive, orbare, privare 



97 



to deserve, merere, mereri 

a design, consilium 

desirable, optabilis 

desire, cupiditas 

to desire, cupere, quaerere 

desirous, cupidus 

to despise, contemnere, spernere 

destiny, fatum 

to destroy, delere 

to determine, constituere 

to devise, invenire 

to devote one's self, studere; devoted to, 

studiosus 
to dictate, dictare 
a dictator, dictator 
to die, mori 

different, varins, diversus 
difficult, difficilis 
to dig, fodere 
diligence, diligentia 
diligent, diligens 

to dine, cenare; having dined, cenatu3 
dinner, cena, coena 
Dionysius, Dionysiu9 
to dip, imbuere; to dip in, mergere 
disagreeable, injucundus 
to disavow, diffiteri 
to discern, cernere 
to discharge, fungi, defungi 
a disease, morbus 
a disgrace, ignominia 
disgraceful, turpis 
it disgusts, piget 
to be distant, distare 
to disturb, sollicitare 
to divide, dividere 
divine, divinus 
to do, facere; to do good, prodesse; to do 

harm, nocere 
a dog, canis 
domestic, domesticus 
a doubt, dubium 

to draw, trahere, haurire [potus 

to drink, bibere, potare ; that has drunk, 
to drive, impellere, agere, pangere ; to 

drive away, pellere, expellere; to drive 

into exile, in exsilium agere 
a drone, fucus 
to (become) dry, arescere 
fa be d<ue } (Jeberj 



Duilius, Duilius 
dumb, mutus 
during, per 
a duty, officium 
to dwell, habitare 
to dye, imbuere 

E. 

each, quisque ; each one, quisque, unus- 
quisque 

eager, cupidus 

an eagle, aquila 

the ear, auris 

the earth, terra, tellus 

easily, facile ; more easily, facilius 

the east, oriens 

easy, facilis 

to eat, edere 

to eclipse, obs curare 

to educate, educare 

an effect, effectus 

an egg, ovum 

Egypt, Aegyptus 

an Egyptian, Aegyptius 

eight, octo 

the eighteenth, duodevicesimus, octavns 
decimus 

the eightieth, octogesimus. 

eighty, octoginta 

either, .or, aut. .aut 

elder, major natu 

an element, elementum 

an elephant, elepliantus, elephas 

eloquent, eloquens 
to embrace, amplecti 
an empire, imperium 
| an end, finis 
to endure, ferre 
an enemy, hostis 

to enjoy, frui; to enjoy fully, perfrui 
enough, sat, satis 
to entice, allicere 
envy, invidia 
to envy, invidere 
an epistle, litterae 
equal, par; to be equal, aequare 
especially, praecipue 
to estimate (by), aestimare (ex) 
an Ethiopian, Aethiops 
EwrQ$e } Europe 



— 98 



even, par, aequus 

even, etiam; even if, etiamsi 

evening, vesper; in the evening, vesperi 

every, omnis; every tody, every one, 

quisque; every thing, omnia; every 

year, quotannis 
everywhere, ubique 
it is evident, constat 
an evil, malum 
an example, exemplum 
to excel, excellere 
to excite, lacessere 
to exercise, experiri 
exile, exsilium 
an expense, sumptus 
the eye, oculus; to shut the eyes, conivere 

a fable, fabula 
faith, fides 
faithful, fidelis 

to fall, cadere; to fall upon, incessere 
a falsehood, mendacium 
famous, clarus 
far (adv.), multo 
to fashion, fingere 
a father, pater; the father of a family, 

paterfamilias 
a fault, vitium 
to favor, favere, indulgere 
fear, metus 
to fear, timere 
a feather, pinma 
feeble, imbecillus 
to feed, pascere, pasci ; to feed upon, 

vesci 
to feel, sentire 
to fell, caedere 
a female, femina 
to fence in, saepire 
few, a few, pauci 
afield, ager 

the fiftieth, quinquagesimus 
to fight, dimicare, pugnare 
to fill up, complere, explere, implere 
to find, reperire ; to find (out), invenire ; 

to find fault with, reprehendere ; to 

find guilty, damnare, condemnare 
afingw-ring^ anulus 
fire, ignis 



first, primus 

a fish, piscis 
fit, idoneus 
five, quinque 

to fix, figere 
fixed, fixus 

to flee or fly, fugere, profugere 
flesh, caro 

a flight, fuga; to put to flight, fugare 

to be flogged, vapulare 

to flow, fluere 

aflower^fLos 

a fly, mubca 

to fly out, evolare 

to follow, sequi 

a follower, comes 
food, victus 

a fool, stultus 
foolish, stultus 

afoot, pes 

a footstep, vestigium 

for (prep.), pro, prae, per, ob, in; for 
(conj.), enim, nam 

to forbid, vetare 
forbidden, nefas 
force, vis ; forces, copiae 

to forge, cudere 

to forget, oblivisci 

informer times, olim 
formerly, olim 

to forsake, deserere 

a fort, c as tram 

the fortieth, quadragesimus 
fortunate, felix 
forty, quadragiuta 

the forum, forum 

to found, condere 
four, quattaor 

the fourth, quartus 

a fop, vulpes 

a fraud, fraus 

free, expers [rare 

to free, solvere, liberare ; to set free, libe- 
freedom, libertas 

a friend, amicus 
friendly, amicus 
friendship, amicitia 
from, a, ab, abs, de, e, ex 
frugality, parsimonia 
fruit, (frux), fructus, poma 



99 — 



fruit-bearing , frugifer 
fruitful, frugifer 
to fulfil, perfungi 
full, plenus 
furthest, ultimua 
future, futurus 

a 

a gate, porta 

Gaul, Gallia 

a Gaul, Gallus 

a general, imperator 

a generation, saeculum 

gentle, mollis 

a gentleman, ingenuus 

a German, Germanus 

Germany, Germania 

to get, parare, coinparare, nancisci 

a gift, donum 

to gird, cingere 

a girl, puella 

to give, dare, praebere, tribuere; to give 

out, edere; to give as a present, dono 

dare, donare; to give up, profundere 
to glide, labi 
glorious, decorus 
glory, gloria, fama 
to glow, fervere 
to gnaw, rodere 
to go, ire, vadere; to go to sleep, obdor- 

raiscere 
God, Deus; a god, deus 
gold, aurum, of gold, aureus 
golden, aureus 
good, bonus; a good, bonum; to do good, 

prodesse 
to govern, regere 
government, administratio 
grain, frumenta 
a grammar, liber grammaticus 
a grandfather, avus 
granted that, ut; granted that not, ne 
grass, gramen 

a grave, sepulcrum, sepulchrum 
to grazes pascere 
great, magnus; so great, tantus; greater, 

major; greatest, maximus, summus 
greatly, magnopere 
Greece, Graecia m 
Greek, Graecus 



grief, dolor, luctua 

it grieves, piget 

to grind, pinsere, molere 

a grindstone, cos 

the ground, humus ; from the ground, 

humo ; on the ground, humi 
to grow, crescere ; to grow angry, irasci; 

to grow old, senescere 
to growl, fremere 
to be on one's guard, cavere 

U. 

Hadi-umetum, Hadrumetum 

a hair, pilus, capillus 

the hand, mauus; in the hands of, penes 

to hand down, tradere 

handsome, pulcher 

to hang, haerere, pendere 

Hannibal, Hannibal 

to happen, fieri, accidere; it happens, 

happily, feliciter [accidit 

happiness, felicitas 

happy, beatus, felix 

hardly, vix 

a hare, lepus 

to do harm, nocere 

harmless, innoxius 

Hasdrubal, Hasdrubal 

to hate, odisse 

hateful, odiosus 

to have, habere ; esse, w. Dat. ; to have 

pity, misereri ; to have rather, malle 
he, she, it, is ; he who, qui 
to heal, sanare, mederi 
health, valetudo 
to hear, audire 
the heart, cor 
heaven, caelum, coelum 
heavy, gravis 
help, auxilium 
to help, juvare, adjuvare 
Henry, Henricus 
Hephaestion, Hephaestion 
highly, magni 
Himera, Himera 
himself, herself, itself, ipse 
to hinder, impedire, ofificere 
a hindrance, impedimentum 
to hire, conducere 
his, her, its (own), suus 



100 



history, historia 

to hold, habere ; (a triumph) agSre 

a hole, antrum 

holidays, feriae 

holy, sacer 

home, patria; domus; at home, domi; 
from home, domo 

Homer, Homerus 

honey, mel 

an honor, honor, gloria 

a hoof, ungula 

a hook, hamus 

a hoop, trochus 

hope, spes 

to hope for, sperare 

a horn, cornu 

a horse, equus 

a horseman, eques 

hot, calidus ; to he hot, calere ; to become 
hot, calescere 

a house, aedes, domus 

how, quomodo, quemadmodum, quam ; 
how great, quantus ; how long, quam- 
diu ; how many ? quot ? how much, 
quantum 

however, tamen ; however much, quam- 
vis, quantumvis 

to hum, consonare 

human, humanus 

a hundred, centum; a hundred thou- 
sand, centum milia 

hunger, fames 

to be hungry, esurire 

a hunter, venator 

hurtful, noxius 

I. 

I, ego, egomet 

ice, gelu 

if, si: (interrog. part.) -ne. num, an; 
if not (interrog. part.) nonne; if only, 
modo, si modo, dum, dummodo 

ignorant, ignarus, inscius, nescius 

ill, aegrotus, aeger 

an image, imago, instar 

to imitate, imitari 

immeasurable, immensus 

immense, immensus 

immortal, immortalis 

impatience, impatientia 



to import, importare 

it is of importance, interest 

to improve the memory, memoriam augere 

in, in ; to be in, inesse 

to inclose, saepire 

income, vectigal 

inconstant, inconstans 

increase, incrementum 

to increase, augere, crescere 

incredible, incredibilis 

indeed, quidem 

to indulge, indulgere 

indulgence, indulgentia 

industrious, assiduus 

an injury, injuria 

innocent, innocens 

innumerable, innumerabilis, innumerus 

an insect, insectum 

integrity, integritas 

to be intent on other matters, alias res 

agere 
to intey^pret, vert ere 
into, in 

to invent, invenire 
to invite, invitare 
irksome, molestus 
iron (noun), ferrum 
an island, insula 
Italy, Italia 



Jerusalem, Hierosolyma 
a jest, jocus; jests, joca 
to join, jungere, serere; to join to, ad- 

jungere 
a joke, jocus; in joke, joco; jokes, joca 
a journey, iter 
joy, gaudium 

a judge, judex; a better judge, peritior 
to judge, judicare 
Julius, Julius 
just, Justus 
justly, jure 

Kl. 

to keep off, arc ere 

to kill, interficere 

a kind, genus, instar; a kind of, quidara 

to kindle, accendere^ 

a king, rex 



101 



a kingdom, regnum 

to knead, depsere 

a knife, culter 

to know, cognoscere, scire; not to know, 

nescire 
knowledge, scientia 
known, notus 



labor, labor 

a Lacedaemonian, Lacedaemonius 

a lake, lacus 

a lamb, agnus 

to lament, plangere 

the land, terra 

the language, lingua, vox 

large, ma gnus 

last, ultimus 

to last, durare 

late, serus; too late, serus; later, serius 

Latin, Latinus 

to laugh, rider e 

law, jus, lex 

to lay hold of, capessere; to lay eggs, ova 

parere 
laziness, pigritia 
to lead, ducere ; to lead one's life, vitani 

agere 
a leader, dux 
a leaf, folium 
to leap, salire 
to learn, discere ; to learn to know, nos- 

cere 
learning, doctrlna 
to leave, linquere; to leave (behind), re- 

linquere 
length, longinquitas 
less (adj.), minor 
less (adv.), minus 
to lessen, minuere, levare 
lest, ne 

to let, sinere, locare, collocare 
a letter (of the alphabet), litera, littera; 

a letter, epistola, epistula 
to level, aequare 
liberty, libertas 
a library, bibliotheca 
to lick, lambere 
to lie down, cubare 
life, vita 



light, levls 

light, lux, lumen 

it lightens, fulminat 

like (adj.), similis, instar 

like (adv.), sicut 

to like, amare 

a line of life, genus vitae 

a lion, leo 

little, parvus, pauca, paulum 

to live, vivere; to live upon, vesci 

a load, onus 

long (adj.), longus 

to look, spectare; to look to, spectare 

a lord, dominus 

to lose, amittere, perdere 

a loss, damnum 

a lot, sors 

very loudly, vehement er 

love, amor 

to love, amare, diligere 

luxury, luxuries, luxuria 

Ly cur gas, Lycurgus 

lying, mendacium 

M. 

a Macedonian, Macedo 
a magistrate, magistratus 
Mago, Mago 
. a magnet, magnes 

; to make, facere, efficere, creare, reddere; 
to be made, fieri; to make one's self 
master of, potiri; to make a noise, 
strepere; to makeatreaty, foedus icere 
man, a man, homo, vir 
i manner, modus; in no manner, nullo 
modo; in this manner, sic 
many, multus, multi, plures; very many, 
complures, plerique 
i Marius, Marius 

it is the mark, proprium est 
i a market, mercatus, forum 
I market(day), nundinae 
to marry (of the woman) nubere 
a master, dominus; a master (teacher), 

magister, rector 
a match for, par 
matter, materia, materies 
it matters, interest, refert 
a mattock, ligo 
a meadow, pratura 



102 



a meal} cena 

to measure, metirf 

Media, Media 

a medicine, medicina 

to meet, subire 

memory, memoria 

men, homines 

to mend, sarcire 

a merchant, mercator 

midday, meridies 

to migrate, migrare 

a mile, mille passuum 

military affairs, res militaris 

a military camp, castra 

milk, lac 

to milk, mulgere 

Miltiades, Miltiades 

the mind, animus 

mindful, memor 

to mingle, miscere 

a miser, avarus 

a misfortune, calamitas 

to he mistaken, errare 

to mix, miscere 

modesty, modestia 

money, pecunia 

a month, mensis 

the moon, luna 

more, plus, amplius; more than, am- 

plius 
morning, mane 
mortal, mortalis 
most, plurimus, plerique ; most (of all), 

maxime 
a mount, mountain, mons 
to mourn, lugere 
a mouse, mus 
the mouth, os 
to move, movere 
much (adj.), multus; much (adv.), mul- 

tum, multo 
muddy, turbidus 
a midtitude, multitudo 
Mummius, Mummius 
I must, debeo ; it must needs, necesse 
I est 

mute, mntus 
my, mens ; my all, omnia mea 



naked, nudus 

a name i nomen; a good name, bona 

fama 
to name, nominate, vocare 
a narrative, narratio 
one's native land t country, patria 
nature, natura 
naval, maritimus 
navigation, navigatio 
near (adv.), prope 
near (prep.), apud s circa; near to, 

juxta 
nearest, proximus 
nearly, fere 
necessary, necessarius 
to (be in) need, carere, egere, indigere 
there is need, opus est 
it is needful, opus est, oportet 
needless, supervacuus 
to neglect, negl egere, negligere 
to neigh to, adhinnire 
neither (of the two), neuter 
neithei\ .nor, neque. .neque, nee. .nee 
a net, rete 

never, numquam, nunquam 
nevertheless, tamen 
next, proximus; next best, proximus 

bonis 
the night, nox; at night, noctu 
a nightingale, luscinia 
nightly, noctuinus 
| night-time, ternpus nocturnum 
the (river) Nile, Nilus 
no, nullus, non; no one, nullus, nemo 
noble, nobilis 
nobody, nemo 
a noise, strepitus; to make a noise, stre- 

pere 
none, nullus; none of us, nemo nostrum 
noon, meridies 
nor, nee 

the north, septentrio 
not, non, nonne, -ne; not any, not one, 

nullus 
nothing, nihil, nihilum; nothing but, nihil 

nisi 
to nourish, alere 
now, nunc, modo 
nowhere^ nusquam 



103 — 



noxious, noxius 

Numa, Numa 

Numantia, Numantia 

a number, numerus; a great number, 

multitudo 
Numitor, Numitor 

O. 

an oath, religio 

to obey, obedire, oboedire, parere 

to obscure, obscurare 

to obtain, adipisci 

an occupation, negotium 

the ocean, oceanus, mare 

Octavia, Octavia 

of, e, ex, de 

an office, honor, munus 

often, saepe; oftener, saepius; oftenest, 
saepissime 

old, antiquus, vetus; older, major natu; 
old age, senectus; an old man, senex 

on, in, de, super 

once, semel 

one, unus 

only, unus; tantum, nonnisi, modo 

to open, patefacere, aperire 

to be of opinion, arbitrari 

or, aut, vel, an; or not, annon, necne 

an oracle, oraculum 

by order, jussu; in order that, at, quo: 

in order that not, ne 
to order, jubere 

other, alius; the other (of two), alter: 
belonging to others, of others, alienus 
I ought, debeo ; it ought, oportet 
our, noster 
out of, e, ex 
oner, de, super, supra 
to overcome, vincere 
to owe, debere 
own, proprius 
an ox, bos 



I». 



apace, passus 
pain, dolor 
to paint, pingere 
a painter # pictor 
Palatine, Palatiuua 
a parent, parens 



parricide, parricidium 

apart, pars 

partaker, particeps 

to pass, to pass by or on, praeterire ; to 

pass one's Jife, vitam agere 
passages in books, loci 
passion, cupiditas 
past (prep.), praeter 
patience, patientia 
a patient, homo aeger 
patiently, patienter 
peace, pax 
a peacock, pavo 
a pear, pirum 
to peel, glubere 
people, homines ; the common people, 

plebs, plebes 
to perceive, sentire 
Perdiccas, Perdiccas 
perfectly, plane 
Pergamum, Pergamum 
Pericles, Pericles 
to perish, interire 
to permit, sinere 
a Persian, Persa 
a Phenician, Phoenix 
Philip, Philip pus 
a physician, medicus 
to pierce, pungere 
to have pity, misereri 
a place, locus; places, loca 
to place, statuere, ponere 
the planet Saturn, stella Saturni 
a plant, planta 
to plant, serere 
Plato, Plato 
to play, ludere 
pleasing, gratus 
to pledge, spondere 
to plow, arare 
to pluck, carpere, vellere; to pluck out, 

evellere 
to plunder, spoliare 
to plunge, mergere 
a poet t poeta 
Pompey, Pompeius 
poor, pauper 

the populace, plebs, plebes 
a possession, bonum 
to pound, pinser© 



— 104 — 



pounds, pondo 

to pour, f undere 

poverty, paupertas 

power, vis; in the power of, penes 

a practice, exercitatio 

praise, laus 

to praise, laudare 

to pray, orare 

prayers, preces 

a precept, praeceptum 

to prefer, malle 

to prepare for, parare 

in presence of, coram, apud 

a present, donum; to give as a present, 

dono dare, donare 
to be present, interesse 
to press, premere 
a price, pretium; at a 'very high price, 

plurimo (pretio) 
principally, praecipue 
of printing, typographicus 
probable, veri sirailis 
profane, profanus 
to prohibit, vetare 
proper, idoneus 
property, res familiaris 
proud, superbus 
provided, dum, dummodo 
providence, providentia 
to provoke, lacessere 
prudent, prudens 
public, public us 
to publish, edere 
to pull, vellere 
a pumice-stone, pumex 
to punish, punire 
a pupil, discipulus 
to purchase, emere 
pure, purus 
toput off,exueve; toput on,induere; toput 

out, exstinguere; toput to flight, fugare 
Pythagoras, Pythagoras 

Q. 

a quadruped, quadrupes 
to quake for fear, pavere 
a great quantity, vis 
a queen, regina 

a question, quaestio; the question is, 
quaeritur 



quicker, cittus - 

quickly, celeriter; more quickly, citius 

to quit, relinquere 

quoth I, inquam 

to rage, furere 

rain, pluvia 

to rain, pluere; it rains, pluit 

to raise an army, exercitnm comparare 

rare, rarus 

to have rather, malle 

a razor, novacula 

to reach, per venire 

to read, legere 

readily, facile 

ready, paratus 

real, verus; reality, res vera 

to reap, metere, demetere 

for this reason, idcirco 

to recall, revocare 

to receive, accipere 

to recline at table, accumbere 

to recover, convalescere 

recreation, recreatio 

to redeem, redimere 

to refrain, abstinere 

to regard, existimare 

regular, j ustus 

to reign, regnare 

to rejoice, gaudere 

to relate, narrare 

to release, liberare 

to relieve, levare 

relying, fretus 

to remain, manere 

a remedy, remedium 

to remember, recordari, reminisci, memi- 

nisse 
to remind, commonefacere, commonere. 

adrnonere 
to remove, migrare 
Remus, Remus 
rented, conductitius 
to repose, quiescere, requiescere 
a republic, the republic, res publica 
reputation, fama 
to require, desiderare, postulare 
to rest, quiescere, requiescere, 
to restore, revere, 






— 105 — 



to restrain, arcere, compescere 

to return, redire 

to reveal, indicare 

the Rhine, Rkenus 

rich, dives 

riches, divitiae 

to ride, equitare 

a rider, eque3 

right (noun), fas, jus 

to ripen, maturescere 

to rise, oriri 

a river, flumen, fluviua 

a road, via 

to roast, torrere 

to rob, spoliare 

to roll, volvere 

Roman, Romanus 

Rome, Roma 

Romulus, Romulus 

Roscius, Roscius 

round, rotundus 

to rout, fundere 

to rub, fricare 

to ruin, perdere 

to rule, regere 

a ruler, rector 

to run, currere; to run about, cursare 

to rush (forth), mere 

S. 
sacred, sacer 
sad, tristis 

Saguntum, Saguntum 
for the sake of, causa 
Salamis, Sal amis 
to be for sale, licere 
salt (noun), sal 
salubrious, saluber 
the same, idem 
to sanction, sane ire 
to satiate, satiare 
Saturn, Saturnus; the planet Saturn, 

Saturni stella 
to say, dicere; I say, ajo, inquam 
a saying, dictum; witticisms, sales 
the scale (of a fish), squama 
a scar, cicatrix 
a scholar, discipulus 
a school, schola 
a science, scientia 



Scipio, Scipio 

to scrape, radere 

to scratch, scabere 

the sea, mare; sea-, maritimus 

a season, tempus anni 

the second, secundus; a second time, 

iterum 
to see, videre, cernere, adspicere 
to seek, petere; to seek {after, for), quae* 

rere 
to seem, videri 
seldom, raro 
to sell, vendere 
the senate, senatus 
to send, mittere 
a sentence, sententia 
to separate, sejungere, di videre 
serious, serius 
a servant, servus 
servitude, servitus 
to set, statuere; {of the sun), occidere; 

to set free, liberare; to set out, pro- 

ficisci 
seven, septem ; seven hundred, septin- 

genti 
several, complures; plures 
to sew, suere 

a shade, a shadow, umbra 
to shake, quatere 
it shames, pudet 
sharing, particeps 
to sharpen, acuere 
more sharply, acrius 
to shear, tondere 
a sheep, ovis 
a shepherd, pastor 
to shine, micare, lucere, fulgere 
a ship, navis 
short, brevis 
I should, debeo 
to show one's self, se praestare, se prae- 

bere 
to shut, claudere ; to shut the eyes, coni- 

vere; to shut out, excludere 
Sicily, Sicilia 
sick, aeger 

on this side, cis, citra 
to be silent, tacere 
silver (noun), argentum 
silver (adj.), argenteus 



106 



similar, similis 

since, cum 

to sing, canere, cantare 

a sister, soror 

to sit, sedere; to sit down, sidere 

six, sex 

sixteen, sedecim 

skillful, peritus 

a skin, pellis 

the sky, caelum, coelum 

to slander, rodere 

a slave, servus 

slavery, servitus 

to slay, enecare 

to sleep, dor mire 

sleep, somnus 

slothfulness, segnitia, segnities 

small, parvus, exiguus ; smaller, minor 

to smear, linere 

to snatch away, rapere 

to sneeze, sternuere 

snow, nix 

to snow, ningere 

so, tarn, sic ; so that, ut, quo; so that 

not, ut non 
society, societas 
Socrates, Socrates 
the soil, humus 
to be sold, venire 
a soldier, miles 
to solve, solvere 
some, nonnulli ; someone, quidam ; some 

thing, aliquid 
sometime, aliquando 
sometimes, nonnunquam 
a son, filius 
to soothe, mulcere 
sorrow, maeror ; it causes sorrow, pae- 

nitet or poenitet 
the soul, animus 
to sound, sonare 
to sow, serere 
space, intervallum ; the space of 2 days, 

biduum 
Spain, Hispania 
to spare, parcere 
a Spartan, Spartanus 
to speak, loqui ; to speak the truth, ve- 

rum dice re 
a speaker' ] s platform, rostra 



a speech, lingua 

speed, celeritas 

to spend the winter, summer, hiemem, 

aestatem agere 
a spider, aranea 
to spin, nere 
to spit, spuere 
to spread, pandere, tendere 
spring, ver 

to sprinkle, conspergere 
a spur, calcar 
to stain, tingere 
to stand, stare ; to stand around, cir- 

cum stare 
a star, stella 

the state, res publica, civitas 
to stay, manere 
to stay one's self on, niti 
to steer, gubernare 
to step, gradi 
to be still, tacere 
to sting, pungere 
to stop, sistere 
a stork, ciconia 
a story, historia 
a stranger, peregrinus 
a street, platea, via 
strength, vires 
to strew, sternere 
to strike, icere, pangere, ferire ; to strike 

a bargain, pacisci 
to strip, spoliare 
to study, stud ere 
to stuff, farcire 
to subjugate, domare 
to suck, sugere 

to sue for peace, pacem petere 
to suffer, pati, sinere 
suitable, aptus 
suited, aptus 
the summer, aestas 
to summon, arcessere, evocare, reum 

facere 
the sun, sol 
to support, fulcire 
suppose, ut, cum, licet 
to be sure, certe 

to surround, cingere, circumdare 
a swallow, hirundo 
to swear, jurare; having sworn, juratua 



107 



to sweep, verrere 

sweet (to the taste;, dulcis 

to swell, turgere 

to swim, natare 

a switch, virga 

Syracuse, Syracusae 



to takey capere, sumere; to take away, 
demere, tollere, eripere; to take fire, 
exardescere; to take out, promere; to 
take up, tollere; to take a walk, am- 
bulare 

a talk, sermo 

to tame, domare 

Tarquin, Tarquinius 

the Tarquinians, Tarquinii 

to taste, gas tare 

to teach, docere 

a teacher, magister 

a tear, lacrima, lacryma 

to tell, dicere 

a temple, aedes 

ten, decern ■» 

to testify, testari 

the Teutons, Teuton! 

than, quam 

thanks, gratia 

that (demonstr.), is; that (yonder), ille; 
that (relat.), qui; that (conjunct.), 
quod, ut, quo; thai not, ne, quin 

the (w. comp.) 5 eo; the. .the, quo. .eo 

therefore, idcirco, ergo 

a thief, fur 

thin, tenuis 

a thing, res 

to think, cogitare, censere, arbitrari, reri 

the third, tertius 

thirsty, sitiens 

thirty, triginta 

this (of mine), hie; this here ? hicine? 

those things which, quae 

thou, tu 

though, licet, cum, etsi 

a thousand, mille 

to threaten, imminere 

three, tres; three things, tria; three hun- 
dred, trecenti 

a throne, iraperium ; to come to the throne, 
ad imperium. accedere 



through, per 

to throw, jacere; to throw the javelin, 
jaculari 

to thrust, trudere 

to thump, tundere 

to thunder, tonare 

thus, sic 

thy, tuus 

the Tiber, Tiberis 

Tiberius, Tiberius 

to tie, nectere 

to till the field, agrum colere 

time, terapus; in former times, olim; at 
the same time, simul; a second time, 
iterum ; in a short time, brevi tem- 
pore 

it tires, taedet 

to, ad, in 

to-day, hodie 

together, simul, pariter 

the tongue, lingua 

too, quoque 

a tooth, dens 

to torment, angere 

a tortoise, testudo 

to torture, torquere 

to touch, tangere 

toward, adversum, erga, sub, versus; 
toward the east, orientem versus 

there is a tradition, traditum est 

Trajan, Trajanus 

tranquil, tranquillus 

treachery, insidiae 

treason, proditio 

the treasury, aerarium 

a treaty, foedus 

a tree, arbor 

to tremble, tremere 

a trial for life, judicium capitis 

a triumph, triumphus 

troops, copiae 

troublesome, molestus 

Troy, Troja 

true, verus 

truly, vere 

the trunk of an elephant, proboscis 

to trust, fidere, fidem habere 

trusting, fretus 

truth, Veritas 

to try, experirj 



— 108 



to turn, volvere, vertere; to turn back, 

reverti; to turn out, evadere 
tiventy, viginti 
twice, bis 

twice as much, altero tanto 
two, duo 
a tyrant, tyrannus 

TJ. 

unable, impotens 

the unanimous decision of the judges, 
omnium judicum sententia 

it is unbecoming, dedecet 

uncertain, incertus 

an uncle, avunculus 

under, infra, sub, subter 

to understand, intellegere 

undeservedly, immerito ; most undeser- 
vedly, immeritissimo 

unequal, impar 

to unfold, explicare 

unfriendly, inimicus 

unhappy, infelix 

unlike* dissimilis, dispar 

unmindful, immemor 

unpleasant, ingratus 

unto, erga 

to be unwilling, nolle 

unworthy, indignus 

upon, in 

upright, probus s 

up to, tenus 

to urge, urgere 

use, usus 

to use, adhibere, uti, solere ; to become 
used, sueacere ; to use care, curam ad- 
hibere 

useful, utilis ; to be useful, prodesse 

utmost, suaunus 

V. 

in vain* frustra, supervacuus 

to value, aestimare, censere; to value 

highly, magni aestimare 
variety, varietas 
various, varius 
Veii, Veii 
to verge, vergere 
Yerres, Verres 
very, admodum ; not very, parum 



Vespasian, Yespasianu* 
to vex, angere 
a vice, vitium 
a victory, victoria 
to view, spectare 
violence, vis 
Virginia, Virginia 
virtue, virtus 
virtuous, probus 
to visit, visere 
a voice, vox 
to vomit, vomere 
to vow, vovere 
a voyage, iter 

-XV. 

to (take a) ivalk, ambulare 

to walk in the footsteps, vestigia pr*- 

mere 
a ivall, muius 
want, egestas 
to want, velle 
to be wanting, deficere 
war, bellum 
ware, merx 
warm, calidus 
to warn, monere 
to wash, lavare, luere 
water, aqua 
weak, debilis 
a weapon, telum 
to -wear, ferre; to wear out, terere; to 

wear skins, pellibus uti 
it wearies, taedet 
weary (of), fessus 
to weave, texere 
a wedding, nuptiae 
to weep, flere 
to weigh, pendere 
in weight, pondo 
well, bene; as well as, tarn, .quam; to be 

well, valere 
what? quid? 
when, si, cum 
where, ubi 
whereas, cum, licet 
to whet, acuere 
whether, -ne, num, utrum; whether.. or 

utrum .an 
a whet-stone, cos 



— 109 



which, qui; which {of two)? titer? 

while, dum, donee 

white, albas 

who, qui, qui9 

whole, totus 

wicked, improbus, pravus 

wild, ferus 

willingity), libens, libenter 

to be willing, velle; to be more willing, 

malle 
a window, fenestra 
wine, vinum 
winter, hiems 
to wipe, tergere 
wisdom, sapientia 
wise, sapiens; a wise man, sapiens; to 

be wise, sapere 
wisely, sapienter [nolle 

to wish for, cupere, velle; not to wish, 
with, apud, cum 
within, intra 
without, absque, sine, extra; without 

share, expers 
a witness, testis 
witty sayings, sales 
a wolf, lupus 
a woman, mulier, femina 
wonderful, mirabilis, mirificus, mirus 
to be wont, solere 
a word, verbum 
a work, opus; military works, opera 



to work, laborare 

the world, mundus; the whole world, orbis 

terrarum 
worthy, dignus 
to worship, col ere 
worst, pessimus 
a wound, vulnus 
wretched, miser 
to write, scribe re 
a writer, scriptor 
a wrong, nefas 



Xerxes, Xerxes 



a year, annus; every year, quotannis 

yearly, annuus 

yestei'day, heri 

yet, autem 

to yield, cedere ; to yield fruits, fructus 
ferre 

young, adulescens; a young man, adu- 
lescens, adolescens; younger, minor 
natu; youngest, minimus natu 

a youth, adulescens, adolescens, juvenis 

your, tuus, vester 



Z. 



Zama, Zama 
Zeuxis, Zeuxis 



— 110 



Paet Thikd. 



READING LESSONS. 

1. Daedalus \ 
Daedalus, clarissimus artifex Graecorum, Labyrinthum in 
insula Creta aedificavit. Id aedificium plurima conclavia 
habebat. Postquam magnificum illud opus perfectum est, 
artifex ille clarissimus in patriam suam reverti cuplvit, Minos 
autem, rex Cretae, discessum ei recusavit. Turn Daedalus 
hunc dolum excogitavit: Alas fecit quattilor, quarum pennae 
cera continebantur. Duas alas Icaro filio aptavit, duas sibi ipsi. 
Postquam id fecit, cum filio evolavit; ipse dux erat, Icarus 
sequebatur. Sed Icarus soli nimis appropinquat 1 , cera liquescit, 
alae solvuntur, ipse in mare dejectus moritur. Ab eo mare 
vocatum est Icarium. Pater incolumis in Graeciam pervenit. 

1 Historical Present 

2. Judicium Paridis. 
Nuptiae Pelei et Thetidis celebrabantur. Omnes clii (di) 
deaeque aderant, una Eris, dea discordiae, ad nuptias non 
invitata erat. Qua 1 re Eris irata discordiam inter deas movere 
constituit. Itaque malum aureum subito inter convlvas jecit, 
cui inscriptum erat: Pulcherrimae. Statim omnes deae de 
malo aureo certabant. Postremo Mercurius Junonem et 
Minervam et Venerem in Idam montem adTrojam situm duxit. 
Paridi, Priami filio, judicium mandatum est. Cum Paris id 
negotium suscepisset, Juno dixit: Mihi tribue malum; eris rex 
potentissimus. Turn Minerva (dixit): Mihi tribue malum; 
eris vir sapientissimus. Postremo Venus: Mihi tribue malum; 
eris conjunx feminae pulcherrimae. Veneri Paris malum tri- 
bu.it. Ideo Minerva et Juno Paridi omnibusque Trojanis 
postea inimlcae fuerunt. Paris autem, consilio Veneris motus. 






- Ill - 

in Graeciam navi profectus est. Ibi pulcherrima femlna erat 
Helena, uxor Menelai, qui in urbe Sparta regnabat. Cum is illo 
tempore aliquando ab urbe abesset, Helena a Parlde rapta est. 

Uhe Relative instead of the Demonstrative 

3. Bellum, Trojanum. 

1. Propter Helenam raptam 1 bellum Trojanum motum est, 
Menelaus omnium Graeciae regum auxilium imploravit. In 
portum Aulidis cum navibus et militibus convenerunt Tllixes, 
rex Ithacae, Ajax et Teucer frater, Salaminiorum duces, 
Nestor, Pyli rex, Diomedes, Argivorum rex, et cum Patroclo 
Achilles, dux Myrmidonum. Agamemno, Menelai frater, im» 
perator universi exercitus erat. Omnes ad navigandum parati 
erant; sed ventis adversis prohibebantur. Diana enim dea 
Agamemnoni irascebatur, quod in yenando cervam deae sacram 
necaverat. Calchas vates Agamemnoni suasit, ut filiam suam 
Iphigenlam immolaret, quod alio modo dea non placaretur 2 
Postquam Agamemno consilio vatis paruit, omnes Graeci, qui 
aderant, naves conscenderunt et in Asiam profecti sunt., 

l In consequence of the abduction of Helena. 2 could not be reconciled 

2. Graeci, cum in Asiam pervenissent, in litore castra 
posuerunt, ut Trojam obsiderent. Troja erat urbs valde munlta ? 
et Trqjani fortes defensores urbis erant. RexTrojanorum erat 
Priamus, fortissimus autem omnium Trojanorum erat Hector, 
Priami films, cujus fortitudo etiam a Graecis laudabatur. 
Postremo, postquam Hector ab Achille interfectus est, Achillem 
autem Paridis sagitta interfecit, decimo anno obsidionis Troja 
expugnata est, Graeci enim magnum equum aedificaverant, 
cujus in ventre viri fortissimi se occultabant. Graeci naves in 
mare deduxerant et profecti erant. Qua 1 ex re magna laetitia 
erat in urbe Troja, cum dolus Graecorum non timeretur. 
Trojani, postquam equum in urbem traxerunt, conviviis delec- 
tabantur. Wocte autem Graeci ex equo egrediuntur 2 , custodes 
urbis necant et socios, qui in insula Tenedo erant, signo con- 
vocant. Plurimi Trojanorum interficiuntur, aedificia urbis 
cremantur. Sic Troja diruta est. 

Relative instead of the Demonstrative 2 0bserve the liveliness of the Historical 
Presents. 



_ ii-2 — 

4- TJlixes in specu Polyphemi. 

1. Postquam Troja capta est, Graeci in patriam rever- 
terunt. In his erat TJlixes, qui multas calamitates passus est 
et diu erravit: post multos errores tandem in patriam pervenit. 
In erroribus suis multas urbes vidit et multorum hominum 
mores cognovit. Errores Ulixis Homerus, praestantissimus 
omnium Graecorum poetarum, egregio carmine descripsit. 
Primo anno Ulixes, postquam navem conscendit et Troja pro- 
fectus est, in Siciliam venit. Ibi cum duodecim comitibus, 
qui eum sequebantur, in terrain escendit. Insula Sicilia autem 
illo tempore non ab hominibus habitabatur, sed a feris giganti- 
bus, qui Cyclopes appellabantur. 

2. Ulixes et comites ejus ad specum Polyphemi venerunt, 
qui erat ferocissimus omnium Cyclopum. Is autem eo tempore 
non aderat in specu, sed oves in montibus pascebat. Ulixes 
et comites ejus in specum progressi lac et caseos invenerunt. 
Postquam diis sacrificaverunt, caseos edere incipiunt. Interim 
de 1 montibus Polyphemus ligna portans cum ovibus revertit. 
Postquam saxo maximo et gravissimo janiiam specus clausit, 
oves mulgebat. Deinde lignis, quae in specum portaverat, 
ignem fecit. Hoc igne specus subito illustratus est. Turn 
demum Polyphemus Ulixem et comites ejus conspexit. 

l down from 

3. Polyphemus, cum eos conspexisset, interrogavit: Estis 
mercatores an praedones ? Omnes gravi 1 voce gigantis territi 
sunt. Ulixes respondit: Graeci sumus, tempestate a cursu 
nostro in hanc insulam dejecti 2 ; te rogamus, ut nos hospitio 
excipias, ut mos est Graecorum. Si id feceris, gratissimi tibi 
erimus; si nos laeseris, JuppTter, defensor hospitum, te puniet. 
Ita locutus est Ulixes, Sed Polyphemus ridens: Deos vestros, 
inquit, non metilo, cum ego robustior et potentior sim 3 , quam 
illi. Cum haec dixisset, duos comites magna vi ad parietem 
jecit et laceravit, ut cenam sibi pararet. 

l deep ^driven 3 Subjunctive governed by cum, since 

4. Polyphemus, postquam insequenti die idem fecit, e 
specu egressus est, ut pecora pasceret; Ulixem autem et 
comites ejus ita clauserat, ut e specu egredi iis non lieeret 1 . 



— 113 — 

Cum Polyphemus abesset, illi deliberabant, quo modo se ab 
illo gigante liberarent, metuentes, ne omnes lacerarentur, nisi 
dolo effugissent. Ulixis consilium omnibus sociis 2 probatum 
est. Cum Cyclops vespere in specum revertisset, Ulixes pocu- 
lum vino, quod secum portaverat, implevit et Polyphemo prae- 
buit: Bibe, . inquit, Polypheme, hoc vinum optimum est, 
Cyclops, cum bibisset: Yerum est, inquit, quod dixisti, hoc 
vinum optimum est Praebe mihi alteram pocillum vini. Quo 
nomine appellaris, parve homo, qui mihi tarn bonum vinum 
praebes? Turn Ulixes, postquam poculum implevit: O Poly- 
pheme, inquit, rarum nomen mihi est, appellor Nemo. Poly- 
phemus, cum id audivisset, risit: Carissime Nemo, inquit, 
quod mihi tarn bonum vinum praebuisti, hoc praemio te affi- 
ciam: Te postremum omnium ad cenam mihi parabo. 

l could not 2 by all companions 

5. Postquam id dixit, altus somnus eum complexus est, 
quod plurima pocula vini biberat. Ulixes autem jam antea 
palum, quern in specu invenerat, acuerat et candentem fecerat. 
Hunc candentem palum in unum ociilum Polyphemi intrusit 
et ita Cyclopem excaecavit. Is, postquam dolorem sensit, 
omnium Cyclopum auxilium imploravit. Cyclopes, cum ad 
specum venissent, interrogaverunt, quis eum necare conaretur. 
Polyphemus respondit: Nemo vi et dolo me necare conatur. 
Cyclopes, cum id audivissent, dixerunt: Si nemo te necare 
conatur, auxilium nostrum non est necessarium. Turn Cyclopes 
domum reverterunt. Ita Polyphemus nomine deceptus est. 
Ulixes autem etsocii ejus hoc prudenti consilio e specu liberati 
et seryati sunt. 

6. Ulixes, cum in navi tutus esset, magna voce clamavit: 
Polypheme, cum interrogate eris, quis te excaecaverit, 
responde: Ulixes id fecit. Et nunc vale ! Postquam id dixit, 
in altum mare navigavit. Polyphemus autem patrem suum 
Neptunum, dommum maris, oravit, ut filium ulcisceretur et 
Ulixem punlret. Neptunus, cum filii preces audivisset, effecit, 
ut Ulixes multos annos per multas terras erraret. In hoc 
longo errore Ulixes cum comitibus suis multas calamitates 
passus est. Postremo ad Phaeaces, beatos et benevolos 



— 114 — 

homines, pervenit, quorum rex eum hospitio recepit. Inde in 
Ithacam, patriam suam, navi vectus est. Sic TTlixes, postquam 
multorum hominum urbes vidit et vitam moresque eorum 
cognovit, in patriam revertit. Adventu ejus et Penelope uxor 
et Telemachus films valde deiectatus est. 

5. Dareus et Scythae. 
Dareus, Hystaspis films, rex Persarum, cum magno exer- 
citu Scythas invasit. Scythae semper fugiebant. Postremo 
inopia in exercltu Darei orta est. Eo tempore legatus Scytha- 
rum advenit, qui avem, ranam, murem, quinque sagittas 
Dareo tradidit. Dareus laetus exclamavit: Hostes nobis se 
tradunt! Turn unus ex comitibus regis, qui prudentla et 
sapientTa omnes, qui aderant, superabat, dixit: Ne id spera- 
veris 1 . Scythae enim hoc dicunt: Nisi, ut aves, per aera 
(aerem) avolabitis, aut in aquam immergetis, ut ranae, aut in 
terra vos occultabitis, ut mures, hae sagittae vos interficient. 
Scythae turn demum bellum inceperunt, et Dareus vix cum 
parva parte exercitus evasit. 

Hhe second person of the Perfect Subjunct. in a prohibition: do not expect 
that 

6. Romulus. 

Postquam Romulus Remum fratrem interfecit, nova urbs 
Roma appellata est. Ipse autem Romulus erat rex fortissi- 
mus. Itaque multa bella suscepit et multos populos, qui circa 
Romam habitabant, regno suo adjecit. Cum autem in nova 
urbe paucae mulieres essent, Romani finitimorum populorum 
filias in matrimonmm ducere cupiebant. Sed Romani $b his 
populis ita contemnebantur, ut filiae matrimonium Romanorum 
repudiarent. 

7. Sabinorum virgines rapiu:z1ur. 

Finitimus erat Romanis populus Sabinorum. Romulus eos 
invitavit, ut in novam urbem venlrent, ludos spectatum. 
Magna multittido eorum in urbem profecta est; etiam uxores 
et filiae venerunt. Cum omnes, qui aderant, ludos spectarent, 
subito juvenes Romani virgines Sablnas rapuerunt. Patres 



115 — 

et matres virginum fugerunt, sortem filiarum querentes. Rap- 
tae autem virgmes a viris suis ita tractabantur, ut eos amare 
inciperent. Attamen Sablni, postquam magnum exercitum 
paraverunt, ad bellum profecti et Romanos aggressi sunt. 
Cum Sablni cum Romanis congressi essent, raptae virgmes in 
Sabinorum aciem irruentes patres suos rogaverunt, ut pacem 
cum Romanis facer ent. Itaque pax facta est, et Sablni in 
urbem recepti cum Romanis se conjunxerunt. 

8. Tarquinius Superbus. 
Tarquinius Super bus, Septimus Romanorum rex, maxima cru- 
delitate ad regnum pervenit; nam socerum suum Servium Tul- 
Hum, qui eo tempore regnabat, per satellites suos interfecerat. 
Tarquinius, cum ad regnum pervenisset, eadem crudelitate, 
qua regnum sibi pepererat, Romanos tractavit. Jura senatus 
et populi violavit et propter superbiam illud cognomen accepit. 
Itaque Romani eum ejiccre constituerunt. Cum Ardeam ille ob- 
sideret, Romani portas clauserunt et ab urbe eum prohibuerunt. 

9. Horatius Codes. 
Tarquinius cum fillis ad Porsenam, regem Etruriae, fugit 
eumque oravit, ut populum Romanum puniret, quod regem 
ejecisset. Porsena voluntati Tarquinii obsecutus (est et) 
magnum exercitum paravit, ut Roma potiretur. Mox ad urbem 
venit, quam Romani firmis praesidTis saepserant. Magna pars 
urbis Tiberi flu mine munlta erat. Pontem, qui in 1 flumine fac- 
tus erat, pauci Romani custodiebant. Itaque Porsena in pon- 
tem impetum fecit. Cum ceteri Romani fugerent, unus vir, 
Horatius Codes, impStum hostium sustinuit et effecit, ut urbs 
servaretur. Ille solus liostes retiniiit, postquam suos adhor- 
tatus est, ut pontem rescinderent. Romani maximo studio 
fecerunt, quod ille jusserat. Horatius, cum sonitum rescissi 
pontis audivisset, in fluvium desilit et incolumis ad suos per- 
venit. Ita unlus viri fortitudme Roma servata est. 

l over 

10. Mucins Scaevola. 
MucTus Scaevola, vir fortissimus, gladio armatus in castra 
Porsenae, qui Tarquinium in regnum restituere conabatur, 



— 116 

profectus est, ut regem, si invenisset, interficeret. Cum in 
castra venisset, forte accidit, ut militibus stipendium imper- 
tiretur. Cum Mucius, qui regem non noverat, non interroga- 
visset, quis rex esset, ne interrogando se ipse aperiret, eum, 
qui militibus stipendium impertiebat, pro rege interfecit. Mag- 
nus tumultus ortus est. Murium milites ad regem traxerunt. 
Is statim consilium suum regi aperflit. Rex, cum id audivisset, 
dixit: Quis te ad hoc facmus adduxit? Gravissimis poenis 
afficieris, nisi id mihi dices. Mucius autem dextram manum 
in igne, qui ibi erat, torrflit, cum diceret: Quo modo punies 
me, qui omnia pati statuerim 1 , ut patriam meam liberarem ? 
Eex admiratus tantam fortitudmem eum non punlvit. Utinam, 
inquit rex, Etrusci tarn fortes essent ! Mucius, cum id audi- 
visset, dixit: Quia fortitudmem meam honoravisti, tibi apc- 
riam, quod scire cupiebas. Trecenti juvenes Romani conjura- 
verunt, ut te interficerent. Forte ego eorum primus fui, ceteri 
me sequentur. Porsena, postquam cognovit, in quanto peri- 
culo esset, pacem cum Romanis facere cons tit flit. 

Uubjtmct. after the Relative 

11. Pyrrhus. 
1 . Romani, postquam Samnltes et omnes fere ItalTae gentes 
superaverunt, Tarentlnis bellum indixerunt, quod legatis Ro- 
manorum injuriam fecissent. Tarentlni Pyrrhum, regem Eplri, 
rogaverunt, ut sibi contra Romanos auxilio venlret. Pyrrhus, 
vir fortissimus et belli peritissimus, magna laetitia affectus est, 
quod a Tarentlnis ad id bellum invitabatur. Qui cum magnum 
exercitum paravisset, navibus in Italiam profectus est. Yiginti 
elephantos secum duxit: in tergis elephantorum erant. turres 
militibus impletae. Primum proelium fait apud urbem Hera- 
cleam. Romani, quamquam maxima fortitudme pugnaverunt, 
tamen superati sunt. Equi enim Romanorum, adspectu ele- 
phantorum territi, totam aciem Romanorum perturbaverunt. 
Ita factum est, ut Romani, qui antea semper superiores (vic- 
tores) fuerant, superarentur. Mille quingenti Romani inter- 
fecti sunt, mille octingentos Pyrrhus cepit. Rex autem, quam- 
quam victoriam a Romanis reportaverat, tamen fortitudmem 
eorum admiratus (est et) pacem cum iis facere cuplvit. 



— 117 — 

2. Cineas, legatus Pvrrhi, cum Romara venisset, in sena- 
turn ductus est. Legatus id fecit, quod ei a Pyrrho mandatum 
erat. Cum multi patrum condiciones regis accipere cuperent, 
unus ex iis, qui erat caecus, surrexit. O Romania inquit Ap- 
pms Claudius, usque ad hunc diem dolui 7 quod caecus sum; 
sed hodie opto, ut non solum caecus, sed etiam surdus sim, ne 
ista improba consilia audiam, quae modo audlvi. Condiciones 
regis accipere turpe est. Ceteri patrcs, cum id audivissent, 
consilio caeci illlus senis obsecuti (sunt et) condiciones Pyrrhi 
repudiaverunt. Legatus, postquam ad regem revertit, omnia 
dixit, quae Romani ei mandaverant. Turn a rege interroga- 
tes, qualis sibi senatus visus esset, legatus respondit: Ille 
senatus tarn magnificus est, ut senatores mihi non cives, sed 
reges esse videantur. 

3. Post paucos dies legati Romanorum ad Pyrrhum vene- 
runt, ut captlvos commutarent. In his legatis erat Fabricius, 
vir maxima probitate insignis. Hunc rex magno dono sibi 
conciliare studebat, Fabricius autem id non accepit. Postero 
die rex cum Fabricio colloquium habuit. MaxTmus elephantus 
aderat, ut eum terreret. Turn Fabricius (dixit): O Pyrrhe, 
neque heri pecunia tua me ita delectavit, ut earn cuperem, 
neque hodie elephantus tuus me terret. Pyrrhus, cum id audi- 
yisset, constantiam Fabricii admiratus est. Insequenti anno 
Fabricius exercitui Romano praeerat. Pyrrhus habebat medT- 
cum, cui in omnibus rebus fidem tribuebat; is autem. regi non 
erat fldelis. Xam ad Fabricium epistulam scripsit, in qua ' 
haec erant (scripta): Si magnum munus mihi tributum erit, 
Pyrrhum, hostem vestrum, veneno necabo. Fabricius curavit, 
ut rex epistulam, quam ille scripserat, acciperet. Pyrrhus, 
cum hanc epistulam accepisset, probitatem Fabricii admiratus 
(est et) dixit: Ille est Fabricius, qui difflcilius ab honestace, 
quam sol a cursu avertitur. 

12. Arminius. 

Varus, postquam cum exercitu Romano in Germaniam 
venit, Germanos pessimo modo tractabat. Multa vectigalia a 
Germanis, qui neque aurum neque argentum possidebant, 



— 118 — 

postulavit; idem imperavit, ut Germani legibus Romanorum 
parerent et lingua Latlna in judiclis uterentur. His et multis 
aliis rebus Germanorum aminos ita laesit, ut a Romanorum 
dominatione se liberare constituerent. Turn Arminius, prin- 
ceps Cheruscorum, postquam magnas copias paravit, hoc 
modo Germaniam liberavit. Yarus cum magno exercitu in 
silvam Teutoburgiensem profectus erat, ut seditionem, quae 
orta esse dicebatur, exstingueret. Cum in hanc regionem 
venisset, milites multis imbribus et maximis tempestatibus fati- 
gati erant. Subito Armiuius cum Germanis impetum in le- 
giones Romanorum fecit. Acerrima pugna oritur. Romani, 
laboribus fatigati, impetum Germanorum non sustinuerunt; 
plurimi eorum in pugna, alii in fuga a Germanis interfecti, 
reliqui capti sunt. Varus autem ipse neque captus neque 
necatus est, sed, cum Germani victoriam a Romanis repor- 
tavissent, gladio suo se ipse interfecit. Sic unlus viri pru- 
dentia et fortitudine Ger mania a dominatione Romanorum 
liberata est. Imperator Augustus, cum nuntium magnae illlus 
cladis exercitus Romani accepisset, maximo dolore exclama- 
vit: Yare, Yare, redde mihi legiones! Germania autem ab 
illo tempore libera erat. 

13. De morte Epaminondae. 
Epaminondas, dux Thebanorum, cum vicisset Lacedaemo- 
nios apud Mantineam, ipse gravi vulnere ictus ex acie cessit. 
Cum animum recepisset, interrogavit, salvusne esset clipeus. 
Cum amlci ejus flentes respondissent: "Salvus est;" interroga- 
vit, essentne fusi hostes. Cum id quoque, ut cupiebat, audi- 
visset, hastam, qua erat transfixus, evellit. Ita, postquam 
multum sangumem fudit, laetus victoria animam efflavit. 

lJf. De Romanorum disciplina militarl. 
Titus ManlTus Torquatus aliquando imperaverat, ne milites 
extra ordinem contra hostes puguarent. Ejus films autem, a 
duce equttum hostium ad certamen provocatus, eum aggressus 
et victoriam adeptus est. Reversum deinde filium pater lauda- 
vit quidem propter fortitudinem, sed immodestiam ejus sup- 
plicio ultus est. 



— 119 — 

15. Be Apelle. 
Apelles, clarissimus antiquitatis pictor, aliquando Alexan- 
drum in equo sedentem pinxerat. Cum autem regi imago, 
praecipue equi, non ita placeret, ut artifex gperaverat, equus 
Alexandri introductus est. Qui cum pictum equum conspexis- 
set, ei adhinnivit, quasi verus equus esset. Turn Apelles: 
"Equus, inquit, tuus, o rex, peritior artis pingendi videtur 
esse quam tu." Nemo autem ab Apelle saepius pictus est quam 
Alexander; eundem nemo saepius ex aere et marmore finxit 1 
quam Lysippus, aequalis Apellis. 

*e marmore fiDgere, to carve an image in marble. 

16. Senes et mors. 
Quam dulcis vita sit, haec fab ilia docet: Duo senes, qui in 
silva ligna ceciderant et caesa domum portabant, et onere et 
via fatigati fasces deposuerunt et paulum acquieverunt. Se- 
necttitis et inopiae mala secum 1 considerantes mortem clara 
voce invocaverunt, ut se ab omnibus malis liberaret. Mors, 
cum senum preces audivisset, statim venit eosque interrogavit, 
cur se vocavissent. Adspectu ejus territi responderunt: Ni- 
hil optamus, sed quaesivimus tantum aliquem, qui levaret no- 
bis fasces. 

l urith themselves. 

17. Judicium Philippi. 
Philippus, rex Macedonum, cum judex esset inter duos ho- 
mines malos, alteri, ut e Macedonia fugeret, alteri, ut eum 
persequeretur, imperavit. Hi statim fecerunt, quod jussi erant; 
ille fugit, hie eum persecutus est. Ita Macedonia eodem tem- 
pore a duobus hominibus malis liberata est. 

18. Be Socrate. 
Socrates injuria ab Atheniensibus capitis damnatus est. 
Cum in.custodia esset, Crito, quocum familiari^sime vixerat, 
ad eum venit: Socrates, inquit Crito, injuriam accipis, me 
igitur sequere et e carcere elabere; omnia ad fugam parata 
sunt. Socrates autem: Praestat, inquit, injuriam accipere et 
accepisse, quam injuriam facere et fecisse. Hie manebo et 



— 120 — 

legibus obtemperans id patiar, quod jam multi et clari viri 
ante me passi sunt et post me patientur. Cum Crito eum inter- 
rogavisset, num quid haberet, quod liberis vel amicis manda- 
ret, Socrates respondit: Illis impera, ut praeceptis meis pare- 
ant et injuriarum quidem, non beneficiorum populi Atheniensis 
obliviscanturo 

19. De Mida. 

Midae, regi Phrygiae, Bacchus quondam dixit: Quidoptas? 
Omnia praestabo. Turn ille respondit: Effiee, ut omnia, quae 
tetigero, aurum flant. Deus precibus ejus obsecutus est. Sta- 
tim Midas tetigit ramum; subito ramus erat aureus; sustulit 
lapidem, lapis erat aureus; exsultabat rex. Interim ministri 
afferunt cibos jucundos; rex laetus consldit, sed eheu omnes 
cibi, quos tangit, mutantur in aurum. Turn staltitiam suam 
intellexit; nam famem explere non poterat et fame exanimatus 
esset, nisi Bacchus eum ilia facultate rursus liberavisset. 

20. Agricolae Lyciae in ranas mutantur. 

Latona, postquam in insula Delo Apollmem et Dianam 
peperit ? fugere inde a Junone coacta est. In sinu igitur por- 
tans infantes in Lyciae fines venit. Longo ibi labore et solis 
aestu fatigata siti cruciabatur. Forte lacum modicum in valle 
situm et ad ripas ejus homines agrestes conspexit. Laeta ac- 
cessit jamque ? ut aquam haurlret, genibus tetigerat terram, 
cum rustica ilia turba id vetuit. Territa Latona: Cur, inquit, 
prohibetis me ab aqua? Communis est usus aquarum; ut enim 
neque solem neque aera natura cuiquam proprium fecit, ita ne 
aquam quidem. Etsi autem ad publica munera venlo, supplex 
tamen, ut ea mihi detis, rogo. Non ego membra volo lavare, 
sed sitim explere, qua cruciata vix vocem edere possum. Hi 
quoque vos moveant, qui parva e sinii meo bracchia tendunt. 
Quern haec blanda deae verba movere non debebant? Illi 
tamen orantem prohibent, minantur, nisi discedat, convicia 
etiam addunt. Neque id fecisse satis habent, sed ipsum lacum 
etiam pedibus manibusque turbant. Turn vero ilia obliviscl- 
tur sitis et indignata plenaque irarum: In aeternum yos, in- 



— 121 — 

quit, in hoc lacu vivatis. Evenit, quod dea optaverat. Vix 
enim haec verba locuta erat, cum illi miro quodam aquarum 
desiderio capti modo totum corpus submergunt, modo capita 
proferunt, modo in summo lacu natant, interdum ad ripam 
consistunt paulloque post in aquas desiliunt. Ita agricolae 
Lyciae in ranas sunt mutati 

21. De Tantalo. 
Tantalus, Jovis films, tarn earns rait diis, ut Juppiter ei 
consilia sua crederet eumque ad epulas deorum admitteret. 
At ille, quae apud Jovem audiverat, cum mortalibus communi- 
cabat. Ob earn perfidiam dicitur apud inferos in aqua colloca- 
tus esse semperque sitlre. Nam quotiens aquam sumere voluit, 
aqua recedit. Turn etiam mala ei super caput pendent; sed 
quotiens ea carpere conatus est, rami vento moti reeedunt. 

22. Be TJieseo. 

Faucis annis ante adventum Thesei Athenienses cumMinoe, 
rege Cretae, bellum gesserant. Postea autem a Minoe victi 
pacem fecerant, ea condicione, ut singulis annis septenos juve- 
nes septenasque virgmes in insulam Cretam mitterent. Hos 
Miaos in Labyrintho clausit, quern Daedalus ita struxerat, ut 
nemo eorum. qui ingressi erant. exitum reperlre posset. The- 
seus, cum audivisset, quanta calamitate civitas Atheniensium 
teneretur, ipse cum juvenibus et virginibus in insulam profi- 
cisci constituir. Postquam navis ad Cretam appulsa est, Ari- 
adne, filia Minois, Theseum docuit, quo modo ex Labyrintho 
se expedlre posset. Theseus, cum Minotaurum, qui in Laby- 
rintho erat, occidisset. Ariadnen secum abduxit. Cum autem 
earn dormientem in insula Xaxo reliquisset, Liber deus postea 
earn conjugem fecit. 

23. Be Iphigenia. 
Cum universus Graecorum exercitus in portum Aulidis con- 
venisset, tempestas eos ob iram Dianae retinebat. Agamemno 
enim, dux illTus expeditionis, cervam deae sacram vulnera- 
verat superbiusque in Dianam loctltus erat. Calchas, Graeco- 
rum vates, ab Agamemnone inteiTOgatus, qua ratione dea 



— 122 — 

placari posset: Ira deae, inquit, placari noil poterit, nisi filiam 
tuam Iphigenlam immolaveris. Ob earn causam Ulixes mitti- 
tur, ut earn in portum AulTdis abducat. Iphigenla, cui Ulixes 
matrimonium Achillis promiserat, ut earn ad profectionem im- 
pelleret, eum sequitur. Cum vero pater earn immolaturus 
esset, Diana virgmem miserata per nubes in terram Tauricam 
detulit iblque templi sui sacerdotem fecit. Pro Iphigenla cerva 
a Diana missa immolata est, 

24. De Codro. 
Erant inter Athenienses et Dores veteres simultates. Dores, 
qui pro injuriis acceptis eos bello ulcisci 1 volebant, de eventu 
belli oraciila consul uerunt. Responsum-est: Dores victores 
eruut Atheniensium, nisi re'gem eorum Occident. Cum ad 
bellum essent profecti, militibus praeceptum est, ut regem 
vivum caperent. Atheniensium rex eo tempore Codrus erat. 
Is, cum nostrum consilium cognovisset, regiam vestem exiiit 
et in castra hostium ingressus est. Ibi cum in turba milttum 
al! que in ialce vulneravisset, ab eo interfectus est. Dores, cum 
regis corpus agnovissent, sine proelio discesserunt. Atque it a 
Athenienses virtute regis, qui pro salute patriae morti se ob- 
tulerat, bello liberati sunt. 

Ho punish 

25. De libris Sibyllinis* 
Ab antlquis scriptoribus de libris Sibyllinis haec memoriae 
prodita sunt. MulTer quaedam, cujus nomen non est notum ? 
ad Tarquinlum Superbum regem adiit, novem libros ferens. 
Divlna in iis inerant oraciila. CumTarquinius earn interroga- 
visset, quantum pretmm esset librorum, mulier nimium popos- 
cit. Rex autem earn derlsit. Turn ilia, postquam tres libros 
ex novem cremavit, regem interrogavit, num reliqaos sex 
codem pretio emere vellet. Tarquinius multo magis risit. 
MulTer statim tres libros alios cremavit atque deniio placlde 
interrogavit, num tres reliquos eodem pretio emere vellet. 
Rex turn demum eos emere constituit, neque minore pretio, 
quam quod erat petltum pro omnibus, eos emit. Sed ilia mu- 
lier, postquam a Tarquinio digressa est, postea nusquam visa 



- 123 - 

esse dicitur. Libri tres Sibylllni sunt appellati. Ad eos quasi 
ad oraculum Romani adlbant, cum deos immortales publice 
consulere volebant. 

26. De Cyro et Turnyri. 

Cyrus, postquam Asiam subegit, Scythis bellum intulit. 
Erat eo tempore Scytharum reglna Tomyris. Haec adventu 
hostium non terrebatur neque hostes, quos transitu fluminis 
Araxis prohibere poterat, prohibuit. Itaque Cyrus copias tra- 
jecit et in Scythiam progressus castra posuit. Postero die 
quasi fugiens eastra deseruit magnamque ciborum et vini vim 
in castris rellquit. Reglna, cui id nuntiatum erat, filium adu- 
lescentem cum tertia parte copiarum ad Cyri castra misit. 
Scythae, cum nullos invenissent hostes, ad vinum cibosque se 
vertunt et paullo post ebrii facile vincuntur. Nam Cyrus per 
noctem cum copTis suis revertitur omnesque Scythas cum re- 
glnae filio interficit. Tomyris, quamquam tantum exercitum 
atque unum filium amiserat, lacrimas tamen cohibuit et illud 
modo reputavit, quo modo filii mortem ulcisceretur. Cum 
hostes recenti victoria exsultarent, pari fraude Tomyris Cyrum 
in insidlas induxit. Fugit enim reglna atque ita effecit, ut 
rex hostes usque ad angustias et montes insequeretur. Ibi 
ducenta milia Persarum cum ipso rege trucidavit. Caput Cyri 
in utrem quern sanguine impleverat, reglna conjecit. Satia 
te ; inquit reglna, sanguine, quern appetivisti. 

27 . Dz Marcio Coriolano. 

Marcius, cui a captis Coriolis 1 , Yolscorum oppido, cogno- 
men erat Coriolanus, plebi odiosus esse coepit. Quare 2 expul- 
sus ad Yolscos, acerrimos Romanorum hostes, se contulit et 
exercitui praefectus Romanos saepe vicit. Ad urbem accessit 
neque ullis civium suorum legationibus moveri poterat, ut pa- 
triae parceret. Turn YeturTa mater et Yolumnia uxor ad eum 
venerunt, quarum fletu et precibus commotus est, ut exer- 
citum reduceret. Quod cum fecisset, a Yolscis ut proditor oc- 
clsus esse dicitur. 

]from the taking of Corioli. ^therefore, Rel. for the Demonst. 



— 124 — 

28. Be Herostrato. 
Eadem nocte, qua in Macedonia Alexander Magnus natus 
est, in Asia templum Dianae Ephesiae conflagravit. Nullum 
templum eo tempore clarius erat. Incensum est ab Herostrato 
quodam ; causam ipse confessus est. Volebam, in quit, nomen 
meum immortal e reddere. Quamquam EphesTi nomen ejus 
abolere conati sunt, tarn en etiarn nunc notum est. 

29. Be Stilpone philosopho. 

Demetrius Poliorcetes, cum Megaram urbem vastavisset et 
cives ejus urbis omnia amisissent, Stilponem philosophum in- 
terrogavit, quam jacturam fecisset 1 . Nullam, inquit philoso- 
phus; virttiti enim nihil adimere potest bellum, neque quem- 
quam ex militibus tuis vidi, qui sapientiam raperet. 

Ho suffer 

30. Be amicitia Orestis et Pyladis. 
Orestis et Pyladis amicitia immortalem apud posteros fa- 
mam adepta est. Quid enim celebratum magis, quam illorum 
coram rege Thoante contentio, uter moreretur. Alter enim 
nitebatur ab altero depellere crimen et criminis poenam in se 
transferre. Cum rex ignoraret, uter eorum esset Orestes, Py. 
lades Orestem se vocabat, ut pro illo necaretur, Orestes autem 
poenam in se transferre studebat. 

31. Be Solone et Croeso. 

1 . Solon Atheniensis, postquam civibus suis leges scripsit, 
decern annos peregrinatus est, ne leges mutare cogereiur. 
Nam Atheniensibus ipsis non licebat leges ab illo scriptas mu- 
tare, cum juravissent, se decern annos leglbus ejus usuros esse. 
Solon autem sperabat, Athenienses illo temporis spatio boni- 
tatem legum ita intellecturos esse, ut de iis nihil mutare cupe- 
rent. Solon, ob earn causam consilio peregrinandi capto, 
multas terras urbesque vidit et mores institutaque multorum 
populorum cognovit. 

2. Solon, cum Sardes ad Croesum, opulentisslmum ilium 
Lydiae regem, venisset, hospitio ab eo exceptus est. TertTo 



— 125 — 

aut quarto die post, quam Solon advenerat, Croesus hospitem 
a ministris circumduct eique omnes opes regis ostendi jussit. 
Quas cum spectasset et magna admiratione affectus contem- 
platus esset, rursus ad regem se contulit, qui cum eo colloqui 
cupiebat. Turn Croesus: Hospes Atheniensis, inquit, te virum 
sapientem esse et multas terras vidisse dicunt; die mihi, quern 
videris omnium honimum felicissimum. Croesus autem opina- 
batur, se ipsum omnium hommum felicissimum esse. At Solon, 
nulla usus adulatione: Felicissimum, inquit, vidi Tellum Athe- 
niensem. Hoc responsum miratus Croesus eum interrogat ? 
cur Tellum felicissimum esse existimet. Tellus, inquit Solon, 
cui satis magnae opes erant, ut commode vivere posset, 
florente civitate filios habebat bonos honestosque. Idem 
splendidissime vita decessit; nam in proelio fortiter pugnans, 
cum hostes in fugam vertisset, cecidit et eodem loco, quo ceci- 
dit, ab Atheniensibus lionorificentissime sepultus est. 

3. Quae cum Solon dixisset, Croesus rursus eum interroga= 
Tit, quern praeter Tellum vidisset felicissimum, sperans, se 
certe secundum fore. At Solon: Cleobim, inquit, et Bitonem, 
Arglvos, quibus et victus facilis et tantae corporis vires erant, 
ut uterque praemia certammum ferret. De iisdem etiam haec 
memoriae prodita sunt: Die festo Junonis matrem eorum curru 
ad templum velii jus erat. Cum autem boves morarentur, juve- 
nes ipsi ad jugum accesserunt et currum quadraginta quinque 
stadia ad templum vexerunt. Ita sacerdos in fanum vecta est. 
Qua pietate juvenes omnium, qui aderant, oculos in se conver- 
terunt. Cum autem ArgTvi, qui aderant, vires juvenum lau- 
dassent, mulieres matrem praedicassent, quod tarn pios filios 
haberet, mater, et facto filiorum et sermone hommum laeta, a, 
dea precata esse dicitur, ut Cleobi et Bitoni filiis praemium 
daret pro pietate, quod maximum homini dari posset a dea. 
Juvenes, qui, postquam cum matre epulati sunt, in fano somno 
se dederunt, mane inventi sunt mortiii. Qua re dea ostendit ? 
melius esse hominibus mori quam vivere. Arglvi autem sta- 
tuas eorum, cum optimi juvenes fuissent, Delphis constituerunt. 

4. Cum Solon Cleobi et Bitoni secundum felicitatis locum 
tribuisset ; Croesus iratus exclamavit: Hospes Atheniensis, 



— ; 126 — 

meane 1 felicitas tarn parva tibi videtur, ut privatos homines 
mihi praeponas ? Turn Solon: O rex, inquit, nunc quidem dives 
es et rex multarum gentium; sed fellcem te non praedicabo, 
priusquam audivero, te bonum vitae finem habuisse. Nam 
multi homines jucunde quidem vivunt, sed non feliclter vita 
decedunt; is autem solus felix praedicari potest, cui utrumque 
obttgit. Itaque nemo mortalium ante mortem beatus est. His 
verbis Solon iram regis ita concitavit, ut neque donum ei daret 
neque benigne eum dimitteret, eum stultum homtnem esse judi- 
cans, qui praesentia bona pro nihtlo putaret et nemtnem ante 
mortem beatum esse judicaret. 

^eane; mea with ihe interrogative particle ne. 

32. De Amasi et Polycrate. 

1. Poly crates, rex insulae Sami, cum Amasi, Aegypti rege, 
hospitlum fecit. Brevi tempore Polycratis potentia ita aucta 
est, ut per totam Graeciam celebraretur. Quocunque enim 
duces ejus cum classibus proficiscebantur, ut finitimis populis 
bellum inferrent, omnia iis feliclter cedebant. Ita multas in- 
sulas, multa etiam continentis (terrae) oppida cepit. 

2. Amasis, cum nunttus ei allatus esset, Polycratem in- 
genti felicitate uti, non laetitia, sed magna cura affectus est. 
Itaque, cum prospera ejus fortuna in dies magis augeretur, 
haec ad eum scripsit: Amasis Polycrati salutem dicit. Jucun- 
dum quidem est audlre, amlcum et hospitem fellcem esse; sed 
nimia tua felicitas mihi non placet. Equidem hanc fortunae 
meae vicissitudmem cupio, ut ea, quae suscipio, partim pro- 
spere partim male mihi cedant. Idem amicis et hospitibus 
meis obtingere cupio. Multos enim homines novi, quibus, 
postquam omnes res bene gesserunt, postremo misemmus vi- 
tae finis obttgit. Tu igitur consilium meum secutus ipse hoc 
modo nimlae tuae felicitati obnitere: CogTta, quid omnium tua- 
rum rerum pretiosissimarum tibi carissimum sit. Earn rem, 
cujus jacttiram gravisslme feres, abjice, ut inter homines non 
amplius appareat. Quod si feceris, fortunae vicissitudmem 
non expertus, idem iterum ac saeplus fac, ut ita nimlae tuae 
felicitati ipse obnitaris. 



— 127 — 

3. Hac epistula iecta, Polycrates, cum intellexisset, Ama- 
sim bonum sibi consilium dedisse, toto ammo cogitavit, cujus 
rei jacturam gravissime ferret. Quod cum cogitasset, aureum 
anulum, quern omnium suarum rerum pretiosissimum et sibi 
carissimum esse arbitrabatur, in mare abjicere constituit. 
Itaque navem hominibus complevit; postquam earn conscen- 
dit, nautas in altum mare navigare jussit. Cum procul ab 
insula essent 2 rex aniilum de digito detraxit et omnibus, qui 
in navi erant, inspect antibus in mare abjecit. Quo facto 1 do 
mum rediit. 

Hhis being done. 

4. Quinque vel sex diebus post, quam Poly crates anuiun^ 
in mare abjecerat, piscator quidam magnum pulchrumquc 
piscem cepit, quern, cum Polycrati dono dare vellet, in 
domum regiam portavit. Qui 1 cum ad regem venisset: Hunc 
piscem, inquit, quern hodie cepi, in forum ferre nolui, etsi 
manu mea victum quaero. Quare tibi, rex, hunc piscem, 
qui te tuoque imperio dignus esse videatur, fero donoque. 
Poly crates, piscatoris liberalitate magna laetitia affectus: 
Recte fecisti, inquit, atque gratias tibi ago; benelicli tu\ 
memor et gratus ad cenam te voco. Regis autem ministry 
piscem secantes, in ventre ejus Polycratis anulum invenerunt. 
Quern 1 cum vidissent, laeti ad Polycratem se contulerunt, 
ut ei nuntiarent, anulum in ventre piscis repertum esse. 
Poly crates, hoc miraciilo obstupefactus, omnia, quae fecerat 
et quae postea ei acciderant, ad Amasim regem diligentissime 
perscripsit. 

'Relative for the Demonstrative. 

5. Polycratis epistula lecta, Amasis intellexit, fieri ncn 
posse, ut hospes fato eriperetur, cui omnia tarn prospere eed?,- 
rent, ut etiam ea 7 quae in mare abjecisset, invenlret. Itaque 
nuntium Samum misit, qui diceret, hospitmm ab Amasi sola- 
turn esse. Id autem ob earn causam Amasis fecit, ne 7 si magna 
atque gravis calamitas Polycrati accidisset, ipse hospitis cala- 
mitate nimis doleret. Pactum est, quod ne fieret Amasis 

imuerat; nam non ita multo post Polycrates Persae cujusdaua 
perfidia deceptus cruci affixus est. 



t 



X. 128 — 

33. Quomodo Croesus, Lydiae rex, a Cyro, Persarivnv 
rege, victus sit. 

1. Eodera tempore, quo Croesus in Lydia regnabat, Cyrus 
regnum Persarum condidit. Cum autem Persarum potentia 
raagis magisque cresceret, Croesus earn coercere constitiiit, 
priusquam nimis augeretur sibique periculosa esset. Itaque 
dona ad oraculum Delphos misit atque Apollinem consuluit, 
num Persis bellum inferret. Pythia, sacerdos oracfdi Delphici, 
respondit, ilium magnum regnum deleturum esse, si Halym 
flumen transisset. Halys autem Croesi regnum a regno Persa- 
rum dividebat. Quo oraciili responso laetus Croesus, qui Cyri 
regnum se deleturum esse opinaretur 2 , iterum legatos Delphos 
misit, qui Apollmi dona ferrent. 

1 Relative for the Demonstrative 2 Subjunctive governed by qui = cum is, 
since he 

2. Croesus, cum bellum Persarum paravisset, cum magno 
exercitu profectus Halym flumen transTit et CappadocTam, ex- 
trem am regni Persarum partem, aggressus est. Castris ibi 
positis, agros vastavit multisque oppidis captis incolas in ser- 
vitutem redegit. Cyrus, Persarum rex, nuntio allato, Croe- 
sum bellum sibi intulisse, quam celerrime exercitum paravit 
conjunctisque omnibus, qui inter PersTdem Cappadociamque 
incolebant, in Cappadociam profectus est. Qui cum eo venis- 
set, contra Croesum castra posu.it. Ibi acerrlme pugnatum 
est; multis utrimque occlsis, utrlque nocte appetente aequo 
proello discesserunt. 

3. Postquam aequo proelio discesserunt, Croesus, qui pu- 
taret, se propterea non discessisse superiorem, quod Cyrus 
copiarum numero sibi praestaret, majores copias colligere de- 
crevit. Itaque, cum postero die Cyrus eum non aggrederetur, 
Sardes redlre constitiiit. Sardes autem reversus ad Amasim, 
Aegypti regem, quocum foedus et societatem fecerat, et ad 
ceteros socios nuntios misit, qui eos bellum parare et proximo 
vere Sardes convenlre juberent; nam ineunte vere Persis ite- 
rum bellum inferre animum induxerat. Milites autem mercen- 
narios, quos contra Cyrum secum duxerat, dimlsit, non veri- 
tus, ne Cyrus, qui non vicisset 7 exercitum suum contra Sardes 
duceret, 



— 129 — 

4. At Cyrus, certior factus, Croesum magnam copiarum 
partem dimisisse, statim Sardes proficisci constituit. Itaque 
exerciturn tam celeriter in Lydiam duxit, ut ipse adventus sui 
nuntius Croeso veniret. Qua re Croesus magna cura affectus 
tamen Lydos ex urbe in proelium eduxit. Lydi autem, qui eo 
tempore a nullo Asiae populo fortitudme superabantur, ex 
equis 1 pugnabant hastasque longas gerebant. Proelium com- 
missum est in magno campo ante urbem sito, per quern et alii 
fluvii et Hermus fluebant. 

} o?i horseback 

5. Cyrus r cum Lydiae regem equitatu multum valere cog- 
novisset, dolo usus est, ut equltes ad pugnandum inutlles es- 
sent. Camelis, qui in exercitu ejus erant, ut frumentum, vasa 
aliaque impedimenta portarent, ea detraxit et armatos milites 
imposuit ? quibus imperavit, ut in Croesi equltes ferociter in- 
veherentur; pedites vero camelos sequi jussit et post pedites 
omnes suos equltes instruxit. Copiis ita instructis praecepit, 
ut nulllus, qui resisteret, vitae parcerent, Croesum vero ne 
occiderent, etiamsi captus resisteret. Camelos autem ob earn 
causam Croesi equitibus opposiiit ; ut equi inusitato eorum ad- 
spectu terrerentur itaque 1 equites, quibus Croesus plurimum 
poterat, ad pugnandum inutlles essent. Et factum est, quod 
Cyrus fore speraverat. Proelio commisso, equi, ubi camelos 
adspexerunt, statim se retro verterunt. ]ST eque tamen Lydi 
in tanta perturbatione spem victoriae abjecerunt, sed, Cyri 
dolo cognito, ab equis desiluerunt et pedibus cum Persis con- 
flixerunt. Multis utrimque occisis, postremo Lydi, qui copia- 
rum numero a Persis superabantur, in fugam versi sunt. Ita- 
que factum est, ut in urbem compulsi a Persis obsiderentur. 

Mtaque =et ita 

6. Croesus, obsidionem diuturnam fore sperans, alios nun- 
tios misit, qui socios adhortarentur, ut quam celerrime sibi 
auxilium ferrent, quod ab hostibus obsideretur. Ii enim, qui 
antea missi erant, socios proximo vere Sardes convenlre jusse- 
rant. Priusquam autem socii regi auxilio venire possent, urbs 
expugnata et Croesus ab hostibus captus est 

7. Sardes autem hoc modo a Persis expugnatae sunt. 
Postquam hostes quattuordecim dies urbem frustra obsederunt, 



— 130 — 

Cyrus equltes per castra misit, qui militibus edicerent, magna 
dona ei datum iri, qui primus in murum ascendisset. Postquam 
id frustra a multis tentatum est, miles quidam murum ascen- 
dere conatus est ab ea parte arcis, in qua custodes non erant 
positi. Cum enim ibi maxime ardiia esset, Lydi non timebant, 
ne ab ea parte impetus fieret. Eodem autem loco miles ille 
viderat aliquem Lydorum descendere, ut galeam, quae decide- 
rat, reciperet, eamque reportare. Quod cum vidisset, eodem 
modo ascendit. Cum multi alii eum secuti in murum ascendis- 
sent, urbs capta atque direpta est. Croesus vivus captus est, 
postquam quattuordecim annos regnavit. 

8. Croesum captum Persae ad regem adduxerunt. Cyrus 
eum vinctum rogo imponi jussit cumque eo quattuordecim Ly- 
dorum filios. Croeso autem in rogo stanti et tanta calamitate 
oppresso illud Solonis (dictum) in mentem venisse dicttur, ne- 
minem ante mortem beatum esse. In cogitationlbus defixus 
post longum silentium ex imo pectore vocem edidit et ter Solo- 
nem vocavit. Qua voce audita, Cyrus interpretes eum inter- 
rogare jussit, quis ille esset, quern vocaret. Qui cum accessis- 
sent et interrogassent, Croesus initio nihil respond it; deinde 
autem, cum interrogando urgeretur: Is est, in quit, quocum 
colloqui omnibus regibus melius est, quam magnas opes ha- 
bere. Interpretes, curn illud responsum non inteliexissent, 
rursus interrogaverunt, quid diceret. Turn demum Croesus, 
identidem interrogatus, eis narravit, Solonem Atheniensem, 
virum sapientem, qui longinquas peregrinationes suscepisset, 
oiim ad se venisse, ut mores institutaque Lydorum cognosce- 
ret. Cum omnes suas divitias ei ostendisset, se ex eo quaesi- 
visse, nonne beatus esset; at Solonem, eas pro nihiio putan- 
tem, dixisse, flnem vitae respiciendum esse; ante mortem 
neminem beatum esse. Cyrus, cum ab interpretibus audivis- 
set, quae Croesus dixerat, eum servare constittiit. Itaque 
celeriter ignem exstingui et Croesum eosque, qui cum eo rogo 
impositi erant, deduci jussit. 

9. Croesum ad se adductum sic allocutus est: Quis tibi 
liommum, Croese, persuasit, ut regnum meum aggredereris et 
hostis mihi quam amicus esse malles? Turn ille: Quod feci, 



— 131 — 

inquit, tibi prospere, mihi male cessit. Causa autem belli fuit 
deus quidam Graecorum, qui me impulit, ut bellum tibi infer- 
rem. Nemo enim tarn stultus est, ut bellum paci praeponat, 
cum in bello filii a patribus, in pace patres a filiis sepeliantur. 
Sed ut haec ita fierent, a diis constitutum esse existimo. 

10. Croesum ad hunc modum loctitum Cyrus vinciilis libe- 
rari et sibi assidere jussit; rex ipse et omnes, qui aderant, 
magnum ei honorem tribuerunt. Croesus autem, in cogita- 
tionibus defixus, aliquamdiu silebat; cum subito: Licetne, in- 
quit, rex, dicere, quod mihi in mentem venit? Turn ille, cum 
Cyrus eum cohortatus esset, ut sine ulla dubitatione diceret, 
quae vellet, interrogavit: Quid ista magna hominum turba 
tanto studio facit ? Urbem tuam, inquit Cyrus, diripit et opes 
tuas aufert. Turn Croesus: Neque meam, inquit, urbem diri- 
pit, neque meas opes aufert, sed tua diripiunt et auferunt; 
jam enim nihil 1 omnium harum rerum meum est. Postquam 
autem dii immortales me tibi servum tradiderunt, aequum esse 
puto tibi suadere, quod tibi utile sit. Persae quidem superbi, 
sed inopes sunt. Quod si passus eris, eos omnes opes ablatas 
sibi retinere, hoc tibi accidet: Quo plures opes habebunt, eo 
magis tibi timendum erit, ne tibi insidias parent. Quamobrem 
tibi suadeo, ut hoc meum consilium sequaris. Ex satellitibus 
tuis custodes apud portas dispone, ut exeuntibus militibus 
opes auferant, simulantes, decimam partem praedae diis tri- 
buendam esse. Quod si feceris, non resistent, te justa facere 
putantes, odiumque eorum effugies. 

'jam. .nihil, no longer, .anything 

1 1 . Croesi consilium, quod prudentissimum esse videbatur, 
secutus Cyrus satellites statim ad portas se conferre jussit, ut 
militibus praedam auferrent. Croesum autem laudibus orna- 
tum his verbis allocutus est: Croese, qui consilio tuo mihi plu- 
rimum profueris, die, quid tibi gratum facere possim. O rex, 
inquit ille, abs te peto, ut patiaris, me deo Graecorum, cui 
semper maximum honorem tribiii, haec vincula mittere eum- 
que interrogare, num ei mos sit, eos fallere, a quibus colatur. 
Cum Cyrus interrogasset, cur deum ita incusaret, Croesus nar- 
rayit, se, cum Delphos ApollTni dona misisset, ejus responso 



_ 132 — 

impulsum esse, ut bellum Persis inferret. Qua re narrata, 
rursus idem petlvit, quod antea petiverat. Cyrus ridens: Et 
hoc, inquit, te facere sinam et alia, quae a me petiveris. Yenia 
impetrata, Croesus aliquos Lydorum Delphos misit, qui ApoL 
lini vinciila traderent. 

12. Lydis Croesi jussu Delphos profectis Pythia sic re- 
spondit: Injuria Croesus deum incusat. Apollo enim praedixe- 
rat, ilium magnum regnum deleturum esse, si Hulym transis- 
set. Croesus autem, si prudenter facere voluisset, ilerum in- 
terrogare debebat, Lydorum an Cyri regnum deus dixisset. 
Itaque cum, responso non intellecto, iterum non interrogave- 
rit> sibi ipsi culpam tribuat. Lydi Sardes reversi responsum 
Pythiae Croeso renuntiaverunt. Quo responso lato, Croesus 
intellexit, culpam sibi, non deo attribuendam esse. 



04. 



Da Cyro pitero. 



1. Astyagi, ultimo Medorum regi, Alia erat, cui nomen 
erat Mandane. Rex olim somnium vidit, quo perterritus 
magos, somniorum interpretes, consuliiit. Magi, cum omnia 
deliberavissent, a filia imperio illlus periculum fore dixerunt. 
Itaque rex filiam non nobili culdam Medorum, qui illustri regis 
familia dignus esset, sed Persae culdam uxorem dedit. Is 
tranquillo ingenio et nobili apud Persas genere erat. Cum 
enim Medi Persas in dicione sua tenerent, nobilissimi Persa- 
rum mediocribus Medis vix pares habebantur. Itaqua non 
timendum erat, ne Astyagis imperio a fllia periculum esset. 

2. Primo anno post, quam filiam nobili illi Persae uxorem 
dederat, Astyages aliud somnium vidit, quo non minus perter- 
ritus est. Itaque magos rursus consuliiit, qui ei suaserunt, 
ut, si Mandane filium peperisset, eum occideret, ne is regno 
Astyagis potiretur. Itaque Astyages, ubi Mandanen filium 
peperisse comperit, eum statim ad se portari jussit. Quo facto 
Harpagum, liommem amlcum et omnium Medorum fidelisst- 
mum, cui in omnibus rebus confidebat, ad se vocavit eumque 
puerum secum ferre et occidere jussit. 

3. Harpagus, cum ipse puerum occidere nollet, unum ex 
Astyagis pastoribus, qui in montibus greges pascebat, ad se 



— 133 - 

venire jussit elque mandavit, ut Astyagis jussu puerum in 
inontibus deserto loco exponeret, ut quam celerrime morere- 
tur; quern si non occidisset, sed aliquo modo servasset, ipsi 
pessime moriendum esse denuntiavit; sibi autem regem impe- 
rasse, ut expositum puerum videret. 

4. Id facere ab Harpago jussus pastor puerum portans 
eadem via, qua venerat, domum rediit. Casu autem acciderat, 
ut eodem die, quo pastor in urbem profectus erat, uxor ejus 
filium pareret. Qui cum domum redisset, uxor interrogavit, 
cur ad Harpagum voeatus esset. Turn ille: O mulier, inquit, 
postquam in domum Harpagi veni, vidi audivlque, quae nun- 
quam vidisse et audivisse vellem. Vidi ibi puerum, auro et 
pretiosa Teste ornatuin, quern Harpagus me quam celerrime 
domum meam portare et deserto loco exponere jussit, mortem 
minatus, si non fecissem, quod mihi imperasset. Ita factum 
est, ut puerum domum portarem. Miratus autem, quod puer 
auro pretiosaque veste ornatus esset, in itinere ex ministro, 
qui me ex urbe domum redeuntem comitatus est, cognovi, 
puerum esse Mandanes filium. 

5. Pastor, cum haec dixisset, puerum uxori ostendit, quae, 
cum videret, puerum pulchrum esse, omnibus precibus petivit, 
ne eum exponeret. Turn ille negavit, se aliter facere posse; 
exploratores enim ab Harpago missos venturos esse, ut exposi- 
tum puerum viderent: si non feeisset, quod Harpagus imperas- 
set, sibi pessime moriendum fore. Mulier, cum conjugi per- 
suadere non posset, ut puerum servaret: Quoniam tibi, inquit, 
persuadere non possum, ne puerum exponas, et quia necesse 
est, expositum puerum ostendi, dolo usus mandatum hoc modo 
confice: Peperi mortuum puerum; eum cape et expone; Man- 
danes autem filium ut nostrum educemus. Ita et tu non vidc- 
beris neglexisse, quod dommus tibi mandavit, et nos filium 
habebimus. 

6. Pastor, cum mulier ei optime suasisse videretur, consi- 
lium ejus statim sectitus est. Filium Mandanes uxori tradidit, 
suum vero mortuum, postquam auro et pretiosa veste alterlus 
pueri ornavit, in inontibus loco deserto exposuit. Tertio die 
post, quam puerum exposuerat, pastor in urbem se contukt. 



— 134 — 

ut Harpago diceret, se paratum esse puerum expositum osten- 
dere. Harpagus satellitum suorum fidelissimos misit, qui eum 
viderent et sepellrent. Mandanes autem filium, qui postea 
Cyrus appellatus est, ut suuin pastor educavit. 

1. Cum Cyrus, cui pastor aliud nomen dederat, puer de- 
cern annorum esset, res quaedam accidit, qua cognitus est. 
Aliquando puer ille ludebat in vico, in quo pastor habitabat. 
Pueri cum eo ludentes pastoris filium regem creaverunt. Is, 
rex creatus ? alios puerorum domos aedificare, alios satellites 
essejussit; idem nuntios constituit, qui res, de quibus cum 
rege agendum erat 7 sibi nuntiarent. Ita suum culque nego- 
tiurn dedit. Unus ex pueris, nobilis inter Medos viri films, 
Cyri jussis non parebat. Itaque Cyrus a satellittbus eum com- 
prehendi et ad se adduci jussit. Quo facto Cyrus eum verbe- 
ravit. Ille vero valde dolens, quod id passus erat, in urbem 
ad patrem rediit, ut de pastoris filio quereretur. Pater iratus 
statim ad regem se contiilit, filium secum ducens, ut umeros 
ejus verberibus sauciatos ei ostenderet. O rex, inquit, a servo 
tuo, pastoris filio, liaec indigna passi sumus. 

8. Astyages nobili illi Medo, quern praeter 1 ceteros cole- 
bat et diligebat, pollicitus, se pastoris filium puniturum esse, 
pastorem cum filio ad se arcesslvit. Qui cum ad regem venis- 
sent, Astyages irato ammo Cyrum intuens: Tu, inquit, qui es 
pastoris films, a.usus es filium nobilissimi Medi, quern omnium 
maxime colo et diligo, tarn indigne tractare? Turn Cyrus: 
Equldem, o rex, non injuste feci. Nam pueri vici nostri me- 
cum ludentes me regem creaverunt, quod iis aptissimus vide- 
bar esse. Ceteri pueri omnes jussa faciebant, hie unus mihi 
non parebat; ob earn causam eum verberari jussi. Quae cum 
ita sint, judica, num injuste fecerim et poena dignus sim. 

praeter ceteros, more than the rest 

9. Haec dum puer loquitur, Astyages, os vultumque pueri 
acemme contemplatus, eum Mandanes filium esse suspicatus 
est. Hue accedebat, ut tempus, quo filium Mandanes exponi 
jusserat, cum aetate pueri convenlre videretur. Quibus rebus 
commotus, rex in cogitationibus defixus aliquamdiu tacebat. 
Cum se recepisset, pollicitus, se in 1 puerum ita facturum esse, 



— 185 — 

ut ille de se queri non posset, nobllem ilium Medum dimisit, ut 
pastorem secreto de filio interrogaret. Medo dimisso, rex Cyrum 
a ministris in aliam regiae doinus partem duci jussit. Quo 
abducto, pastorem rex interrogavit, a quo puerum accepisset. 
Ille respondit, eum suum filium esse. Astyages autem, cum eum 
falsa dicere suspicaretur, ilium prudentem esse negavit, si non 
prius confiteri vellet, quam tormentis coactus esset; dumque 
haec loquitur, satellitibus signo dato imperat, ut hominem com- 
prehendant. Turn demum pastor, cum rex tormenta ei minatus 
esset, rem, ut erat, narravit et sibi veniam a rege petlvit. 

hcith 

10. Astyages, cum hoc inodo cognovisset, Cyrum serva- 
tum esse, eosdem magos convocavit, qui ei tristia ilia de Man- 
danes filio somnia interpretati erant. Qui cum advenis.-ent, 
rex sic allocutus est: Abhinc decern annos mihi suasistis, ut 
filium Mandanes exponerem, cum dicere tis, eum, si viveret, 
regno meo potiturum esse. Consilium vestrum secutus pue- 
rum Harpago tradideram, ut eum exponeret expositumque oc- 
cideret. At Harpagus eum servavit, et servatus puer vivit. 
Pueri ejus vici, in quo a pastore quodam educabatur, cum eo 
ludentes regem eum creaverunt, atque ille rex creatus omnia 
fecit, quae veri reges faciunt; nam et satellites constituit et 
aliis alia 1 negotia tribuit. Nunc dicite, quid de hac re judice- 
tis. Magi, cum diu multumque secum reputassent, responde- 
runt: Cum puer jam rex fuerit, bono es ammo 2 ; iterum enim 
rex nonerit. Quo responso laetus Astyages: Ego quoque, in- 
quit, judico, sotnnium jam non respiciendum esse, quoniam 
puer rex fuit: nihilommus autem omnia bene deliberate, ut 
sciam, quid mihi tutissimum sit. Nihil prorsus videmus, in- 
quiunt magi, quod tibi timendum sit. Itaque te cohortamur, 
ut bono sis ammo et puerum in Perstdem ad parentes mitt as. 
His verbis laetus Astyages Cyrum ad se vocavit et sic allocu- 
tus est: O puer, vanum sommum me commovit, ut injuriam 
tibi inferrem, sed deorum benignitate servatus es. Nunc igi- 
tur in Perstdem abi; ministros tecum mittam, qui te comiten- 
tur. Quo cum veneris, patrem et matrem invenies, qui nobi- 
lioregenere sunt, quam pastor ej usque uxor, qui te educaverunt. 

1 aliis alia negotia, to some one. to some another business 2 o/ good cheer 



„ 136 — 

11. Astyages haec locutus Cyrum dimisit; Harpagum autem 
gravi poena affecit, quia non fecerat, quod facere jussus erat„ 
Cyrus, cum ad parentes venisset, benigne ab iis exceptus est. 
Postquam autem cognoverunt, quis esset, magna laetitia aflfecti 
sunt; nam putaverant, eum mortuum esse, simulac natus esset. 
Ille rem exposiiit; se ipsum antea nihil scivisse ait, in itinere 
autem omnia comperisse. Ipse enim putaverat, se filium pa- 
storis esse, in itinere autem veram rem a comitibus eognoverat. 

35. Quomodo Cyrus Persarurrv regnum condiderit. 

1. Cum Cyrus, aequalmm suorum fortissimus omnibusque 
Persis carissimus, adolevisset, Harpagus injuriam a rege sibi 
illatam ulcisci constituit. Itaque Cyro ampla munera misit, 
ut eum sibi amicum, regi inimlcum redderet; simulque autem 
cum nobilissimis Medorum collocutus iis persuasit, melius esse, 
Cyrum regnare pro Astyage, qui crudelitate sua multorum in 
se odium convertisset. Conjuratione ita praeparata, Harpa- 
gus Cyro, qui in Per side erat, consilium suum hoc modo ape- 
ruit: In lepSris ventre epistulam occultavit, in qua scripta 
erant, quae fieri vellet. Leporem fidelissimo culdam servo, 
qui pastoralem cultum induerat, ut venator esse videretur, 
tradidit eumque inPersidem ad Cyrum misit. Harpagus autem 
eum, cum leporem traderet, Cyro dicere jusserat, necessarium 
esse, Cyrum sua manu lepSrem aperlre neque ullum hommem 
adesse, cum id faceret. 

2. Cyrus, cum leporem accepisset, arbitris (testibus) re- 
motis ventrem ejus aperuit. Ventre aperto, epistulam invenit, 
in qua haec scripta erant: Cyre, dii tibi benigni sunt; nam 
benignitate deorum servatus es. Nunc igitur ulciscere et per- 
sequere injuriam ab Astyage tibi illatam, qui te infantem ex- 
poni jussit, ut perlres. Mea autem et deorum benignitate vi- 
vis, quia non feci, quod rex mihi imperaverat, sed te servavi 
et pastori culdam educandum tradtdi. Quodsi consilium meum 
secutus eris, omnium Astyagis terrarum imperium obtinebis. 
Persuade igitur Persis, ut ab Astyage deficiant, et exercitum 
due in Mediam. Si ego ab Astyage dux contra te factus ero, 
exercitum meum cum tuo conjungam. Idem faciet quilibet 
nobilium Medoium ? cum dux factus erit. 



— 137 _ 

3. Cyrus, epistula lecta, secum deliberavit, quo modo Per- 
sis persuadere posset, ut ab Astyage deficerent. Qua re deli- 
berata, hoc ei optimum esse videbatur. Simulans, se ab Asty- 
age Persarum ducem factum esse, Persas convocavit eosque 
constituta die cum falcibus adesse jussit. Postquam omnes 
Persae constitute tempSre cum falcibus convenerunt, Cyrus 
eos locum quendam spinosum uno die purgare jussit. Cum 
id fecissent, iis imperavit, ut postridie lauti adessent. Interea 
omnes ovium et bourn greges patris sui in unum locum con- 
duxit, ut optimis cibis Persas exciperet. Cum postridie con- 
venissent, eos in prato considere jussit, ut laetitiae et hilar i. 
tati se darent. Cyrus, ubi eos vino ciboque se largiter invi- 
tantes 1 vidit, interrogavit, utra meliora illis viderentur, quae 
pridie habuissent, an quae hodie haberent. Cum Persae re- 
spondissent, magnum discrlmen esse: pridie enim se omnia 
mala habuisse, at hodie omnia bona. Turn Cyrus: Persae, in- 
quit, sic res se habet: Si me sequi voletis, haec et plurima 
alia bona vobis obtingent omniumque servilmm laborum 
expertes eritis; sin autem me sequi noletis, plurimi labores 
hesternis similes vos oppriment. Agite, consilium meum se- 
quimmi, ut liberi sitis. Equidem deorum voluntate ad id 2 
natus esse mihi videor, ut haec bona vobis parem, quos neque 
aliis rebus neque fortitudme Medis inferiores esse judico. Quae 
cum ita sint, vos admoneo, ut ab Astyage deflciatis. 

J 8e largtter invitare, to enjoy one's self 2 for this purpose 

4. Persae, Medorum imperium aegre ferentes, postquam 
ducem invenerunt, libenter sibi libertatem paraverunt. Astya- 
ges, certior factus, Cyrum id agere, ut rcgnum sibi eriperet, 
nuntium misit, qui eum advocaret. Cyrus eum regi renuntiare 
jussit, se prius adventtirum esse, quam illi gratum esset. Quo 
nuntio relato, Astyages bellum adversus Cyrum summa vi 
paravit et Harpagum ducem fecit, oblltus, quam injuriam ei 
fecisset. Omnibus rebus paratis, Medi ad bellum profecti 
sunt. Proelio commisso, alii, Harpagi consilii non conscii, 
fortiter pugnaverunt, alii ad Persas defecerunt, plerlque autem 
fuga salutem petiverunt. 

5. Ita factum est, ut Medi a Persis devincerentur. Astya- 
ges, cum nuntius ei allatus esset, rem 1 male gestain esse, omnes 



— 188 — 

Medos in urbe relictos, et juniores et seni5res, quam celer- 
rime arma capere jussit, ut iterum proelium cum Persis com- 
mitteretur. Medi iterum fusi fugatlque sunt; rex ipse, maxi- 
ma Medorum parte occlsa, cum vivus in hostium potestatem 
venisset, regno suo privatus est. Ab eo tempore Persae im- 
perium Asiae tenebant. 
l Jfghi 



139 — 



VOCABULARY 

to the Foregoing Reading Lessons. 



? ,r (with ablat), from, away from, by 

abdiico, -er<5, abduxi, abductum, 

to carry away, to take with 
abeo, -Ire^ -II, -Itum, to go away 

abhinc, ago 

abjTcio,-«5rS, abjeci, abjectum, to 
throw down; speni abjicere, to give up 
hope 

abol^o, -ere, abole vi, abolltum., 
to abolish 

abs (w. M.),from 

absum, abesse, afiii, to be absent, to be 
away 

accedo, -Sr6, access!, accessiiiii, 
to go near, approach; ad jugum acce- 
dere, to put ones self to the yoke; hue 
accedit, to this it is added 

acctdit, it happens 

accTpio, -ere, accepi, acceptiim, 
to receive, accept 

ac£r, -rls, -re\ keen, sharp, bitter; 
acerrimus, ardent; acriter, sharply 

Achilles, -Is (m.), Achilles, the cele- 
brated Grecian hero 

acies, -el (f.),a (line of) battle 

acquiesco, -ere, acquie^vl, acqule- 
t;um.. to rest 

actio, -er£, aciii, acutu.ni, to sharp- 
en, whet 

ad (w. ace), at, to, near 

addo, -er^, -IcLl, -Itum, to add 

adduco, -ere, adduxii, adductiim.. 
to lead, to induce 

adeo, -Ir§, adii, adltum., to go to 

adhinnio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, to 
neigh to 

adhortor,-ari, -atus sum, to exhort 

fidimo, -erS, ademi, ademptum, 
to take away 

Sdtpiscor, -I, adeptiis sum, to obtain 



adjicio, -er6, adjeci, adjectuin, to 
add 

admiratio, -onis (f.), admiration 

admlror, -arl, -atus sum, to ad- 
mire 

admitto, -5re, admlsi, admissu.ro., 
to admit 

admoneo,-erS, -iii> -Itum, to ad- 
monish 

adSi^o, -ere\ adolevi, adultum., 
to grow up 

adspectiis, -lis (m.), appearance, a 
sight 

adspicio, -6re\ adspexi, adspec- 
tum, to see 

adsum, adesse, adftii, to be present 

adulatio, -orils (f.), flattery 

adulescens,- tls (m.), a youth, a young 
man 

advenio, -ire, adveni, adventum, 
to arrive 

adventus, -lis (m.)> a coming, an ar- 
rival 

adversiis, -a, -iini, adverse, un- 
favorable 

advoco, -ar§, -avi, -arum, 
summon 

aedificium, -I (n.). a building 

aediflco, -ar§, -avi. -atum, 
build 

aegre, with grief, reluctantly 

Aegyptus, -i (f.), Egypt 

aequalls. - (m.) 5 a contemporary 

aequiis, -a. -um, equal, fair; aequo 
proelio, with equal success 

aer, aeris (m.), the air 

aes, aeris (n.), brass 

aestus, -lis (m.), heat 

aetas, -atis (f.), age 

aeternus, -a, -um, eternal; in aeter- 
num, forever 

aflfectus, -a, -iim, struck 



to 



to 



140 



affero, -r«5, att7U.li, allatuxxi, to 

bring to; (cibos) afferre, to serve 
(dishes) 

afficlo, -&re\ aftecx, affectixiix, to 
treat, affect; praemio afficere, to bestow 
a reward; poena afficere, to afflict 
with punishment; laetitia afficere, to 
gladden; cura afficere, to cast down 

affigo, -ere, affix:!, affixiiiiri, to 

^fasten to 

Agamemno, -onis (ni.)j Agamem- 
non, commander in chief of the Gre- 
cian forces before Troy 

age, come 

aggredlor, -x, aggressils sum, to 
attack 

agnosco, -ere, agnovx, agnitruxxx, 
to acknowledge, recognize 

ago, -ere, egx, actixxix, to do, to 
transact; id agere, to have in mind; 
gratias agere, to return thanks 

agrestis, -e, rustic; homo agrestis, a 
peasant 

agricola, -ae (m.), a farmer, peasant 

agriculture, -ae (f.), agriculture 

Ajax, -acis (m.), Ajax 

ajo, I say 

ala, -ae (f.), a wing 

Alexander, -rl (m.), Alexander 

aliquamdiii, some time 

aliquando, some time 

aliqnis, aliqua, aliquid., aliquod. 
some one, some, any one 

aliter, otherwise 

Sttus, -a, -xxci, other, another 

alloquor,-!, allocutixs sum, to address 

alter, -a, -ixxix, second, the other (of 
two), one of two 

alt-us, -a, -ixxix, high, deep 

Smarils, -a, -Hiix, bitter 

Amasis, - (m.), Amasis 

amicitia, -ae (f.) , friendship 

amicus, -I (m.), a friend 

amitto, -erS, amisx, amissum, to 
lose 

amo, -ar5, -avi, -atuni, to 
love, like 

amplius, further; non amplius, no longer 

ampliis, -a, -Hm, splendid 

5n, or 



angustiae, -aruxxx (pi. f.), a narrow 
passage 

animus, -x (m.), the mind, soul, spirit; 
animos laedere, to hurt the feelings 

amrus, -i (m.), a year 

ante (w. ace), before 

an tea, before 

antlquitas, -atis (f.), antiquity 

antiquiis, -a, -u.xix, ancient 

anulus, -I (m.), a finger-ring 

Apelles, -Is (m.), Apelles, a distin- 
guished Greek painter 

aperio, -ire, aperux, apertixixx, 
to disclose; se aperlre, to betray one's 

v Sd f„ 

Apollo, -Ixxls (m.), Apollo 
appareo, -erS, -u.1, -Ituxix, to 

appear, to make one's appearance 
appello, -are, -avi, -attiru, to 

name, call 
appello, -ere, appulx, appulsiliix, 

to land 
appeto, -er5, appetivx (-II), appe- 

tltu.ni, to seek; nocte appetente, at 

night fall 
Appius, -a, -ximL, Appian 
appropinquo, -are, -avx, -atixiix, 

to approach 
apto, -are, -a/vx, -atlxixx, to fit 
aptus, -a, -U.IXX, adapted, fitted for 
apiid (w. ace), among, with, at; near 
aqua, -ae (f.), water 
Araxes, -Is (f.), the river Araxes 
arbitex*, -x»I (m.), an arbiter; a witness 
arbitroi*, -ari, -atxxs sum, to believe, 

think, regard 
arcesso, -ere, arcessxvx, arcessx- 

truiix, to summon 
Ardea, -ae (f.), Ardea 
arduxis, -a, -urn, arduous, steep 
argentixxxx, -I (n.), silver 
Argivx, -ox»u.ixx (pi. m.), the Argives 
Ariadne, -es (f.), Ariadne 
armatiis, -a, -uxxx, armed 
Armmms -x (m.), Arminius 
ars, -tls (f.), an art 
art if ex, -Icls (m.), cm artist 
ars:, -els (f.), a citadel 
ascendo, -er&, ascendx, ascensixixx, 

to ascend^ to climb up 



141 — 



Asia, -ae (f.), Asia 

assldo, -&r&, assedl, (no sup.), to sit 
down 

Astyages, -Is (m.), Astyages 

St, but, on the contrary 

AthenTensis, - (m.), an Athenian 

atque, and 

attamen, still 

attribtio, -Sre\ attribul, attrlbu.- 
tiim, to attribute: to put on 

audeo, -er6, ausus sum, to dare, 
venture 

audio, -Ire. -Ivi, -Itum, to hear 

aufero,aufeire\abstuli,ablatuni, 
to carry away 

aug£o, -erS, auxi, auctum, to in- 
crease 

Augustus, -I (m.), Augustus, the first 
emperor of Home 

Aulis, -Idls (f.), Aulis 

aureus, -a, -vim, of gold, golden 

aurum, -i (n.), gold 

autem (follows the first word in the sen- 
tence or clause), but, yet 

auxTlIum, -I (n.), help, assistance; 
auxilium ferre, to afford, render as- 
sistance 

averto, -ere, avert!, aversu.ni, to 
avert 

Svis, - (f.), a bird 

avolo, -are, -avi, -a.tru.ni, to fly 
away 

B. 

Bncchus, -I (m.), Bacchus 
beatiis, -a, -iim, happy, blessed 
bellum, -I (n.), tear 
bene, well 

beneficmm, -I (n.), abenefit 
benevolus, -a, -um, benevolent 
benignitas, -atis (f. ), goodness 
benignus, -a, -urn, favorable, kind 
bibo, -ere\ bibl (no sup.), to drink 
Blton, -onis (m.), Biton 
blandiis, -a, -um, flattering, gentle 
bonitas, -atis (f. ), excellence 
bonum, -I (n.), a good, possession 
bos, bovis (m.), an ox 
bracchium, -I (n.), the arm 
brevis, -S, short 



C. 

cado, -SrS, e&cidi, casum, to fall 

caeciis, -a, -um, blind 

caedo, -SrS, oecldi, caesum, to 

fell; ligna caedere, to cut wood; caesa, 

cuttings [fortune 

calamilas, -atis (f.), a calamity, mis- 
Calchas, -ae (m.), Calchas 
camelUs, -i (m.), a camel 
campus, -i (m.), a plain, field 
candens, -tis, red-hot 
capio, -er6, cepi, captum, to take, 

catch, seize, to take prisoner 
Cappadocia, -ae (f.), Cappadocia 
captlvus, -i (m.), a captive 
caput, -Itis (n.), the head; capitis 

damnare, to condemn to death 
career, -Is (m.), a prison 
carmen, -Inls (n.), a poem 
carpo, -ere, carpsi, carptum, to 

pluck 
carus, -a, -Um, dear; carissime, my 

dearest 
caseus, -I (m.), a cheese 
castra, -orum (pi. n.), a military 

camp 
casus, -us (m.), an accident, chance; 

casu, by chance 
causa, -ae (f.), a cause 
cedo,-ere, cessi, cessum, to retire; 

feliciter cedere, to go on, turn out, 

happily 
celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

celebrate 
celer, -Is, -£, swift; quam celemme, 

as quick as possible 
cena, -ae (f.), dinner, meal. Written 

also: coena 
cera, -ae (f.), wax 
certamen, -Inls (n.), a contest (in 

games); a combat 
certe, to be sure, certainly 
certo, -are\ -avi, -atum, to con- 
tend, strive 
certiis, -a, -um, certain; certiorem 

focere, to inform 
cerva, -ae (f.), a hind 
ceteri, -ae, -a, the rest, other 
Cherusci, -orum (pi. m.), the Che- 

rusci 



142 



cibils, -i (m.), food; cibos afferre, to 
serve dishes 

Cineas, -ae (m.), Cineas 

circa (w. ace), around, near 

circuraduco, -er§, circumduzxil, cir- 
cumductilm, to lead around 

civls, - (m.), a citizen 

ci vitas, -atis (f.), c state 

clades, -Is (f.), a defeat 

clamo, -are, -avi, -atilm, to cry 
out 

clarils, -a, -Hm, famous; clara vox, 
'a loud voice 

classls, - (f.), a fleet, the navy 

Claudiils,-! (m.), Claudius, a Roman 
consul 

claudo, -Si*e, clausl, clausiim, to 
shut, close 

Cleobls, - (m.), Cleobis 

clipeils, -I (m.), a shield 

Codes, -Itis (m.), Codes 

Codrils, -I (m.), Codrus 

coerceo, -ere, -HI, -Itilm, to 
restrain 

cogitatio, -onis (f.), thought 

cogito, -are, -avi, -atilm, to 

. think, reflect 

cognomen, -Inls (n.), a surname 

cognosco,-6re,cogno^^I,cognit"u.m, 
to know, recognize; to make the ac- 
quaintance 

eogo, -erS, coegl, coactilm, to 
compel, force 

cohibeo, -ere, -ill, -Itilm, to 
restrain 

cohortor,-ari,-atiis sum, to exhort 

colllgo, -ere, collegl, collectHm. 
to collect 

colloco, -ar§, -avi, -atiim, to 
put, place 

colloquiiliTi, -i (n.), a conversation 

colloquor*, -I, collocutxis sum, to 
converse 

colo, -er6, coliii, cultilm, to cul- 
tivate, to honor; Deum colere, to wor- 
ship God, revere God 

comes, -Itis (m.), a companion 

comitor, -ari, -atus sum, to ac- 
company 

comraitto, -ere, commlsl, comrais- 



silm, to commit; proellum commit- 
ter e, to fight a battle 
commode, conveniently, at one's ease 
commoveo, -ere, commovl, commo- 

tilm, to move, rouse 
communico, -are\ -avi, -atum, 

to impart 
communis, -e, common 
commuto, -are,* -avi, -atilm, to 

change, exchange 
compello, -erS, compull, compul- 

sum, to drive 
comperlo, -Ii^e\ compeii, comper* 

tilm, to learn 
complector, -I, complexUs sum, to 

embrace 
compleo, -erS, comple vl, comple- 

tum, to fill up 
comprehendo, -er6, comprehendl, 

comprehensiim, to seize 
concilio, -are, -avi, -atilm, to 

win, reconcile 
concito, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

arouse 
conclave^ -Is (n.), a room 
condicT<S, -onis (f.), a conditio?! 
condo, -§re, condid.1, condltilm, 

to found 
conduco, -SrS, conduxl, conduc- 

turn, to lead 
confero, conferred contru.11, colla- 

tilm,fo confer; se conferre,to betake 

one's self 
conficio,-ere^ confeci, confectilm, 

to accomplish 
confido,-&re\ conflsils siim, to trust, 

confide 
confit&or, -erl, confessils sum, to 

confess 
conflagro, -are, -avi, -atilm, to 

burn down 
confligo,-ere\ conflixI,conflictilm, 

to fight 
congredior, -I, congressHs sum, to 

engage 
conjicio,-er<5, conjeel, conjectHm, 

to throw 
conjungo, -Sre, conjunxl, conjunc- 

tilm, to unite 
conjunx, see conjux 



— 143 — 



coDJuratlS, onis (f.), a conspiracy 
conjuro, ~ar&, -avi, -atum. to 

conspire 

conju:x:,-ugIs (m.), a husband; (f)., 

a wife 
conor, -arl, -atus sum, to try 
conscendo, -ere, conscendl, conscen- 

sum (naves), to embark 
conscius, -a, -um, knowing, aware 
considero, -are, -avi, -atum., to 

consider 
consido, -£i*e\ consedl, consessiim, 

to alight; to sit down 
consilium, -I (n.), advice, plan 
consisto,-e^e^constltl,constituiii, 

to stand_ 
conspicio, -&r<5, conspexl, conspec- 

tum, to see 
consplro, -are, -avi, -atum. to 

conspire 
constantia, -ae (f.), constancy 
constituo, -ere, constitiil, constitu- 

tiim, to set up, determine, appoint 
consiilo, - ere,consulu.I, consul turn, 

to counsel, care for; consulere ali- 

quem, to consult some one 
contemno, -SrS, contempsi, con- 

temptiim, to despise 
contemplor, -ari, -atus sum, to 

contemplate 
contentiS, -onis (f.), strife 
continens, -tls (f.), a continent 
contin«5o, -ere, continu.1, conten- 

tum, to hold together 
contra (w. ace), against 
convenio, -ire, convenl, conven- 

tum, to meet; to agree 
converto, -Sre, convert!, conver- 

siim, to tarn; odium in se conver- 
ter, to incur the hatred; oculos in sc 

convertere, to attract the attention 
con vie ia, -orum (pi. n.), abusive 

language 
convlva, -ae (m.), a guest 
convlvium., -I (n.), a feast 
convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

call together 
copiae, -arum (pi. f.), troops. 

forces 
coram (w. abl.), in presence of 



Corinthus, -I (f.), the city of Corinth 
Coriolanils, -I (m.), Coriolanus 
Corioli, -orum (pi. m.), Corioli 
corpus, -oris (n.) a body 
credo, -Sre, crediul, creditum, " 

to believe, confide 
cremo, -are\-avl,- atum, to burn 
creo, -arS, -avi, -atu.ro., to cre- 
ate, elect, make 
cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, to 

grow, increase 
Creta, -ae (f.), Crete 
crimen, -Inls (n.), a crime 
Crito, -orils (m.), Crito 
Croesus, -I (m.), Croesus, celebrated 

for his riches 
crucio, -are\ -avi, -atilm, to 

torture 
crudelitas, -at Is (f.), cruelty 
crux, crticis (f.), a c?~oss 
culpa, -ae (m.), a fault, blame 
cultiis, -Us (m.), garb 
cum (w. abl.), with 
cum (conjunct.), when, as, though. 

whereas, since 
ciipio, -er<5, ctiplvl, cupltum, to 

wish, desire, covet 
cur, why 
cura, -ae (f.), care; cura afficere, to 

cast down 
euro, -arS, -avi, -atum, to take 

care, to care for 
currus, -us (m.), a carriage 
cursus, -us (m.), a course 
custodia, -ae (f.), a prison 
custodlo, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, to 

guard, watch 
custos, -odis (m.), a guard, 
Cyclops, -opis (m.), a Cyclop 
Cyrus, -I (m.), Cyrus 

r>. 

Daedalus, -I (m.), Daedalus 

damno, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

condemn 
Dareiis, -I (m.), Dareus, a Persian 

king 
de (w. abl.), of from, down from, cow 

cerning 
dea, -ae (f.), a goddess 



— 144 



deb So, -ere, -xxx, -xtixixx, to owe; 

I ought, must, should 
decedo, -ere, decessx, decessxxiii, ' 

to depart; vita decedere, to depart 

from life 
decern, ten 
decerno, -ere, decre-vx, decretxixii, 

to determine 
decido, -ex^S, decidx, (no sup.), to 

fall down 
decimxxs, -a, -xxixx, the tenth 
decipio, -ere, decepx, deceptruxix, 

to deceive 
deduco, -ere, deduxix, deductxxiix, 

to bring down 
defensox^, -oris (m.), a defender 
defero, -x^e, detxilx, delatxxixx, to 

bring 
deficxo, -ere, defecx, defectxiixx, to 

rebel against 
defixxxs, -a, -xxixx, lost 
deinde, then, afterwards, next 
dejiexo, -ere, dejecx, dejectxiixi 

throw down, to drive 
delecto, -are, -avx, -atruxix, to 

delight 
deleo, -ere, dele-vx, deletxliix, to 

destroy 
delibero, -are, -avx, -atxxxix 

deliberate 
Delos, -x (f.), Delos 
Delphi, -ox'lxixx (pi. m.), Delphi 
DelphTcxxs, -a, -xxixx, Delphic 
Demetriixs, -x (m.), Demetrius 
d em tim, a t length 
denuntio, -are, 4vi, -atxxiix 

warn 
deniio, again, anew 
depello, -ere, depulx, depulsxxxxx, to 

remove 
depono,-ex*e, depoaxxx, deposxtxim, 

to lay down 
derideo, -ere\ deiisx, derlstxixx, to 

laugh at 
descendo, -ere, descend!, descen- 

sxxxxx, to come down 
describo, -ere, descripsl, descrip- 

txxxrx, to describe 
desero, -ere, deserxxx, desertixixi, 
to abandon 



to 



to 



to 



desertHs, -a, -xxixx, desert 

desiderixxxxx, -x (h>), longing 
desilxo, -Ire, desilxlx, desurtuxxx, 

to leap down 
detraho ,-e^i?e, detraxx, detracxVu.ni, 

to draw from 
deixs, -x (m.), a god; Deus, God 
devinco, -ere, devicx, devicttxnx, to 

vanquish 
dexter, dext(e)ra, dext(e)rxxm, 

right 
Diana, -ae (f.), Diana 
(dicio), -oxxxs (f.), dominion 
dlco, -ere, dixx, dictxxnx, to say 
dictxxxxx, -x (n.), a saying, word 
dies, -ex (m. & f. in the sing., m. in the 

plur.), a day; dies festus, a holiday; 

in dies, from day to day * 

difficile, with difficulty 
digitixs, -x (m.), a finger 
dignxis, -a, -xxixx, worthy, deserving 
digredxox*, -x, dlgressixs sum, to 

depart 
dlligenter, carefully 

dIligo,-ex , e.dilexx,dilectxliix, to love 
dlmitto, -Sx^e, dlmlsx, dlmissixux, 

to dismiss, disband 
Diomedes, -Is (m.), Diomedes 
dlripxo, -ere, diripxix, direpttxiiX) 

to plunder 
dlruo, -ere, dlriix, dirutxxxxx, to 

destroy, demolish 
discedo,-ex^e, discessx, discessxxixx, 

to leave, depart 
discessxxs, -lis (m.), departure 
discipllna, -ae (f.), a discipline 
discordia. -ae (f.), discord 
discrlmexx, -xxxxs (n.), a difference 
dispono, -ere, disposxxx, disposx- 

tixixx, to dispose 
dm, for a long time, long 
dmturnxis, -a, -xxixx, long -continued 
dives, -xtxs, rich 
divido, -er5, divisx, divTslxixx, to 

divide, separate 
divlnxxs, -a, -xxiix, divine 
divitiae, -ax*xiixx (pi. f.), riches 
do, dare, declx, datxxixx, to give; 

dono dare, to give as a present; se 

dare, to give one's self up 



I dTi 



— U5 — 



doc&o, -er§, docu.1, doctu.ni. to 

teach 
do!e7>, -ere, -ul, -ltum, to grieve 

for 
dolor, -oris (m.),pain, grief 
dolus, -I (m.)i ct trick, craft; dolo, 

craftily 
dominatio. -onis (f.), dominion 
domiDiis, -I (m.), a master, a lord 
doorus, -lis (f.), a house; domi, at 

home; domiim, home; doino, from 

home 
douo, -are, -avi, -atiim. to 

present with, to give (as a present) 
donu.ni., -I (a.), a gift, present; dono 

dare, to give as a present 
Dores, -Iixiii (pi. m.), the Dorians 
dormlo, -Ire, -Ivi, -It u.111, to 

sleep 
dubitatio, -0111s (f.), hesitation 
dacenti, -ae. -a, two hundred 
duco, -ere, duzxi, ductum, to lead, 

bring, take; io matiimoDium ducere, 

to marry 
dulcis, -e, sweet 
diim, while, as long as 
duo, -ae, -o, two 
duodecim, twelve 
dux:, duels (m.), a leader, guide 

E. 

e (w. abl. aod ooly before consonaDts), 

from, of, out of 
ebrrus, -a, -u.111, drunk 
edico, -ere, edixii, edictum, to 

make known 
edo. -ere, edi. esum, to eat 
edo. -ere. edicLI, editiini. to give 

out; vocem edere, to utter a cry 
educo,-are,-a^I,-atu.iii, to bring 

up, educate 
educo, -ere, eduxi, eductu.111, to 

lead out 
efficio, -ere, effeel, effectum, to 

make, accomplish 
effio, -are, -avi, -atum, io 

breathe out; auTmum efflare, to breathe 

one's last 
effuglo, -6re, effugl, (no sup ), to es- 
cape 



ego, /; egomet, I 

egredlor, -1, egiessus sum, to go out 

egregius, -a, -urn, excellent 

eueu, alas 

ejiclo, -ere, ejeci, ejectu.111. to 

drive from? out 
elabor, -I, elapsus sum, to escape 
elephantus, -I (m.), an elephant 
emo, -ere, emi, emptum, to buy, 

purchase 
enim, for 
eo, thither 

Epammondas,-ae(m. ), Epaminondas 
Ephesriis, -a, -u.111, Ephesian 
Epirus, -1 (f.), Epirus 
epistula, -ae (f.), a letter 
epulae, -arum (pi. f.), a meal 
eptilor, -ari, -atus sum, to eat 
eques, -Itls (m.), a horseman, rider 
equidem, I for my pari 
equitatus, -lis (m.), cavalry 
equus, -i (m.), a horse, steed; ex 

equis, on horseback 
eripio, -ere, eripu.1, ereptu.m, to 

deliver from, to wrest from 
Eiis, -IcLis (f.) ? Eris. goddess of dis- 
cord 
erro, -ar§, -avi, -atum, to err, 

wander 
error, -oris (m.), a wandering 
escendo, -ere, escendi, escensum, 

to land 
esse, to be; see sum 
et, and, even; et. .et, both, .and 
etiam, also, too, even 
etiamsT. even if, although 
EtiTirTa. -ae (f.), Etruria 
Etruscus, -1 (m.), an Etruscan 
etsl, although, though 
evado, -ere, ejasl, evasu.ni, to 

escape 
evello, -ere, evelll, evulsu.ni, to 

pluck out 
eve ) 10, -ire, eveui, event u.111, to 

happen; eveiiit, it happens 
eventus, -us (m.), an event, a result 
evolo. -are. -avi, -atum, to fly 

out, fly up 
ex (w. abl.), from, of, out of 
exanimo,-areVavi. -atum, to kill 



146 



excaeco, -arfi, -avl, -atixiix, to 

make blind 

excipio, -ere, exeepx, excep"txi;nx, 
to take, receive; hospitio excipere, to 
receive as a friend; optimis cibis ex- 
cipere, to treat to the best dishes 

exclamo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
cry out 

excogito, -are, -avl, -atum, to \ 
think out, devise 

exeo, -Ire, -Ix, -Itxxm, to depart 

exercitiis, -lis (m.), an army 

existimo, -sire, -avi, -atixiri, to 
regard, believe 

exitiis, -xxs (m.), a going out 

expedio, -Ir8, -xvx, -Itrixiix, to 
bring out 

expeditiS, -onis (f.), an expedition 

expello, -ere, expuli, expulstim. 
to banish 

experiox*, -iri, expertxis sum, to ex- 
perience 

expers, -tis, free from 

expleo, -ere, explevl, exple- 
tum, to fill; famem, sitim explere, to 
lay the hunger, thirst 

explorator, -oris (m.), ci searcher 

expono, -ere, exposxtx, exposi- 
txixii, to set out, expose, explain 

expugno, -are, -avl, -atxxxrx, to 
capture, take by storm 

exstinguo, -ere, exstinxx, exstinc- 
txiiii, to quench 

exsulto, -are, -avx, -atiiiii, to 
exult 

extra (w. ace), without, out of; extra 
ordinem, outside of the ranks 

extremixs, -a, -xxxix, outermost 

exiio -ere, exux, exutum, to put off 

FabrTciits, -i (m.), Fabricius 
fabiila, -ae (f.), a play, a fable 
facilis -e, easy; facilis victus, a good 

income 
facTnixs, -oris (n.), a deed, crime 
facio, -ere, feci, factixnx, to make: 

injuriam facere, to offer an insult 
factiiixx, -1 (n.), a deed 
facultas, -atxs (f), ability 



fallS, -ere, fefelll, falsilxix, to 

cheat, deceive 
falsxls, -a. -ixxii, false; falsa, 

-orum (pi. n.), falsehood 
falx, -cis (f.), a sickle 
fama, -ae (f.),fame 
fames, -Is (f.), hunger 
familia, -ae (f.), a family 
familiarissime, on very friendly terms 
fanum, -I (n.), a temple 
fascis, - (m.), a bundle 
fatigo, -are, -avi, -atfim, to 

weary 
fatixiix, -I (n.), destiny 
fellcTtas, -atls (f.), happiness 
felix, -Ids, happy 
femina, -ae (f.), a woman 
fere, almost 
fero, ferx*e\ tru.ll, latum, to bear, 

carry; praemium ferre, to bear away 

the palm, grav 'iter ferre,fo be grieved at 
ferox, -ocis, fierce 
fgriis, -a, -xxxix, wild 
festixs, -a, -ixixx, festal 
fid ells, -e, faithful 
fides, -ex (f.), faith, belief; fidem ha- 
bere, tribuere, to trust 
fllTa, ^ae (f.), a daughter 
filiUs, -I (in.), a son 
fingo, -ere, finxl, fictruin, to carve 

an image fc 
finis, - (m.), an end; fines, -Ixiixx, 

(pi. m.), cl territory 
flnitimlxs, -a, -ixxix, neighboring 
fio, fieri, factiis sum, to become, 

turn out, happen, be made; fieri non 

potest, it cannot be possible 
tirmxis, -a, -xxxxx, strong, firm 
fit, it happens 
fleo, flere, flevi, fletuiix, to 

weep 
fletxxs, -Us (m.). tears 
fldreo, -ere, -xxl, (no sup.), to 

flourish 
flfimeix, -Ixxis (n.), a river 
fluo, -ere, flux:!, fluzxxxiix, to flow 
fluvixxs, -x (m.) a river 
foedxxs, -eris (n.), a treaty 
fore, to be about to be 
forte, perchance 



14T 



fortxs, -e\ brave 

fortlter, bravely 

fortitiido, -Ixxis (f.), bravery, courage 

fortuna, -ae (f.), fortune, luck; pros- 

pera for tuna, good fortune 
forixm, -i (n.), the market 
frater, -rxs (m.), a brother 
fraus, -cLIs (f ), a fraud 
frfmientixiTX, -i (n.), corn 
frustra, in vain 
fiiga, -ae (f.), flight 
f ugio, -ere, fugx, f ugrtixnx, to flee 

or fly 
fugo, -are, -avx, -atiliix, to put 

to flight 
fundo, -Sr€, fudx, fustxxrx, to rout; 

sanguinem fundere, to pour forth 

blood 



galea, -ae (f.), a helmet 
gens, -tis (f.), a nation 
genii, -Us (n.),the knee 
geniis, -eris (n.), a kind, race; no- 

bile genus, a noble family 
Germania, -ae (f.), Germany 
Ger mantis, -I (m.), a German 
gero, -erS, gessx, gestixm, to 

carry on 
glgas, -antis (m.), a giant 
gladiUs, -I (m.), a sword 
Graecia, -ae (f.), Greece 
Graecixs, -a, -Hixx, Greek 
gratiae, -arum (pi. f.), thanks 
gratixs, -a, -Hm, pleasing; thankful 
gravis, -e, heavy, severe; vox gravis, 

a deep voice 
graviter, with vexation; graviter ferre, to 

be grieved at 
grex, gregis (m.), a flock 

H. 

habeo, -ere, -Hi, -Itum, to have; 

sic se res habet, this is the matter; satis 

habere, to be satisfied 
habito, -are, -avx, -a/tHiix, to 

inhabit; to live 
Halys, -yos (m.), the Halys 
HarpagHs, -x (m.), Harpagus 
hasta, -ae (f.), a spear 



haurxo, -xre\ hausx, haustrum, to 

draw 
Hector, -oris (m.), Hector 
Helena, -ae (f.), Helena 
Heraclea, -ae (f.), Heraclea 
herl, yesterday 

HermUs, -x (m.), theHermus 
Herostratixs, -x (m.), Herostratus 
hesternixs, -a, -um, of yesterday 
hie, haec, hoc, this (of mine); haec, the 

following; hie (adv.)? here 
hilaritas, -at Is (f.), cheerfulness 
hodie, to-day 
Homerixs, -x (m.), the Greek poet 

Homer ' 
homo, -Ixxxs (m.), man, a man; ho- 
mines (pi. m.), people 
honestas, -atis (f.), honesty 
honesttxs, -a, -um, honorable 
honox*, -oris (m.), an honor 
honor lfieixs, -a, -xxxxx, honorable 
honoro, -are, -avl, -atilrix. to 

honor 
Horatixxs, -x (m.), Horace 
hospes, -Itls (m.), a friend, guest 
hospitlixixx, -x (n.), friendship; hospi- 

tio excipere, to receive as a friend 
hostls - (m.), an enemy 
humerus, -x (m.), the shoulder 
Hystaspes, -Is (m.), Hystaspes 

I. 

Tbi, there, here 

Icariixs, -a, -ixrix, Icarian 

Icarits, -x (m.), Icarus 

Ico, -ex»e\ lex, ictixxix, to strike 

Ida, -ae (f.), mount Ida 

Idem, eadem, idem, the same 

identidem, again and again 

ideo, for the reason, on that account 

Tgitur, therefore, then 

ignis, - (m.),flre 

ignoro, -are, -avx, -atixnx, not to 

know 
ille, ilia, illixd., that (yonder) 
illustrls, -e, illustrious 
illustro, -are\ -avi, -atixnx, to 

illuminate 
imago, -xxxxs (f.), an image, likeness 
imb«5r, -rxs (m.), a shower 



— 148 — 



mimergd, -6re, immersi, lmmer- 

sum, to plunge 
iminodestia, -ae (f.), disobedience 
imniolo, -are, -avi, -a turn, to 

sacrifice 
immortalis, -S, immortal 
impedlmentu.111, -i (n.), a hindrance; 

impedimenta/, -orum, baggage 
impello, -erS, impuli, impulsuin, 

to impel 
imperator, -oris (m.), a commander- 
in-chief, an emperor 
imp er lum , -I ( n . ) , empire, rule 
impero, -arS, -avi, -atuixi, to 

command, order 
impertlo, -Ire, -IvI, -Itu.nl. , to 

distribute, give 
impetro, -are, -avi, -a turn, to 

obtain 
impetus, -us (m.), assault 
impl^o, -ere, implevi, imple- 

tuixi, to fill, fill up 
imploro, -are, -avl, -atum, to 

implore 
impono, -erS, imposui, iraposl- 

tum, to put, place, lay on, impose 
improbus, -a, -um, wicked 
Imus, -a, -um, deepest 
in (w. ace) j into, on, against; (w. abl.), 

in, on, upon, among 
incendo, -ere, incendi, incensuiii, 

to burn, set on fire 
incipio, -ere, incepl, inceptum, 

to begin 
incolo, -erS, incolui, incultum, to 

inhabit 
incolumis, -£, safe 
incuso, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

accuse 
inde, thence [declare 

indico, -er§, indixi, indictum, to 
indignatus, -a, -um, wrathful 
indignum, -i (n.), a wrong; indigne, 

undeservedly 
indignus, -a, -um, unworthy 
induce, -ere, induxii, inductiim, 

to entice; animum inducere, to make 

up one's mind 
induo, -SrS, indul, indutum, to 

put on 



meo, -Ire, mli, laitum, to begin 
infans, -tls (m. & f.), a babe, child 
inferior, -us, inferior, lower 
infero, -re, intull, illatum, to 

carry into; bellum inferre alicul, to 
ivage war upon somebody; injur lain 
inferre, to do an injury, wrong 

inferus, -a, -um, below, lower; apud 
inferos, in the lower world 

ingenium, -I (n.), disposition 

ingens, -'tis, immense 

ingredlor, -I, ingressus sum, to 
enter 

tnimicus, -a, -iim, unfriendly, op- 
posed; linmleus, -I (m.), an enemy 

mitium, -I (n.), a beginning; initio, 
in the beginning 

injuria, -ae (f.), an injury, wrong; 
injuria, unjustly; injuriam facere, to 
offer an insult 

injustus, -a, -iim, unjust; in juste 
facere, to do wrong 

inopia, -ae (f.),want; scarcity of pro- 
visions 

mops, -opis, poor 

inquam, I say, quoth I 

inscribe, -ere, inscripsl, inscrip- 
tum, to ivrite upon 

insequens, -tis, following 

insequor, -I, insecfttus sum, to 
follow 

insidiae, -arum (pi. f.), an ambush 

insignis, -e, distinguished 

inspects, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
view 

institutum, -I (n.), an institution 

instrumentum, -I (n.), an implement 

instruo,-SrS,instrux:I, instructum, 
to draw up in order 

insula, -ae (f.), an island 

insum, Tnesse, inf in, to be in 

intellego, -ere, intellezx:!, intellec- 
tum, to understand, see, com- 
prehend 

inter (w. ace), among, between 

interdum, sometimes 

interea, meamchile 

interficio, -erS, interfeel, interfec- 
tum, to kill 

interim, meanwhile 



— 149 



interpret, -etxs (m.), an interpreter 
interpreter, -arl, -atHs sum, to 

explain 
interrSgo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

ask, question, inquire 
intro, -ar§, -avx, -atxixix, to 

enter 
introduco, -e>e\ introduxil, introduc- 

1tu.ixx, to lead in 
intrMo, -ere, intrusi, intrusviiix, 

to thrust in 
intiieor, -eri, -xt:iis sum, to look 

at, behold 
TnusTtatiis, -a, -ixxxx, extraordinary, 

uncommon 
in ut His, -e, useless, unfit 
invado, -erS, invasx, invasxiixx, to 

attack 
invShor, -i, invectxls sum, to ride into 
invenxo, -Ire, invenx, inventxiiix, 

to find 
invito, -are, -avi, -atxlxxx, to 

invite; se largiter invitare, to enjoy 

one's self 
invoco, -ar$, -avi, -atiiixx, to 

invoke 
Iphigenia, -ae (f.), Iphigenia 
ipse, -a, -Hnx, himself, herself, itself 
Ira, -ae (f.), anger 
irascor, -i, Iratiis sum, to grow or 

to be angry 
Iratiis, -a, -xixxx, angry 
irruo, -ere, -I, (no sup.), to rush 
is, ea, id, that; he, she, it 
iste, -a, -iid., that (of yours) 
Tta, so, thus, in this way 
Italia, -ae (£), Italy 
Ttaque, therefore 

iter, ltxixerxs (n.), a journey, way 
iterum, again 
Ithaca, -ae (f.), Ithaca 



jaclo, -ere, jeci, jactu-in, to throw 

jactura, -ae (f.), a loss; jacturam fa- 
cere, to suffer a loss 

jam, already; with negatives, longer 

janua, -ae (f.), a door 

jiibeo, -ere, jussl, jussuxxx, to 
order 



jticunde, pleasantly 

jucundiis, -a, -linx, pleasant, deli- 
cious 

judex:, -Icis (m.)* a judge 

judTcmxii, -1 (n.), a court, judgment 

judico, -arS, -avx, -atum, to 
judge, consider 

jugxixix, -I (n.), a yoke 

junior, (without n.), younger 

Juno, -oixxs (f.), Juno 

Juppiter, Jo vis (m.), Jupiter, Jove 

juro,-ax*e,-avI,-atxiiix, to swear; 
jiiratiis, -a, -Clixx, having sworn 

jfis, jxxrxs (n.), right, law 

jussu, by order 

jussiinx, -I (n.), an order 

justxxs, -a, -xlixx, just, proper; justa 
fa cere, to do right 

juvenxs, - (m.), a youth 



lab ox', -oris (m.), labor, exertion 

Labyrinthxis, -I (m.), the Labyrinth 

lac, lactis (n.), milk 

Lacedaemoniiis, -x (m.), a Lacedae- 
monian 

lacero, -arS, -avi, -attxnx, to 
tear in pieces 

lacrima, -ae (f.), a tear 

lacxxs -xxs (m.), a lake 

laedo, -Sr<5, laesx, laesdixx, to vio- 
late, hurt 

laetitia, -ae (f.), joy, delight 

laetHs, -a, -um, merry, joyful 

lapis, -xcixs (m.), a stone 

largiter, very much 

Latlnxls, -a, -ixixx, Latin 

Latona, -ae (f.), Latona 

laudo, -ax*e\ -avi, -atiiixi, to 
praise 

laus, -cLxs (f.), praise 

lautxls, -a, -Hxix, in a fine dress 

lavo, -are, lavx, lavatlxiix (laxi- 
tum, lotum), to icash 

legatio, -onis (f.), an embassy 

legatixs, -I (m.), an ambassador 

legio, -oixxs (f.), a legion 

lego, -ere, legx, lectliixx, to read 

lepxls, -oris (m.), a hare 

levo, -arS, -avi, -atilxxx, to uplift 



— 150 — 



lex, legis (f.), a law 

libenter, with pleasure, freely, willingly 

liber, -a, -unx, free 

Liber, -x (m.), Bacchus 

liber, -ri (m.), a book 

liberalitas, -atls (f.), liberality 

liberl, -orum (pi. m.), children 

libero, -are\ -avx, -atuixx, to (set) 

free, liberate, deliver 
licet, it is allowed, lawful, I am free; 

licu.it or lTcItunx est, licere" 
lignum, -x (n.), wood 
lingua, -ae (f.), the tongue, a language 
liquesco, -erS, licilx, (no sup.), to 

melt 
lltus, -oris (n.), o, shore 
locus, -I (m.), a place 
longinquiis, -a, -unx, far 
longus, -a, -uixx, long 
loquor, -i, locutus sum, to speak 
ludo, -erS, lusx, lusum, to play 
ludus, -x (m.), a play, game 
Lycia, -ae (f.), Lycia 
Lycius, -a, -iim, Lycian 
Lydia, -ae (f.), Lydia 
Lysippus, -x (m.), Lysippus 

Macedo, -oixls (m.), a Macedonian 
Macedonia, -ae (f.), Macedonia 
mag is, more 
magnificus, -a, -unx, magnificent, 

grand 
magnus, -a, -iiin, great, large, big; 

magna voce, with a loud voice, 
magus, -i (m.), « magician 
male, badly 
malo, malle, malux, (no sup.), to be 

more willing, prefer 
malum, -I (n.), an evil 
malum, -I (n.), an apple 
malus, -a. -unx, bad 
Mandane, -es (f.), Mandane 
mandatum, -x (n.), an order 
mando, -a,rS, -avi, -atuixx, to 

order, commit, entrust 
mane, in the morning 
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansHm, to 

stay, remain 
Manlius, -I (m.), Manlius 



Mantinea, -ae (f.), Mantinea 
manus,-u.s (f.), the hand 
Marcellus, -x (m.), Marcellus 
Marciils, -x (m.), Marcius 
mare, -Is (n.), the sea, ocean 
marmor, -Is (n.), marble 
matex^, -ris (f.), a mother 
matrTmoniixnx, -x (n.), a marriage 
maximus, -a, -iim, greatest 
medicus, -x (m.), a physician 
mediocrls, -e, ordinary 
Medus, -x (m.), a Median 
Megara, -ae(f.), Megara 
melior, -us, better 
membrum, -i (n.), a member 
memor, -Is, mindful 
memoria, -ae (f.), memory 
Menelaus, -I (m.), Menelaus 
mens, -tis (f.), the mind 
mercatox', -oris (m.), a merchant 
mercenariils, -a, -iim, hired 
Mercurius, -I (m.), Mercury 
metuo, -Sre, metux, (no sup.), to fear 
metis, -a, -uux, my 
Midas, -ae (m.), Midas, king of 

Phrygia 
milSs, -Itis (m.), a soldier 
mllitaris, -e\ military 
niille, a thousand; milia, thousands 
Minerva, -ae (f.), Minerva, the goddess 

of wisdom 
m misted, -x»x (m.), a swvant 
minor, -us, less, smaller 
minor, -ax*!, -atiis sum, to threaten 
Mlnos,-ois (m.), Minos, king in Crete 
Mlnotaurus, -x (m.), Minotaurus 
minus (adv.), less 
mira c uluixx , -x ( n . ) , a wonder 
mlror, -ari, -atiis sum, to wonder 

at, to admire 
mirus, -a, -iim, vconderful 
miser, -a, -iim, wretched, miserable 
miserox', -ari, -atiis sum, to pity 
mitto, -ere, misx, missum, to send 
modiciis, -a, -unx, little 
modo, just now, only; modo. .modo, now 

. .now 
modus, -x (m.), way, manner; hoc 

mods, in this manner; quomodo, in 

what manner, how ? 



151 



mons, -txs (m.). a mountain, mount 

morlor, -x, mortixxis sum, to die 

moror, -ari, -atxis stim, to delay 

mors, -txs (f.), death 

mortalxs, -e, mortal 

morttixxs, -a, -xxxxx, dead 

mos, mox»xs (m.), custom 

moveo, -ere, movi, motixxix. to 
move, influence; discordiam movere, 
to produce discord; bellum movere, to 
stir up war 

mox. soon 

MQcTxis, -x (m.), Mucins 

mulgeo, -ere, mulsx, mulsxxixi. to 
milk 

mulier, -Is (f.), a icoman 

multitudo, -lixxs (f.), a multitude; 
magna multitude), a very great number 

multo, much; non ita multo post, a short 
time aftenvards 

multiis, -a, -xxxix. much, many 

munxo, -xx^e, -xvx, -xtxxnx, to for- 
tify, protect 

munxxs, -eiis (n.), a gift 

murxxs, -x (m.), ci wall 

mus, mfiris (m.), a mouse 

mfito. -ar6, -arvi, -atxxixx. to 
change 

M} 7 rmidones, -Hm. (pi. m.), the Myr- 
midons 

IS. 

ham, for 

narro, -are, -a-vx, -atxiiii, to 

tell, relate 
nascox*, -x, natxxs sum, to be born, to 

rise; Part.Fut. naseiturxxs,-a,-ixiix 
nato, -are, -a vx, -atxiixx, to swim 
natura, -ae (f.), nature 
nauta, -ae (m.), a sailor, seaman 
navigo, -are, -avx, -atixnx, to sail 
navxs, ~ (f.), a ship; navl, navibus, by 

ship 
N axils, -I (f.), Naxos 
ne, not, that not, lest; granted that not; 

-ne (interrog. part.), whether, if 
ne. .quidem, not even 
necessarms, -3.-, -ixixx, necessary 
necesse est, it must needs 
neco, -ar§, -avi, at^m, t>o MU 3 

§lay 



neglggo,-ere^ neglezxii, neglectxxrrx, 

to neglect. Written also negligere 
nego, -are, -avx,-at7U.xix, to deny, 

say no 
negotmixx, -x (n.), an affair, matter, 

business 
nemo, -xxxxs (m.), nobody, no one; 

nemo nostrum, none of us 
XeptunHs, -x (m.), Neptune, the god 

of the sea 
neque, and not; neque. .neque, neither. . 

nor; neque tamen, but not 
Nestor, -oris (m.), Nestor 
nihil, nothing 
nihilominus, nevertheless 
nihTlxim, -I (n.), nothing 
nimis, too much, too 
nimium, too much 
nimixxs, -a, -xxxxx, over great 
n tsi, if not, unless, except 
n it ox', -x, nlsxxs & nixxxs sum, to 

endeavor 
no bills, -e, noble 
nolo, nolle, nollii, (no sup.), to be 

unwilling, not to wish 
nomexx, -xxxxs (n.), a name 
non, not, no; non solum, .sed ettam. not 

only, .but also 
nonne (interrog. part.), not, if not 
nostexv -x*a, -rixrrx, our 
ndtxxs. -a. -xxxxx, known 
tiuvem, nine 

r.ovx, novisse, to know 
novxis, -a, -xxxix, new 
nox, noctis (f.), the night 
nubes, -Is (f.), cl cloud 
nullxis, -a, -ixixx, no 
num (interrog. part.), whether, if 
numerxxs, -x (m.), a number 
nunc, now 
nuntio, -are, -avx, -atxiiix, to 

bring word, announce 
nuntixis, -x (m.), a messenger; news 
nuptiae, -axniixx (pi. f.), a wedding 
nusquam, nowhere 

O. 

ob (w. ace.)? on account of; ob earn 

causam, on that account 
obi|visc<$r, -I, oblTtr&s sum, to forget 



152 



obnltor, -I, obnixus sum, to oppose 
obsequor, -I, obsecu/tus sum, to 

accede 
obsideo, -er6, obsedi, obsessum, 

to besiege 
obsidTo, -onis (f.), a siege 
obstupefactiis, -a, -iim, astonished 
obtempero, -ar?, -avi, -atiim, 

to obey 
obtmeo,-ere, obtiniii, obtentum, 

to obtain 
obtingo, -ere, obtigi, (no sup.), to 

fall to one's lot 
occldo, -ere, occldi, occlsiim, to 

slay, kill 
occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

hide, conceal 
octingenti, -ae, -a, eight hundred 
oculiis, -i (m.), the eye; oculos in se 

convertere, to attract the attention 
odiosiis, -a, -um, hateful 
odiuni, -i (n.), hatred, enmity 
offero, -re, obtiili, oblatum, to 

offer 
olini, in former times, formerly 
omnis, -e, all, every, entire; omnia, 

-liim (pi. n.), all things, every thing 
onus, -eris (n.), a burden, load 
opes, -um (pi. f.), means, wealth 
oplnor, -ari, -atus sum, to think 
oppidum, -I (n.), a town 
oppono, -6re, oppo. ui, opposi- 

tum, to oppose 
opprTmo, -ere, oppress!, oppres- 

siim, to crush, overwhelm 
optime, best, in the best manner 
optnniis, -a, -iim, best 
opto, -are, -avi, -atuni, to wish 

for, desire 
opulentus, -a, -um, wealthy 
opus, -<5ris (n.), a work 
oractilum, -1 (n.), an oracle 
ordo, -In Is (m.), order, rank 
Orestes, -Is (m.), Orestes 
orlor, -iri, ortiis sum, to rise, arise 
orno, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

adorn; laudibus ornare, to bestow 

praise upon 
oro, -ar5, -avi, -atiim, to pray 
os, oris {u.) f the mouth; face 



ostendo, -SrS, ostendl, ostensu.111., 
to show 

ovls, - (f.), a sheep 



paliis, -i (m.), a pale 

par, parts, equal 

paratiis, -a, -um, ready 

parco, -Sr<5, pSperci, parsum, to 
spare 

parens, -tis (m. & f.), a parent 

pareo, -ere, -til, -Itum, to obey, 
to submit 

panes, -Stis (m.), a wall 

parlo, -ere, peperi, partum, to 
I bear; to secure; regnum parere, to 
secure the reign 

Paris, -Idis (m.), Paris 

paro, -are, -avi, -atum, to pre- 
pare for; to obtain; exercitum pa- 
rare, to raise an army 
i pars, -tis (f.), apart 

partim, partly 

parvus, -a, -iim, little, small 

pasco,-£r£, pavi, pastiim, to feed, 
to tend 

pastor, -oris (m.), a shepherd 

pastoralis, -e, pastoral 

pater, -ris (m.), a father, senator 
i patlor, -I, passus stim, to suffer 
| patria, -ae (f.), one's country, one's 

native land 
i Patroclus, -I (m.), Patroclus 

pauci, -ae, -a, few, a few 

paulum, little; paulo post, a little after 

pax, -cis (f.), peace 

pectus, -oris (n.), the breast, heart 

pecunla, -ae (f.), money 

pecus, -oris (n.), cattle 

pedes, -I tis (m.), a foot-soldier 

Peleus, Pelei (m.), Peleus, father of 
Achilles 

pendeo, -ere, pependi, pensuin, 
to hang 

Penelope, -es (f.), Penelope 

penna, -ae (f.), a feather 

per (w. ace), through, during 

peregrinatiS, -onis (f.), travel 

peregrlnor, -ari, -atus sum, to 
travel 



— 153 



pgrSo, -Ire\ -II, -Itum, to perish 
perficlo , -er6, perfecl, perfectum, 

to finish 
perfidia, -ae (f.) , perfidy 
perlctilosus, -a, -iim, dangerous 
periculum, -I (n.), danger 
peri tils, -a, -uni, experienced; perl- 

tior. a better judge 
Persa. -ae (m.), a Persian 
perscrlbo. -ere, perscripsi, perscrip- 

tum, to unite 
persequor. -I, persecutus stim, to 

pursue 
Persls, -Id.Is (f.), Persia 
persuadeo, -ere, persuasi, persua- 

suni, to persuade, convince 
perterreo, -ere, -Hf, -Itum, to 

frighten 
perturbatiS, -onis (f.), a disturbance 
perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

distiwb 
pervenio,-Ire. perveni, perventu.ni, 

to arrive in; ad regnum pervenlre, to 

come to the throne 
pes, pedis (m.), afoot 
pessime. in the most calamitous way 
pesstmus, -a, -urn, ivorst 
peto, -ere. petivi, petitum. to 

seek, ask, entreat 
Phaeaces, -urn (pi. m.), the Phae- 

acians 
Philippus, -I (m.), Philip, king of 

Macedonia 
phTlosoplrus, -I (m.), a philosopher 
PhrygiS., -ae (f.), Phrygia 
pictor, -oris (m.), a painter 
pietas, -atis (f.), piety 
pingo, -ere. pinxl, pictuni, to 

paint 
piscator, -oris (m.)» a fisherman 
piscis, - (m.), a fish 
plus, -a. -um. pious 
placeo,-ere. -ui, -Ituin. to please 
placide, gently [concile 

placo, -are, -avi, -atum., to re- 
plebs,-Is or plebes, -el (f.), the com- 
mon people, populace 
plenus, -a, um, full 
plerique, pleraeque, pler&que, very 

many, most 



pliirinius, -a, -um, most, very much 

or many 
poculum, -I (n.), a bowl, cup 
poena, -ae (f.), punishment, penalty 
I poeta, -ae (m.), a poet 
i Poliorcetes, -ae (m.), Poliorcetes 
polliceor, -eri, -Itus sum, to 

premise 
Poly crates, -Is (m.). Poly abates 
| Polyphemus, -i (m.), Polyphemus 
| pono, -ere\ posui, positum, to 

place; castra ponere, to pitch a camp 
pons, -tis (m.), a bridge 
poptilus, -I (m.), a people, nation 
Porsena, -ae (m.), Porsena 
porta, -ae (f.), a gate 
porto, -are, -avi, -atum, to carry 
portus, -us (m.), a harbor 
posco. -ere, poposci, (no sup.), to 

demand, to ask 
possideo, -ere, possedi, posses- 
sum, to possess 
possum, posse, potul, to be able; pluri- 

mum posse, to be very powerful 
post (w. ace.), behind, after; non multo 

post, not long after 
postea, afterwards 
poster!, -orum (pl.ni.), descendants, 

posterity 
posterus, -a. -um, following 
postquam, after, aftei' that 
postremo, finally 

postremus. -a, -um, last, latest 
postrldie, on the following day 
postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

require 
potens, -tis, powerful, mighty 
potentia. -ae (f.), power 
potior, -Iri, -Itus sum, to take or 

acquire possession of, to make one's 

self master of 
praebSo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to 

give, to hold out 
praeceptum, -I (n.), a precept 
praecipio, -ere, praecepi, praecep- 
tum, to gice orders 
praecipue, principally, especially 
praeda, -ae (f.), prey 
praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

declare, to extol 



154: 



praediccS, -£r&, praedixl, praedic- 

tTuni., to predict 
praedcS, -onis (m.), a robber 
praefectiis, -a, -iim, in command 
praemruni, -i (n.), a reward, prize 
praeparo, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

prepare for 
praepono. -erS, praeposul, praepo- 

srtiim, to prefer 
praesens, -tis, present, actual 
praesidrum, -I (n.), a defence 
praestans,-tls, excellent, distinguished, 
praestat, it is better 
praesto, -are, praestitl, (no sup.), 

to afford; to surpass 
praesum, praeesse, praeful, to be at the 

head of 
praeter (w. ace), beside, except; praeter 

ceteros, more than the rest 
pratum., -i (n.), a meadow 
preces, -Um (pi. f.), prayers 
precor, -ari, -atiis sum, to pray 
pr&tiosiis,-a,-iiiii., precious, valuable 
pretrum., -i (n.), a price 
Priamus, -i (m.), Priamus 
pridie, the day before 
primus, -a, -iim, the first 
princeps, -Ipis (m.), a chief , prince 
prius, sooner 

priusquam, before that, before 
prlvatus, -a, -Um, private 
prlvo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to de- 
prive 
pro (w. abl.), for, instead of 
probitas, -atls (f.), probity 
probo, -are, -avi, -atiim. to 

approve 
proctil, at a distance, far 
proditor, -oris (m.), a traitor 
prodo, -ere, prodicLi, prodltiim, 

to deliver; memoriae proditum est, 

there is a tradition 
proelrum, -1 (n.), a battle 
profectio, -onis (f.), a departure 
profero, -re, prot7u.li, prolatiim, 

to extend 
proficiscor, -1, profect:iis siim, to set 

out; adbellum proficisci, to go to war 
progredToi*, -I, progressiis sum, to 

proceed 



prohib^o, -erS, -u.i, -Itrum, to 

hold back, keep from; to prevent 
promitto, -ere, promisi, promis- 

siim, to promise 
propriiis, -a, -iim, own 
propter (w. ace), on account of, in con- 
sequence of 
propterea, for this reason 
prorsus, wholly; non prorsus, not at aU 
prosper, -a, -iim, prosperous 
prospere, successfully 
prosum, prodesse, profuT, to be useful 
provoco, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

provoke 
proximils, -a, -iim, next 
prMens, -1:1s, prudent, sensible 
prudenter, prudently 
prudent la, -ae (f.) , prudence 
publice, publicly 
public-us, -a, -iim, public; res pu- 

blica, the commonwealth 
puer, -I (m.), a boy 
pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

fight 
pulcher, -ra, -riim, beautiful 
punI5 r ire r ivi,-itum, to punish 
purgo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to clean 
puto, r are, -avi, -a/tuna, to 

think, believe, consider 
PJi&des, -Is (m.), Pylades 
Pyliis, -i (m.), Pylus 
PyrrhUs, -I (m.), Pyrrhus, king of 

Epirus 
Pythia, -ae (f.), Pythia 

Q. 

quadraginta, forty 

quaero, -er<$, quaesi-vi, quaesl- 

t7u.m, to ask, to seek, to look out for 
quails, -e, such as, what..? of what 

sort? 
quam, how, than; quam celerrime, as 

quick as possible 
quamobrem, therefore 
quamquam, although 
quantus, -a, -um, how great? 
quare, why 

quart us, -a, -iim., the fourth 
quasi, as, as if, as it were } so to speak 
quatttior, four 



153 



quattu<5rdecTm, fourteen 

-que (to be appended to the word), and 

queror, -I, questus sum, to complain 

qui, quae, quod, who, which, that 

quia, because 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam, quoddam, 

some one 
quid em, indeed 
qullibet, quaelibet, quidlibet, quodlibet, 

any one 
quingentx, -ae, -a, five hundred 
quinque, five 
quis, quid, who, what 9 
quisquam, any one; quidquam, any 

thing (w. negat.) 
quo, that, in order that, so that; quo . . eo, 

the. .the 
quocunque, wherever 
quod, because, that 
quodsi, (but) if 
quomodo, how 
quondam, once, formerly 
quoniam, since, in as much as 
quoque, also, too 
quotiens, how often? 

R. 

ramus, -I (m.), a branch 

rana, -ae (f.), a frog 

rapxo, -ere, rapux, raptunx, to ab- 
duct 

rarus, -a, -unx, rare 

ratio,-onxs (f.) reason; qua ratione, 
in what way 

recedo, -ere, recessx, recessum, to 
move backwards 

recens, -'tis, recent 

recipxo, -ere, recepx, receptunx, 
to receive; to take back; hospitio reci- 
pere, to receive as a friend; se reci- 
pere, to collect one's thoughts; animum 
recipere, to recover 

recte, right, rightly; recte facere, to do 
right 

recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
refuse 

reddo, -gre, reddidLI, reddit-Q.ni, 
to give back; to make 

redSo, ~xre\ redix, redxtiinx, to 
return 



redigo, -&r&, redegZ, redactu.m, to 

reduce 
reduco, -Sre, reduxx, reductunx, to 

reduce 
reglna, -ae (f.), a queen 
regio, -onis (f.), a country, region 
regius, -a, -um, kingly 
regno, -are, -avi, -atum, to reign 
regnu.ni, -I (n.), dominion, kingdom 
relinquo, -ere, rellqux, relictum, to 

leave (behind) 
reliqux, -ae, -a, the rest 
removeo, -ere, removx, remotum, 

to remove 
Remus, -x (m.), Remus, the brother of 

Romulus 
renuntio, -are, -avx, -atfim, to 

report 
reperxo, -xx*e, repperx, repertum, to 

find 
reporto, -are, -avi, -at ion, to 

carry back, off; victoriam reportare, 

to get the victory [reject 

repudio, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
reputo, -are, -avx, -atum, to 

reflect upon 
res, rSx (f.), a thing, circumstance 
rescindo, -&r<5, rescidx, rescissum, 

to break down 
resisto, -&r<$, restxti, (no sup.), to 

offer resistance 
respicio, -ere, respexx, respec- 

tum, to consider; respicere finem, 

to keep the goal in view 
respondeo, -ere, respondi, respon- 

sunx, to answer, reply 
responsum, -i (n.), an answer 
restituo, -ere, restitux, restitutunx, 

to. restore 
retin^o, -ere, retlnui, retentunx, 

to detain; sibi retinere, to keep for 

one's self 
retro, back 

revertor, -x, reverti (active), to return 
rex, regis (m.), a king 
ridecv, -ere, rlsx, risunx, to laugh 
rlpa, -ae (f.), the bank (of a stream) 
robustus, -a, -iinx, strong, robust 
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to asfy 

beg, request 



156 



rogiis, -i (m.), a funeral pile 

Eoma, -ae (f.), Borne 

Romaniis, -a, -iim, Boraan 

Romuliis, -I (m.), Bomulus 

rupes, -Is (f.), a rock 

rursus, again 

rusticiis, -a, -iim, rural, rustic 

IS. 
Sabinxis, -a, -\ixxi, Sabine 
sacer, -ra, -riim, sacred, holy 
Bacerdos, -otis (m. & f.), a priest, 

priestess 
sacrlfico, -arS, -avi, -atum, to 

sacrifice 
saepe, often, frequently; aaepius,q/jtener; 

saepissime, oftenest 
saepio, -Ire, saepsi, saeptiini, to 

inclose 
sagitta, -ae (f.), an arrow 
Salaminrus, -I (m.), an inhabitant of 

Salamis 
saltxs, -litis (f.), safety, welfare; sa- 

lutem dicere, to greet 
salvu-S, -a. -iim, safe 
Samnltes, -Itiiii (pi. m.), the people 

of Samnium 
Samiis, -I (f.), Samus 
sanguis, -Ixils (m.), blood 
sapiens, -tis, wise 
sap tent la, -ae (f.), wisdom 
Sardes, -liim (pi. f.), Sardes 
satelles, -I tis (m.), a guard; pi. an 

escort 
satlo, -are, -avi, -atiiiri, to 

satiate, glut 
sStis, enough, sufficiently; satis habere, 

to be satisfied 
sauciatiis, -a, -iixii, bruised 
saxtim, -I (n.), a rock 
Scaevola, -ae (m.), Scaevola 
scio, -ire, -ivi, -Itiirri, to know 
scrlbo, -ere, scrips!, scriptu.ni, to 

write 
scriptor, -oris (m.), a writer 
Scytha, -ae (m.), a Scythian 
Scythia, -ae (f.), Scythia 
Beco, -arS, seciii, sectiirri, to cut 
secreto, privately 
secundiis. -a, -iim. the second 



sed, but 

sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessiim, to sit; 

in equo sedens, on horseback 
seditlo, -onis (f.), sedition 
semper, always, ever, forever 
senator, -oris (m.), a senator 
senatiis, -lis (m.), the senate 
senectixs, -iitis (f.), old age 
senex, -is (m.), an old man; senior, 

older 
sentio, -Ire\ sensi, sensiim, to 

perceive, feel 
sepelio, -ire, sepelivi, sepultiim, 

to bury 
septeni, -ae, -a, seven by seven, seven 

at a time 
septimtis, -a, -iim, the seventh 
sequor, -I, secutiis sum, to folloio 
sermo, -onis (m.), a talk 
servllis, -e, slavish 
servifus, -litis (f.), slavery, ser- 
vitude 
Servliis Tulliiis, -I -I (m.), Servius 

Tullius 
servo, -are, -avi, -atiim., to save 
serviis, -I (m.), a slave, sonant 
sex, six 
si, if, when 

Sibylllniis, -a, -iim, Sibylline 
sic, in this manner, so, thus 
Sic ilia, -ae (f.), Sicily 
sign-urn, -i (n.), a signal 
silent liiixi, -I (n.). silence 
silSo, -ere, -iil, (no sup.), to be 

silent 
silva, -ae (f.), a forest, wood 
slmllis, -£, like 
simul, at the same time 
simulac, simulatque, as scon as 
simulo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

feign; simulans, under pretext 
simultas, -atls (f.), a quarrel 
i singuli, -ae, -a, one by one, one at a 
i time 
I sino, -erS, slvi, sitiim, to let, 

suffer, permit 
sums, -lis (m.), the bosom ; 
sitio, -Ir6, -Ivi, -Itiim, to be 
j thirsty 
I sltls- (f.). thirst 



157 



sltixs, -£/, -um, situated 
socer, -x (m.), a father-in-law 
societas, -atis (f.), alliance 
bocius, -I (m.), a companion, ally 
Socrates, -Is (m.), Socrates 
sol, -Is (m.), the sun 
Solon, -Is (m.), Solon 
solus, -a, -um, alone 
solvo,-Sr&, solvl, solutuixi, to (dis)- 

solve, loosen; kospitlum solvere, to 

withdraw one's friendship 
somnium, -I (n.), a dream 
somnus, -I (m.) s sleep 
somtus, -us (m.), a sound 
sors, -tis (f.), a lot 
Sparta, -ae (f.), Sparta 
Bpati\xm, -x (n.), space 
specto, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

view, to look to, at 
specus, -lis (ra.), « cave, den 
spero, -are, -avi, -atum, to hope 

for, expect 
spes, spSi (f.), hope 
spinosus, -a, -uux, thorny 
splendidus, -a, -urn, splendid 
stadium, -I (n.), a stade 
statim, at once, immediately 
statua, -ae (f.), a statue 
statiio, -er§, statux, statutum, to 

resolve 
Stilpo, -onis (m.), Stitpo 
stlpendium, -I (n.), pay 
sto, -are, steti, statum, to stand. 

to cost 
struo, -ere, Btruxl, structu.na, to 

build 
studeo, -erS, -ux, (no sup.), to oe 

eager, endeavor 
studiu.ni, -i (n.), zeal 
stultitia, -ae (f.), folly 
stultus, -a, -um, foolish 
suadeo, -ere, suasl, suasuni, to 

advise, recommend 
subigo, -Sre, subegx, subactum, to 

subdue 
subito, on a sudden 
submergo, -erS, submersx, submer- 

sum, to plunge 
sui, sib!, se, himself herself, itself 
sum, esse*, f ui, to be 



summits, -a, -Um, highest; summus 

lacus, the surface of the lake 
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 

to take 
super (w. ace), over; super (w. abl.), 

concerning 
superbla, -ae (f.), pride 
superbius, rather contemptuously 
superbus, -a, -um, proud 
superior, -us, superior, victorious 
supero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

surpass, to conquer 
supplex, -Icis, (kneeling) on one's 

knees 
suppllcium, -I (n.), execution • 
surdus, -a, -um, deaf 
surgo, -er§, surrexx, surrectum, 

to rise, get up 
suscipio, -erS, suscepx, suscep- 

tum, to undeiiake 
suspicor, -ai*i, -atus sum, to sus- 
pect 
sustineo, -ere, sustinux, susten- 

tum, to hold out 
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their 

(own); sui, -orunx (pi. m.), his 

men 

T. 
taceo,-ei*e, -ul, -I turn, to be silent 
tarn, so 

tamen, however, nevertheless 
tandem, at last, at length, pray 
tango, -ere, tetigx, tactum, to 

touch 
Tantalus, -x (hi.), Tantalus 
tantum, only 

tantus, -a, -um, so great 
Tarentlni, -or urn., (pi. in.) f the Taren- 

tines 
TarquTnius, -x (m.), Tarquin,king of 

the Romans 
Tauricus, -a, -um, Tauric 
Telemachus, -I (m.), Telemach 
Tellus, -x (m.), Tellus 
tempestas, -atxs (f.), a storm, tempest 
templum, -I (n.), a temple 
tempus, -oris (n.), time 
tendo, -Sre, tStendl, tensum, to 

stretch out 
Tenedus, -x (f.), Tenedos 



158 



tene6,-erS, -til, -turn, to hold, keep 
tento, -are, -avi, -atum, to try, 

attempt 
ter, three times 
tergilm, -i (n.), the back 
terra, -ae (f.), the earth, land 
terreo, -ere, -ill, -Itum, to 

frighten 
tertlils, -a, -um, the third 
testis, - (m. & f.), a witness 
Teucer, -ri (m.)> Teucer 
Teutoburgiensis, -e\ Teutoburgian 
Thebanus, -I (m.), a Theban 
Theseus, Thesei, (in.), Theseus 
Thefts, -Id.Is (f.), Thetis, mother of 

Achilles 
Thoas, -antis (m.), Thoas 
Tiberis, - (m.), the Tiber 
timeo, -ere, -ui, (no sup.), to fear 
Titus, -i (m.)> Titus 
tollo, -ere, susttili, sublatu.ui, to 

take up, to take away 
Tomyris, - (f.), Tomyris, a Scythian 

queen 
tormentum, -I (n.), torture 
Torquatus, -i (m.), Torquatus 
torreo, -ere, torru.1, tostum, to 

roast 
totus, -a, -um, whole, all 
tracto, -arS, -avi, -a turn., to treat 
trado, -ere, tradicli, traditiim, to 

hand down, deliver 
traho, -erS, traxi, tractum, to 

draw, drag 
trajicio, -erS, trajeci, trajectum, 

to ship over 
tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil 
transSo, -ire, transii, transitum, 

to cross 
transfero, -r§, translu.li, transla- 

tum, to transfer 
transfigo, -erS, transfix!, trans - 

fixum, to stab 
transitus, -us (m.), a passage 
trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred 
tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributum., to 

give, confer on; fidem tribuere, to trust; 

sibi culpam tribuere, to put the blame 

upon one's self 
tristis, -e\ sad 



Troja, -ae (f.), the city of Troy 
Trojanus, -a, -um, Trojan 
trucido, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

slay 

tu, thou, you 

turn, then 

tumultus, -us (m.), a tumult 

turba, -ae (f.), a crowd 

turbo, -arg, -avi, -atum, to dis- 
turb, trouble 

turpis, -e, shameful, disgraceful 

turris, - (f.), a tower 

liitus, -a, -iim, safe, secure 

tuus, -a, -um, thy, your; tua, 
-orum, your property 

XJ. 

ubi, where [punish 

ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, to avenge; to 

Ulixes, -is (m.), Ulysses 

ullus, -a, -um, any, any one 

ultimus, -a, -um, last 

umerus, -i (m.) f the shoulder; also 

written : humerus 
universus, -a, -um, all (together), 

whole 
unus, -a, -um, one, alone, only 
urbs, -is (f.), a city 
urgeo,-ere, ursi, (no sup.)? to press 
usque ad (w. acc.)> until, up to 
usus, -iis (m.), use 
ut, as, like; ut (w. subj.), in order that, 

so that; ut non, so that not 
uter, -ris (m.), a leathern sack 
uter, -ra, -rum, which (of two)? 

who ? 
uterque, utraque, utrumque, both 
utilis, -e, useful 
utiuam,. that, I wish that 
utor, -i, usus sum, to use, employ; 

legibus uti, to obey the laws; felicitate 

uti, to enjoy happiness 
utrimque, on both sides 
uxor, -oris (f.), a wife, consort 

valde, very, very much 
vale, farewell 
valeo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to avails 
multum valere, to be very powerful 



159 



v&letudS, -xxxxs (f.), health 

vallis, - (f.), a valley 

vanils, -a, -iiixx, vain 

Varixs -I £».), Varus 

vas, -is (n.); pi. vasa, -orum (n.), 

a vessel 
vasto, -are, -avi, -atvxin, to lay 

waste, demolish 
vates, -Is (m.), a prophet 
vectlgal, -alls (n.), tax, income 
veho,-Sre, vexi, vectixiix, to carry; 

vehi, to drive, ride; navi vehi, to sail 
vel, or 

venator, -oris (m.), a hunter 
venenHin, -I (n.), poison 
venia, -ae (f), permission, pardon 
venio, -ire, venx, ventruiix, to come 
venox*, -arx, -atixs sum, to hunt 
venter, -ris (m.). the belly 
venttis, -i (m.), wind 
Venus, -eris (f.), the goddess Venus 
ver, veris (n.), spring 
verber, -Is (n.), a Now 
verbero, -are, -avi, -atxxxxx, to 

flog 
verbilm, -I (n), a word 
vereor, -erx, -Itrus sum, to fear 
verto, -ere, vertl, versu.nx, to turn; 

in fugam vertere, to put to flight 
verus, -a, -iiixx, true, real 
vesper, -I (m.), evening 
vesperi, in the evening 
vester, -ra, -Hira, your 
vestis, - (f.), & dress, clothing 
veto, -are, vetux, vetittxixx, to 

forbid 
Veturia, -ae (f.), Veturia 
vettxs, -eris, old 
via, -ae (f.), a way, road 
vicissitude, -Iixis (f), vicissitude 
victor, -oris (m.), a conqueror; vic- 
torious 



viEtoria, -ae (f.), ct victory 

victiis, -txs (m.), mode of living; fa- 
cilis victus, a good income 

viclxs, -x (m.), a village 

video, -ere, vldx, visixm.. to see 

videor, -eri, visHs sum, to seem, 
appear 

vlgintl, twenty 

vincio, -ire, vinxl, vinctixm., to 
bind * 

vinco, -er€, vlci, victrixro., to defeat 

vinculixxxx, -x (n.), a bond 

vlntirrx, -i (n.), wine 

violo, -are, -avi, -atHixx, to vio- 
late, break (a law) 

vir, -i (m.), a man, husband 

virgo,-Iixis (f.), a girl, a maid, virgin 

virttxs, -txtrls (f.), virtue, valor 

vis (without gen.), (f.), force, power; 
vi, violently; magna vis, a great 
quantity 

vita, -ae (f.), life 

vivo, -ere, vixii, victixrix, to live 

vlvlls, -a, -xxxxx, living, alive 

vix, hardly 

voco, -are, -avi, -atruxxx, to call, 
name, summon 

volo, velle, volixl, (no sup.), to be wil- 
ling ^ wish for, like, want 

Volscx, -oruxxx (pi. m.), the Volsci 

Volumnia, -ae (f.), Volumnia 

voluntas, -atls (f.), the will, a wish 

vox:, vocls (f.), a voice; vocem edere, 
to utter a ciy 

vulnero, -are, -avi, -atruxxx, to 
wound 

vulnxxs, -eris (n.), a wound 

vultxxs,-xxs (m.), the face, countenance 

Z. 
Zeuxis, - (m..), Zeuzis, a famous Gre- 
cian painter 



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Additional volumes of this Series ot 
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AHN'S French Letter- writer. 

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